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Topic: Perchloric acid

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	SEPS - HEALTH AND SAFETY NOTE 98/019
		Perchloric acid is extremely hazardous, and every effort must be made to find safer alternatives, its use should be avoided when possible.
		When perchloric acid digestions are to be carried out this should be done in a fume cupboard fitted with a scrubber.
		After perchloric acid has been spilled on the floor or bench it should not be mopped up nor soaked up with dry combustible materials such as sawdust or paper towels.
	www.gla.ac.uk /services/seps/98-019.html (881 words)

	HHMI Lab Safety: LCSS: PERCHLORIC ACID (AND INORGANIC PERCHLORATES) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Perchloric acid is a highly corrosive substance that causes severe burns on contact with the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes.
		The acute toxicity of perchloric acid is moderate.
		Perchloric acid has not been shown to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans.
	www.hhmi.org /research/labsafe/lcss/lcss69.html (621 words)

	Common Questions About Perchloric Acid presented by GFS Chemicals
		The immediate effect on contact with perchloric acid is a warming of the area due to the acid reacting with moisture on and in the skin.
		The perchloric acid fume hood is intended for removal of acid vapors that result when perchloric acid is evaporated and vented to the atmosphere.
		Perchloric acid and many perchlorate salts are soluble in a variety of organic solvents and are often used with them.
	www.gfschemicals.com /TechnicalLibrary/Questions-About-Perchloric-Acid.asp (4056 words)

	UMD ChE CHP Appendix E - Use and Handling of Perchloric Acid
		Perchloric acid solutions in contact with dehydrating materials may result in the formation of anhydrous perchloric acid which is unstable even at room temperature and ultimately undergoes spontaneous decomposition with a violent explosion.
		Solutions containing perchloric acid that are to be evaporated to the fuming point should, preferably, be exhausted through the use of a water aspirator to serve the dual purpose of providing localized ventilation and to scrub out perchloric acid from the fumes.
		Persons handling perchloric acid should be provided with and required to wear gloves, sleeves, and aprons, or a coat of rubber or a similar impervious non-combustible material, face shields or goggles, and should work in an area provided with an emergency deluge shower and eye wash fountain.
	www.d.umn.edu /~dlong/chp/perchl.html (705 words)

	Plasticair Product 2
		Perchloric acid presents a severe corrosion problem to materials such as epoxy coated mild steel, 304 and 316 stainless steel.
		The monohydrate of Perchloric acid (85% acid strength and a solid) is indeed a very good oxidizer at room temperature, as it will even react with gum rubber, whereas the 73% acid does not.
		Specifically, no one should attempt to use Perchloric acid who is not fully conversant with the chemistry of the material, who has not made a careful appraisal of the operating conditions and techniques, and who exhibits any unsafe attitude about their work.
	www.plasticair.com /prod02.htm (2322 words)

	EXPERIMENT1
		For 8-10 drops of acid, the reaction is rapid at room temperature and evolves a significant amount of heat; thus, it necessitates the use of a water bath and ice chips to regulate the temperature
		Figure 4 provides an empirical demonstration that the displacement Y is directly proportional to the refractive index by presenting a plot of experimental values of the beam displacement for various solutions of glycerol in water that have indices of refraction that range from 1.33 to 1.39.
		Because the acid is a catalysis, the concentration of H
	www.postech.ac.kr /class/chem441/experiment1.htm (2035 words)

	UAF Lab Safety Module
		Perchloric acid should not be purchased, stored, or handled until the potential user is familiar with the hazards and has read the manufacturer's MSDS and this module.
		Perchloric acid must be stored separately in a deep glass tray with sufficient capacity to hold the entire contents in case of breakage.
		The use of perchloric acid should be limited as much as practicable and the quantity on hand should not exceed one 450g (1 lb) bottle.
	www.uaf.edu /safety/lab_safety_module.htm (9060 words)

	Perchloric Acid (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The basic cause of accidents involving perchloric acid is due to contact with organic material, or a reducing material.
		Perchloric acid is a water white liquid, it has no odor, the boiling point at atmospheric pressure is 203C, and under high vacuum, a 73.6% composition can be produced.
		Specifically, no one should attempt to use perchloric acid who is not fully conversant with the chemistry of the material, who has not made a careful appraisal of the operating conditions and techniques, and who exhibits any unsafe attitude about their work.
	www.ab.ust.hk /sepo/tips/ls/ls011.htm (347 words)

	Perchloric acid (Bruce Hamilton; Don Wilkins)
		Perchloric acid will not crystalize under those conditions unless someone had made the monohydrate and I doubt that they did that.
		We made the anhydrous by vacuum distillation from fuming sulfuric acid and prepared the monohydrate by mixing equivalent amounts of the anhydrous perchloric acid and the dihydrate.
		From: B.Hamilton@irl.cri.nz (Bruce Hamilton) Newsgroups: sci.chem Subject: Re: "perchloric acid showed signs of crystallization" Date: Sat, 30 May 1998 10:48:11 GMT rmchamberlin@lanl.gov (Rebecca M. Chamberlin) wrote: >I later heard, from a resident of the building that was evacuated, that the >bottles in question were 4% perchloric acid.
	yarchive.net /chem/perchloric_acid.html (3626 words)

