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Topic: Perchlorate

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Ammonium perchlorate

Chlorate

Ammonium

Chlorite

Chloramine

Ammonia

Machinima

Solid rocket

Chlorine

Colors of chemicals

Chauvin, Louisiana

Oxygen

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Mobile telephone

	Perchlorate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A perchlorate (compound) is a compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +7.
		The perchlorate ion is the weakest oxidizer of the generalized chlorates.
		Most perchlorates, especially salts of electropositive metals such as sodium perchlorate, are slow to react unless heated, the perchlorate ion being largely inert and not oxidizing at lower temperatures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perchlorate (1073 words)

	PERCHLORATE Setting a Safe Dose \| IN FOCUS, 5.1
		Perchlorate has mainly been used as a component in rocket fuel and munitions, and if a cleanup is required, the defense industry would largely be responsible for its cost.
		Perchlorate inhibits the thyroid's uptake of iodide, which is crucial for the production of thyroid hormones.
		There have been some studies of the effects of perchlorate exposure on human populations, but such studies may not be applicable at the individual level.
	www.infocusmagazine.org /5.1/hs_perchlorate.html (649 words)

	Perchlorate - Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse - EPA
		Perchlorate is a naturally occurring and man-made anion commonly associated with the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium perchlorate.
		Perchlorate is a man-made anion commonly associated with the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium.
		In addition, ammonium perchlorate and the other perchlorate salts have been or are used in a wide range of applications, including pyrotechnics and fireworks, blasting agents, solid rocket fuel, matches, lubricating oils, nuclear reactors, air bags and certain types of fertilizers.
	www.epa.gov /swerffrr/documents/perchlorate.htm (899 words)

	On Point: Perchlorate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Perchlorate is both a naturally occurring and man-made ion used to form a variety of salts.
		The primary use of perchlorate today is as an oxidizer in solid rocket fuel and other propellants and to a lesser extent, in fireworks, explosives, and air-bag inflators.
		Perchlorate is highly soluble in water and has been detected in ground and surface water in 26 states and one territory.
	www.awwa.org /Advocacy/YourWater/Issues/OnPoint_Perchlorate.cfm (559 words)

	Ammonium perchlorate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is the salt of ammonia and perchloric acid.
		It is produced by reaction between ammonia and perchloric acid, or by double decomposition between an ammonium salt and sodium perchlorate.
		It is an important oxidizer used in solid rocket propellants, such as the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, as well as many other solid rockets including some fireworks, amateur and hobby high power rockets, and larger rockets used for space launch and military purposes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate (230 words)

	Perchlorate in Drinking Water: Overview and links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Perchlorate has a number of industrial uses, and it's used in matches, flares, pyrotechnics, ordnance, and explosives.
		California's early findings in 1997 and subsequent monitoring showed perchlorate to be a widespread inorganic contaminant of drinking water, present in several hundred wells.
		Adoption of a state perchlorate MCL is required by statute.
	www.dhs.ca.gov /ps/ddwem/chemicals/perchl/perchlindex.htm (384 words)

	Assessing the outlook for perchlorate remediation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Perchlorate is manufactured in large quantities as ammonium perchlorate, primarily for use as an oxidizer in solid rocket propellants.
		Although perchlorate only occurs naturally in Chile, bacteria capable of perchlorate degradation appear to be widely distributed in nature at concentrations ranging from one to thousands of bacteria per gram of water, wastewater, sediment, and soil (12, 13).
		Perchlorate is completely removed in both acetate- and hydrogen-fed packed-bed reactors, but at rates dependent on the perchlorate concentration in feed water (30).
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/esthag-a/35/i23/logan/23logan.html (2909 words)

	FDA/CFSAN - Exploratory Data on Perchlorate in Food
		Perchlorate is also used in pyrotechnics, such as fireworks, gun powder, explosives, and highway flares.
		Tables 1 and 2 show perchlorate levels in lettuce and bottled water samples, respectively, collected as part of the initial phase of FDA's field assignment, "Collection and Analysis of Food for Perchlorate," that was issued on December 23, 2003, and posted on FDA's website.
		Until more is known about the health effects of perchlorate and its occurrence in foods, FDA continues to recommend that consumers eat a balanced diet, choosing a variety of foods that are low in trans fat and saturated fat, and rich in high-fiber grains, fruits, and vegetables.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/clo4data.html (780 words)

	Perchlorate: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In chemistry, salt is a general term used for ionic compounds composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, so that the...
		Perchlorates have been found in both drinking water and groundwater groundwater quick summary:
		Cape cod (1033 km²) is an arm-shaped peninsula forming the easternmost portion of the state of massachusetts, in the northeastern united states....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/perchlorate.htm (1824 words)

