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Topic: Perchloroethylene

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	Coproduction of perchloroethylene, phosgene, and silicon tetrachloride - Patent 4504452
		Perchloroethylene, phosgene, and silicon tetrachloride are coproduced by passing vaporous carbon tetrachloride into contact with porous silica at a temperature of 800.degree.
		Perchloroethylene is usually made by the pyrolysis of carbon tetrachloride (CCl.sub.4 ; tetrachloromethane) at a temperature of 600.degree.
		Perchloroethylene and phosgene have been coproduced from carbon tetrachloride, but carbon monoxide is an essential reactant, the temperature is 150.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4504452.html (3655 words)

	Perchloroethylene dielectric fluid containing aliphatic hydrocarbons - Patent 4697043
		While perchloroethylene in a pure form is quite stable, certain impurities such as chlorinated ethanes may decompose when exposed to the conditions encountered in electrical devices, forming chlorine radicals which are corrosive and which impair the insulating characteristics of the fluid.
		Perchloroethylene (PCE) was blended with a mixture of octene (Shell Chemical) and nonene (Aldrich Chemicals) in various ratios of octene/nonene, and at different total aliphatic hydrocarbon contents.
		A perchloroethylene composition containing 6% by weight of octene and 0.5% by weight of nonene was tested according to ASTM Method D-924 to determine dielectric constant and ASTM Method D-877 to determine dielectric strength, as were the known fluids.
	freepatentsonline.com /4697043.html (1717 words)

	Toxicologic Review of Selected Chemicals - 215
		Perchloroethylene induced a significantly increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas at both dose levels in mice of both sexes.
		Indoor exposures to perchloroethylene, such as might be found in dry cleaning establishments not using the equivalent of good industrial hygiene practices, could merit action under this criteria.
		Based on a review of all of the available evidence on perchloroethylene, including the testimony and briefs submitted by the parties, OSHA has determined that perchloroethylene is a potential human carcinogen that presents a significant risk of material health impairment to workers exposed to it in their places of work.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/pel88/127-18.html (2985 words)

	Cases: Hoke Estate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Perchloroethylene detected in the outside air probably results from the evaporation of industrial and dry-cleaning operations or from releases from areas where chemical waste is stored.
		Perchloroethylene must either be ingested, that is swallowed, or inhaled for exposure to occur.
		One way of testing for perchloroethylene exposure is to measure the amount of the chemical in the breath; much the same way breath alcohol measurements are used to determine the amount of alcohol in the blood.
	iimadr.okstate.edu /hoke2.htm (1108 words)

	Facts about groundwater contamination at Schlage Lock
		Perchloroethylene was used by the facility from 1977 to 1992.
		Perchloroethylene that is not broken down by this method moves to the extraction wells for treatment above ground.
		Perchloroethylene is kept from moving into the Widefield aquifer by a series of wells that draw the ground water up, push it through an air stripper to remove the perchloroethylene, and then re-inject clean water to the aquifer.
	www.cdphe.state.co.us /hm/schlage.htm (925 words)

	Perchloroethylene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Perchloroethylene is a non-flammable solvent used in a variety of applications including use as a drycleaning solvent.
		Customers who purchase perchloroethylene from Basic Chemicals are strictly prohibited from using it in dry cleaning applications.
		Perchloroethylene is sold in barges, tank cars, tank trucks and 55 gallon drums.
	www.basicchemicalsllc.com /PRODUCTS/perchloroethylene/perchloroethylene.htm (83 words)

	Tox Town - Perchloroethylene - Toxic chemicals and environmental health risks where you live and work - Text Version
		Perchloroethylene is a manufactured chemical that is primarily used for dry cleaning fabrics and degreasing metals.
		Perchloroethylene is listed as a substance "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" in the Eleventh Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program because long-term exposure to perchloroethylene can cause leukemia and cancer of the skin, colon, lung, larynx, bladder, and urogenital tract.
		Short-term exposure to high levels of perchloroethylene can cause buildup of fluid in the lungs, eye and respiratory irritation, severe shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, sleepiness, confusion, difficulty speaking and walking, and lightheadedness.
	toxtown.nlm.nih.gov /text_version/chemical.php?name=perchloroethylene (560 words)

	Perchloroethylene: Frequently Asked Questions Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ) Lawsuit faq - Find Trial Lawyers and ...
		Results from some studies suggest that women who work in dry cleaning industries where exposures to perchloroethylene can be quite high may have more menstrual problems and spontaneous abortions than women who are not exposed.
		Perchloroethylene has been shown to cause liver tumors in mice and kidney tumors in male rats.
		One way of testing for perchloroethylene exposure is to measure the amount of the chemical in the breath, much the same way breath-alcohol measurements are used to determine the amount of alcohol in the blood.
	www.injuryboard.com /view.cfm/Article=3262 (897 words)