	Perchloric acid - Definition, explanation
		Perchloric acid is an extremely powerful oxidizer and reacts explosively with organic compounds.
		Perchloric acid, being the strongest of all readily available acids, is therefore the acid of choice.
		Perchlorate salts tend to be less reactive and more stable than their chlorate counterparts, which has led to their increased use in pyrotechnic compositions due to safety concerns.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/pe/perchloric_acid.php (300 words)

	Risk Assessment & Standard Operating Procedures -
		Perchloric acid (HClO4) is a colorless, odorless, fuming liquid that is miscible with water and extremely corrosive.
		Perchloric acid is noncombustible; however, the anhydrous (dehydrated) acid and certain perchlorate salts of organic, organometallic, and inorganic cations present a serious explosion hazard and have been set off by either heat or shock.
		Perchlorates should not be used as drying agents if there is any possibility of contact with organic compounds or of proximity to a dehydrating acid strong enough to concentrate the perchloric acid (e.g., a drying train that has a bubble counter containing sulfuric acid).
	caligula.bcs.deakin.edu.au /Safety/_perchloricacid.htm (1393 words)

	Perchloric Acid - Environmental Health & Safety - Tufts University
		Perchloric acid is a commonly used laboratory reagent.
		Special perchloric acid fume hoods equipped with a wash down system or trap apparatus may be required in order to remove these explosive compounds.
		Perchloric acid spills are serious and care should be taken to follow all chemical spill clean up procedures carefully.
	publicsafety.tufts.edu /ehs/?pid=14 (837 words)

	Perchloric Acid Advisory
		Perchloric acid (HClO4) is a strong mineral acid.
		Perchloric acid should be stored in its original container within compatible secondary containment, preferably glass or porcelain.
		Perchloric acid must be stored away from organic chemicals, flammable or combustible materials and strong dehydrating agents such as sulfuric acid and anhydrous phosphorus pentoxide.
	www-safety.deas.harvard.edu /advise/PerchloricAcid.html (2036 words)

	Oxidizers
		Perchloric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent that may react explosively with any organic compound or reducing agent.
		Perchloric acid must not be used in fume hoods where other materials (organics, flammables) are used because of its capacity to form explosive perchlorates on the hood walls.
		During routine maintenance involving partial dismantling of the exhaust blower on a perchloric acid ventilating system, a detonation followed a light blow with a hammer on a chisel held against the fan at or near the seal between the rear cover plate and the fan casing.
	safety.science.tamu.edu /oxidizers.html (2053 words)

	The ORCBS - Chemical Safety - Programs & Guidelines - Safe Use Of Perchloric Acid
		Perchloric acid presents an additional hazard in that perchloric acid mist and vapor can condense in ventilation systems to form metallic perchlorates, which can be explosive.
		Perchloric acid digestions require a special perchloric acid hood with a washdown system, or if infrequent use of small quantities, a hood fitted with a vapor trap apparatus similar to a micro Kjeldahl.
		Perchloric acid should be stored segregated from all other chemicals and inside secondary containment (such as a pyrex baking dish or plastic dish pan).
	www.orcbs.msu.edu /chemical/programs_guidelines/chem_hygiene/safeuseacid.htm (442 words)

	Acid Digestions of Organic Samples: ICP and ICP-MS Reliable Measurements
		The ability of nitric acid to react with alcohols and aromatic rings forming explosive compounds (nitro glycerine and TNT, to name two) calls for caution when using nitric acid alone or in combination with other reagents in the decomposition of organic matrices.
		Perchloric acid fumes should be not be allowed to ‘go free' unless a perchloric acid hood is used.
		A mixture of nitric and perchloric acids is used to decompose the tissue and serum sample types.
	www.ivstandards.com /tech/reliability/part12.asp (1696 words)

	:: MK PLASTICS ::
		6-11.2 Perchloric acid hoods and exhaust ductwork shall be constructed of materials that are acid resistant, nonreactive, and impervious to perchloric acid.
		Individuals working with perchloric acid and perchlorates must be trained inprocedures which will let them conduct their research with maximum safety.
		It is recommended that the interior fittings of a perchloric acid hood should be non-sparking and that the lights should be explosion proof.
	www.mkplastics.com /content.php?lang=en&id=41 (828 words)

	CDS: Division 11
		If perchloric acid is heated above ambient temperature and vapors are not trapped or scrubbed before entering the laboratory hood or its exhaust system, a separate hood, designed for use with perchloric acid and labeled For Perchloric Acid Use Only, shal be provided.
		Perchloric acid hoods and exhaust duct work shall be constructed of materials that are acid resistant, non-reactive and impervious to perchloric acid.
		Ductwork for perchloric acid hoods and exhaust systems shall take the shortest and straightest path to the outside of the building and shall not be manifolded with other exhaust systems.
	www-pdc.berkeley.edu /CDS_ucb/Div-11.html (1551 words)