	US FDA/CFSAN - Perchlorate Questions and Answers
		In addition, perchlorate levels ranging from 1.5 ppb to 10.6 ppb were measured by the California Department of Food and Agriculture in California milk, and non-detectable levels to 3.6 ppb in California milk samples were reported by the Environmental Working Group (EWG) in June 2004.
		Perchlorate might get into plants when they are irrigated with perchlorate-containing water or when plants are grown in soil that has been previously exposed to perchlorate-containing water or fertilizer.
		FDA is aware that other data on perchlorate levels in foods is under development and welcomes verified data from other researchers that will assist FDA in describing the distribution of perchlorate in foods and in developing exposure estimates.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/clo4qa.html (2020 words)

	CLU-IN.ORG \| Contaminant Focus: PERCHLORATE, Overview
		Widespread perchlorate contamination in the United States was observed after the spring of 1997 when an analytical method was developed with a quantitation level of 4 ppb.
		Today, ammonium perchlorate and the other perchlorate salts are used in a wide range of applications, including pyrotechnics and fireworks, blasting agents, matches, lubricating oils, textile dye fixing, nuclear reactors, electronic tubes, tanning and finishing leather, rubber manufacturing, electroplating, aluminum refinishing, automobile air bag inflators, paint and enamel production, and pharmaceuticals (3).
		Because the information on perchlorate is continually being updated, the goal of this report is simply to provide a snapshot in time of information and issues concerning perchlorate sources, use, and occurrence; sampling and analysis; toxicity, exposure, and risk; risk management and regulatory status; and remediation.
	cluin.org /contaminantfocus/default.focus/sec/perchlorate/cat/Overview (534 words)

	Reverse Osmosis - RO Conn
		Perchlorate is a very strong oxidant (and highly explosive in its solid state} (e.g., ammonium Perchlorate [NH4CI04] is used as a solid rocket fuel), it is extremely stable when dissolved in water at concentrations as high as 1,000 mg/L. Perchlorate is used in solid rocket fuel, fireworks, and various pyrotechnics.
		Perchlorate has been detected in the Colorado River the highest reading for perchlorate in Lake Mead water after treatment was 24 parts per billion, or 9 parts more than the previous high on June 17, 1999.
		Perchlorate, in very high doses, has been used in medicine in the treatment of Graves' disease and therefore, there is an abundance of health effects information.
	www.roconn.com /article12.htm (754 words)

	Water Quality Association Perchlorate damage to drinking water to be examined
		Researchers know that at high levels, perchlorate can inhibit thyroid function and hormone production and may be responsible for neurological and behavioral problems in children [see one report, here].
		Perchlorate in drinking water is widespread—perchlorate is found in water and soil in at least 400 sites—more than half of which are in California and Texas.
		The NAS (National Academy of Sciences) report, demanded by the Pentagon and defense industry, put the acceptable level of perchlorate consumption both from food and water at 0.0007 mg/kg (milligrams/kilogram) a day.
	www.wqa.org /sitelogic.cfm?ID=1671 (419 words)

	Perchlorate Info: Comprehensive information and resources about perchlorate and treatment options (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Perchlorate is the soluble anion associated with the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium perchlorate.
		Ammonium perchlorate is used as an energetics booster or oxidant in solid propellant for rockets and missiles.
		The majority of perchlorate treatability research, testing, and application has targeted either the California Action Level of 18 ppb as the benchmark treatment goal, or the non-detectable level of 4 ppb.
	www.perchlorateinfo.com (727 words)

	Newborns exposed to rocket fuel chemical, study finds
		Perchlorate contamination is common at sites scattered throughout the nation; the chemical is used in rocket fuel and other aerospace applications.
		The perchlorate is then thought to seep into sources of public drinking water and irrigation channels.
		The researchers found that higher levels of perchlorate in the breast milk were linked to lower levels of iodide, the form of iodine found in the human body.
	www.newstarget.com /005390.html (609 words)

	Perchlorate Water Contamination Birth Defect Thyroid Cancer Injury Attorney
		Perchlorate has been found in local drinking wells across the country in amounts that could be causing the slow spread of serious disease.
		Perchlorate is one of a newly recognized group of toxins called endocrine disrupters, which can alter hormonal balances and impede human reproduction and development.
		Perchlorate, a rocket fuel ingredient, is used in road flares, fireworks and military munitions.
	www.yourlawyer.com /topics/overview/perchlorate (1077 words)

	Alobar Greywalker: Magickal Record (aka Frater PVN, Bill Siebert) - Perchlorate Danger
		I have long known that perchlorates are nasty to human well being, but I had not realized that most lettuce available in Winter in the US (whether organic or commercial) is high in perchlorates because of ground water contamination in the American South-West.
		Ninety percent of the perchlorate manufactured each year is used for rocket fuel for NASA, defense contractors and the Air Force.
		In fact, there was an inverse correlation of perchlorate and iodide in breast milk; the higher the perchlorate level, the lower the iodide level.
	alobar.livejournal.com /1566593.html (999 words)