	Perchloroethylene and Oil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Perchloroethylene (PCE) works to dissolve the silicone because there is a structural and chemical compatibility between them.
		Remember the adage, "likes dissolve likes." This is not meant to imply that PCE and silicones have identical compositions -- rather, the relatively small PCE molecules are able to work their way onto the silicone polymer thereby loosening its grip on the fabric.
		Perchloroethylene is used as a de-greaser to remove residual oil in metal cutting, and as a dry cleaning agent.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/chem03/chem03131.htm (260 words)

	PRODUCT MATRIX - Perchloroethylene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Perchloroethylene, also known as tetrachloroethylene, ethylene tetrachloride, or PERC, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent commonly used in dry-cleaning fluid, spot removers, and degreasers.
		Perchloroethylene is a chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent that slowly breaks down in the environment.
		Perchloroethylene is a known animal carcinogen that has caused liver cancer in mice.
	danpatch.ecn.purdue.edu /~epados/waste/house/perchloro.htm (111 words)

	Reducing Worker Exposure to Perchloroethylene (PERC) in Dry Cleaning
		The dry cleaning industry has improved the control of perchloroethylene in recent years, and modern dry cleaning equipment involves much lower exposures than older style equipment.
		However, there is still a need to reduce employee exposure to the chemical to reduce any possible health effects that could result from long-term exposure to the chemical.
		Perchloroethylene ("perc") has long been recognized as an effective dry cleaning solvent and today it is by far the most commonly used solvent in dry cleaning shops.
	www.osha.gov /dsg/guidance/perc.html (3933 words)

	Perchloroethylene Dry-Cleaning Facilities Required to Meet Federal Regulation
		Perchloroethylene (PERC), which is the principal solvent used in the dry-cleaning industry, is one of these hazardous air pollutants.
		PERC is known to cause cancer in animals and is suspected to cause cancer in humans.
		Process emissions are due to vent loss during aeration, washer venting in transfer machines, and from stills and "muck cookers." Fugitive emissions occur with the transfer of "wet" garments, filter changes, equipment leaks, spills, water separators, and residual emissions from garments after they have been taken home.
	www.des.state.nh.us /factsheets/ard/ard-2.htm (357 words)

	[No title]
		EPA has developed information summaries on selected chemicals to describe how you might be exposed to these chemicals, how exposure to them might affect you and the environment, what happens to them in the environment, who regulates them, and whom to contact for additional information.
		Effects of perchloroethylene on human health and the environment depend on the amount of PERC present and the length and frequency of exposure.
		Perchloroethylene by itself is not likely to cause environmental harm at levels normally found in the environment.
	www.epa.gov /opptintr/chemfact/f_perchl.txt (799 words)

	Perchloroethylene
		Perchloroethylene is a non-flammable solvent used in a variety of applications including use as a drycleaning solvent.
		Customers who purchase perchloroethylene from Basic Chemicals are strictly prohibited from using it in dry cleaning applications.
		Perchloroethylene is sold in barges, tank cars, tank trucks and 55 gallon drums.
	www.oxy.com /oxychem/Products/perchloroethylene/perchloroethylene.htm (94 words)

	Recovery tub for the accidental spillage of perchloroethylene - Preventisme
		The dry-cleaning companies are often small firms in which the workers are exposed daily to contact with dangerous chemicals such as perchloroethylene.
		The solution consists of the installation of a recovery tub in the lower part of the cleaning machine to collect the perchloroethylene in case the solvent is accidentally spilled.
		Any trace of liquid would be a sign of a failure of the safety system of the machine and would mean that a loss of perchloroethylene had occurred.
	www.preventisme.org /p/240C2C40FD772069C1256BE200336320 (760 words)

	CHEC Chemical Profile: perchloroethylene
		Perchloroethylene, or perc, is a solvent used widely by dry cleaners to clean clothing and other textiles.
		Perchloroethylene concentrations in homes with freshly dry-cleaned clothing stored in the closets may be 2 to 30 times higher than average background levels.
		Releases of perchloroethylene into the environment decreased by ten-fold between 1988 (37.7 million pounds) and 1999 (3.7 million pounds), according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 2001 Toxic Release Inventory.
	www.checnet.org /HealtheHouse/chemicals/chemicals-detail2.asp?Main_ID=236 (1495 words)

	Perchloroethylene
		Health Hazard Summary: The most common effects of overexposure to perchloroethylene are irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or skin, and effects on the nervous system similar to the effects of alcohol.
		The most common effects of overexposure to perchloroethylene are irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or skin, and effects on the nervous system, as described below.
		If you work with perchloroethylene and think you may be overexposed, talk to your supervisor and/or your union.
	www.dhs.ca.gov /ohb/HESIS/perc.htm (2039 words)

	The World Market for Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene): A 2004 Global Trade Perspective : Market Research Report
		I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports.
		The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for each region, is based on a model which aggregates across country markets and projects these to the current year.
		Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) to and from all major countries in the world.
	www.marketresearch.com /map/prod/917412.html (601 words)