	Discovery for Safety
		Perchloric acid is popular in chemical processing because it offers all the desirable properties of mineral acids without introducing ions such as chloride, nitrate, and sulfate, which often interfere with other chemical reactions.
		But perchloric acid has a dangerous downside: When it dries, it leaves behind a perchlorate salt that can be flammable and highly explosive when subjected to heat or impact or reaction with other specific chemicals.
		In addition to identifying hoods in which perchloric acid had been used over the years, the committee directed development of sampling and analysis protocols and techniques to analyze the amount of perchlorates present, set a threshold designating serious contamination, and generated a plan to decontaminate the hoods and return them to use.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/permain.html (1519 words)

	Lab Safety Perchloric Acid
		Any procedure involving heating of the perchloric acid should be conducted in a ventilated hood equipped with water wash down.
		Perchloric acid hoods should be constructed of materials that are acid resistant, non-reactive and impervious to perchloric acid, such as stainless steel.
		Perchloric acid should be used only in standard analytical procedures from well recognized analytical texts.
	www.kent.edu /rags/Compliance/Lab-Safety-Perchloric-Acid.cfm (246 words)

	Hazardous Chemicals - Oxidizing Materials
		Perchloric acid is also a strong oxidizing agent capable of reacting violently with reducing agents or organic substances.
		Spill of perchloric acid is a fire and explosion hazard, in case of a spill isolate and evacuate the area and call 911
		Perchloric acid vapors condense to form perchlorate crystals, which are highly explosives and sensitive to physical shock, especially inside fume hood and duct linings
	www.chem.ubc.ca /safety/safety_manual/haz_chem_oxid_perchloric.shtml (426 words)

	Perchloric acid Information
		Perchloric acid forms an azeotrope with water, about 72.5% perchloric acid.
		Perchloric acid monohydrate, a crystalline substance, is more stable, but can also explode.
		A 0.100 molar solution in glacial acetic acid is used as an analytical reagent.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Perchloric_acid (413 words)

	Acids and Bases
		The Arrhenius concept of acids and bases is as follows: an acid is a substance that when dissolved in water increases the concentration of the hydrogen ion, H
		This perchloric acid ionizes entirely and results in an hydronium ion and a perchlorate anion.
		Many of the acids and bases that we encounter in our everyday lives are not strong acids, they are considered weak.
	library.thinkquest.org /10429/high/acidbase/acidbody.htm (1129 words)

	ACM Services, Inc.: Perchloric Acid Cleanup
		Used in laboratories beginning at the university level, perchloric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent that may react explosively in laboratory ventilation systems.
		Perchloric acid reacts with alcohols and certain organics to form very unstable (to shock or heat) perchlorate esters, which have the same shattering power as nitroglycerin.
		If a laboratory hood has been exposed to heated perchloric acid, tests must be conducted to determine if explosive perchlorates have formed on the hood walls and duct system.
	www.acmservices.com /acid.html (495 words)

	TSRI - EH&S Chemical Safety
		Concentrated perchloric acid must not be handled in a regular laboratory hood.
		Perchloric acid must be stored separately from all materials except nitric acid.
		Perchloric acid must not be stored near heat sources.
	www.scripps.edu /researchservices/ehs/chemicalsafety/chmhypln13.html (258 words)

	Megalomania's Method of Making Perchlorates
		Anhydrous barium perchlorate is prepared by heating a mixture of solid barium chloride and nitrosyl perchlorate, or by heating a mixture of barium carbonate and ammonium perchlorate.
		Anhydrous copper perchlorate is prepared by heating in vacuum at 200 °C a mixture of nitrosyl perchlorate and your choice of either copper monoxide, copper dichloride, or copper nitrate.
		Nitryl perchlorate can be prepared by distilling anhydrous perchloric acid, allowing the distillate to drip onto a large excess of dry dinitrogen pentoxide chilled to -80 °C (yes that's negative) and some nitromethane.
	www.roguesci.org /megalomania/explo/perchlorates.html (1117 words)

	9408. Electropolishing using perchloric acid
		When I first got into Perchloric, all I knew was that the Industry, the mining laboratory peope who are called Assayers, had had problems and ducting blowing up and a few deaths.
		Ah, but the predigestion acids these people use are BAD NEWS to stainless, to stone, to fibreglass, even to the exotic alloys, even to Titanium...Aqua Regia, HCl, nitric, Sulphuric (which is boiled off at around 320 degr.C) HF and Perchloric.
		This occurred on the twentieth of Feb. 1947 in an electroplating factory which was studying the polishing of aluminum on an industrial scale in 800 liters of an electrolyte containing 3 parts of 72% perchloric acid and one part of acetic anhydride.
	www.finishing.com /94/08.shtml (1426 words)

	Perchloric Acid Fume Hood
		This Fume Hood is specifically designed for the use of perchloric acid.
		In addition, the interior baffles are also removable for cleaning to prevent the dangerous build-up of perchlorates.
		The fixture is mounted behind a sealed safety glass panel to isolate the fixture from corrosive fumes and flammable vapors.
	www.bmclab.com /afper.htm (329 words)

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