	Perchlorate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		While this seems logical knowing how perchlorate works, in two of their human samples (TX76, TX78), the highest milk iodide levels reported were in mothers at supposedly high perchlorate levels (11.3 and 12.7 ug/L).
		In several other cases(4-6) the higher the perchlorate level the less the iodine...but this was only 6 cases out of 36 mothers.
		The most important factor for mothers to understand, is that with high perchlorate levels, the amount of iodine in their milk MAY be lower, we're not really sure at this point.
	neonatal.ama.ttuhsc.edu /lact/html/perchlorate.html (490 words)

	ES&T Online News: High levels of perchlorate found in U.S. mothers' milk
		The first sampling of perchlorate in breast milk from nursing mothers in the United States reveals levels as high as 92 parts per billion (ppb), which expose infants to concentrations of the contaminant that are 20 times higher than the safe dose recently recommended by a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) committee.
		This first-ever U.S. survey of perchlorate in breast milk, conducted by researchers at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, is reported in research posted to ESandT’s Research ASAP website (es048118t) and adds to the growing number of studies that suggest the contaminant is pervasive.
		The highest concentrations of perchlorate reported in the U.S. breast milk are 20 times higher than the NAS committee’s estimate of a safe dose, according to Cooper’s calculations.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2005/feb/science/rr_perchlorate.html (908 words)

	FDA Collection and Analysis of Food for Perchlorate - High Priority - DFP # 04 - 11
		Most of the perchlorate manufactured in the U.S. is used as the primary ingredient of solid rocket propellant.
		Perchlorate in water used for food processing might also be a source of contamination in finished food products.
		Only certain agricultural areas appear to have perchlorate in water sources or the soil, and only these areas would be expected to potentially have perchlorate in crops.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~dms/clo4surv.html (1275 words)

	Benchmark Calculations for Perchlorate from Three Human Cohorts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Perchlorate is one of several monovalent anions that have been shown to competitively inhibit thyroidal iodide uptake (Wyngaarden et al.
		The absorbed perchlorate dose (milligrams per shift) of each worker was then estimated by applying a first-order elimination model to the pre- and postshift measurements of perchlorate per gram of creatinine, assuming a creatinine excretion rate of 1 mg/min and a perchlorate elimination half-life of 8 hr.
		Serum perchlorate was not measured in the uptake study, and perchlorate was below the level of detection in most (58 of 62) of the serum measurements in subjects exposed to 0.02 mg/kg-day.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2005/7814/7814.html (7340 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Perchlorate found in breast milk across US (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Perchlorate is a component of fuel for rockets and missiles and also appears to be made naturally in the atmosphere and stored in the soil.
		Perchlorate knocks an iodine ion off a protein that transports the ion to the thyroid.
		And he says people are not getting enough iodine in their diets as it is. He says dietary levels have fallen to half those in the 1970s and cites a recent study showing that pregnant women are taking in just half the iodine they should.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn7057 (594 words)

	EPA Ground Water & Drinking Water > Perchlorate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		EPA has established an official reference dose for perchlorate which is consistent with the recommended reference dose included in the National Academy of Science’s January 2005 report.
		Perchlorate is both a naturally occurring and man-made chemical.
		EPA, other federal agencies, states, water suppliers and industry are working to address perchlorate contamination through monitoring for perchlorate in drinking water and source water and developing treatment technologies that can remove perchlorate from drinking water.
	www.epa.gov /safewater/ccl/perchlorate/perchlorate.html (342 words)

	Report assesses health implications of perchlorate ingestion
		Environmental releases of perchlorate -- a component of rocket fuel and fireworks -- have been discovered in 35 states, and more than 11 million people have perchlorate in their drinking water at concentrations of 4 parts per billion or higher.
		Perchlorate inhibits the thyroid's uptake of iodide, which is essential for the production of thyroid hormones.
		Perchlorate has been administered to healthy subjects in doses ranging from 0.007 mg/kg to 9.2 mg/kg per day with no changes in thyroid hormone production to suggest any adverse effect on thyroid function.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-01/tna-rah012505.php (1109 words)

	Information about perchlorate, the soluble anion associated with the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium ...
		Ammonium perchlorate is also used in certain fireworks, the manufacture of matches, as a component of air bag inflators, and in analytical chemistry to preserve ionic strength.
		In addition, potassium perchlorate is used in protective breathing equipment on Air National Guard (ANG) aircraft for use in the event of depressurization, and in naval emergency escape breathing devices.
		Areas of natural occurrence of perchlorate are rare; however, one natural source of solid perchlorate is found in potassium nitrate from Chile (Chile saltpeter), which may be used in chemical fertilizers originating from Chile.
	www.perchloratenews.com /about-perchlorate.html (407 words)

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