	Hepatic ultrasonic changes in workers exposed to perchloroethylene -- Brodkin et al. 52 (10): 679 -- Occupational and ...
		Hepatic ultrasonic changes in workers exposed to perchloroethylene -- Brodkin et al.
		perchloroethylene, and a control group of 29 non- exposed laundry workers.
		Perchloroethylene exposure was assessed by work history and air monitoring.
	oem.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/52/10/679 (317 words)

	Perchloroethylene & coin operated dry cleaning machines: chemical safety
		An EU Risk Assessment on perchloroethylene takes note of the case described above and concludes that there is a need to limit the risk of consumer exposure to perchloroethylene in unsupervised dry cleaning (Draft UK Risk Assessment 1997).
		Perchloroethylene has been used as the main solvent in the dry cleaning process for over 50 years.
		The manufacturers of perchloroethylene demonstrate active product stewardship and are involved in on-going research into the properties of perchloroethylene.
	www.eurochlor.org /index.asp?page=202 (247 words)

	Perchloroethylene Vapor Monitor / Monitoring Badge - EMT
		EMT's Perchloroethylene Monitoring Kit includes one vapor monitor / monitoring badge, detailed instructions, a monitoring information form, and a shipping label.
		They are designed to provide you with the ability to check exposure levels to Perchloroethylene.
		OSHA Permissible exposure limit (PEL) for perchloroethylene is 100 ppm TWA; 200 ppm Ceiling for 5 minutes in any 3 hours; 300 ppm Peak
	www.emt-online.com /ProductPages/Perchloroethylene.htm (165 words)

	Perchloroethylene-Contaminated Drinking Water and the Risk of Breast Cancer: Additional Results from Cape Cod, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1998 we published the results of a study suggesting an association between breast cancer and perchloroethylene (PCE; also called tetrachloroethylene) exposure from public drinking water.
		The results of the present study confirm those of the previous one and suggest that women with the highest PCE exposure levels have a small to moderate increased risk of breast cancer.
		Perchloroethylene (PCE; also called tetrachloroethylene) is a chlorinated solvent commonly used in industrial operations such as dry cleaning, textile processing, and metal degreasing [Agency for Toxic and Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 1995].
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2003/4980/4980.html (5574 words)

	Technical Talk -- Newsletter for Engineers on Electrical Cleaning Solvents: Replacing 1,1,1, Trichloroethane and ...
		Graph #1 from the model shows two different amounts of perchloroethylene evaporated in a vault.
		As the graph shows, the removal of the used solvent rag from the vault at 30 minutes allows no release of vapor or increase in concentration.
		We see that the higher ventilation rate of 3000 CFM (with a distribution constant of 10) is required to keep the perchlor vapors below their TLV.
	www.polywater.com /techtak9.html (921 words)

	Green Clean: Towards Pollution-Free Dry Cleaning
		For years environmentalists have been warning of the health and environmental dangers of using the solvent perchloroethylene, commonly called perc, in dry cleaning.
		According to a February 1994 letter from Pollution Probe to the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, "perchloroethylene comprises as much as 90 percent of chlorinated solvent emissions from the dry cleaning industry in Ontario.
		It is a known toxin and suspected carcinogen and a source of VOCs (volatile organic compounds), which, when combined with NOx (nitrogen oxide) emissions, result in ground-level ozone formation." Ozone is a major component of smog.
	perc.ca /PEN/1995-06/jack.html (794 words)

	The World Market for Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene): A 2005 Global Trade Perspective
		The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for each region, is based on a model which aggregates across over 150 key country markets and projects these to the current year.
		Of the 150 countries considered, if a country is not reported here it is therefore estimated to have only a negligible level of trade in tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) (i.e.
		In such cases, the difference between the numbers given in this report and the numbers actually observed might be interpreted as the "net loss" or "net gain" due to these exogenous events affecting regular trade flows that would have occurred had these events not have taken place.
	www.marketresearch.com /researchindex/1027230.html (850 words)

	ETH - Safety and Environmental Technology Group
		This project deals with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene (TRI) and perchloroethylene (PER) in dry cleaning and metal degreasing.
		The aim of the study is to quantify how the occupational exposure has changed through technology innovations in user equipments over the last 40 years in Germany.
		The total number of exposed workers in Germany was 70.000 in 1986 and is around 15.000 today.
	ltcmail.ethz.ch /hungerb/research/product/jvgpro.html (581 words)

	Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance - representing methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene
		In a final rule published in early May, EPA established annual facility-wide emissions limits for facilities that operate halogenated solvent cleaners (vapor degreasers) using methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, or trichloroethylene.
		In an April 18 letter to counsel for the Sierra Club, EPA rejected the environmental group’s petition for reconsideration of the Agency’s July 2006 amendments to the national emission standard for perchloroethylene drycleaning.
		EPA’s denial clears the way for the DC Circuit to consider Sierra Club and industry challenges to the 2006 drycleaning amendments.
	www.hsia.org (213 words)

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