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Topic: Perfect aspect

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	Perfect aspect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The perfect aspect is a grammatical aspect that refers to a state resulting from a previous action (also described as a previous action with relevance to a particular time, or a previous action viewed from the perspective of a later time).
		The perfect aspect is not the same as the perfective aspect.
		The form "I have eaten" is referred to as a present perfect, meaning present tense, perfect aspect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perfect_aspect (382 words)

	Grammatical aspect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aspect is a somewhat difficult concept to grasp for the speakers of most modern Indo-European languages, because they tend to conflate the concept of aspect with the concept of tense.
		The perfect tense in all moods is used solely as an aspect marker and not, ironically, as a tense, conveying the sense of a resultant state.
		The aspect is indicated by the case of the object: accusative is telic and partitive is atelic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grammatical_aspect (3619 words)

	English Past Simple & Present Perfect in Relation to Thai Learners
		Aspect does not relate an event or situation to a point in time like a tense, but is rather concerned with “the internal temporal constituency of one situation” (Comrie 1976: 5).
		Comrie (1976) observes that the perfect aspect in English is different to other aspects, in that it doesn’t tell us so much about the internal temporal situation of an event or state, but relates it to a preceeding time.
		The perfect can be used with a state which began in the past and continues up to the present time and can continue into the future.
	www3.telus.net /linguisticsissues/thai.html (4093 words)

	Latin tutorial: Verbal Aspect
		Aspects are not exclusive; therefore it is possible to have a "perfect progressive" aspect, or other combinations with other aspects.
		The progressive aspect states that an action is continual in sense: the beginning and end of the action are blurred rather than definite.
		The perfect aspect states than an action has a definite ending point at which it is complete ("perfect" comes from the Latin for "thoroughly finished").
	www.freewebs.com /gjcl/tutorial/aspect.htm (544 words)

	[No title]
		The reference point is introduced by the perfect aspect (in Chinese, the SFP le), and there are three possible time spans for measurement: the ongoing event, the target state, and the resultant state, as in (18)-(20), respectively: Zhangsan da-kai chuanghu san-tian le.
		The viewpoint aspect is represented by the verbal -le (and -guo, -zhe), the function of which is to link the lexical content to a given viewpoint, forming an aspectual complex of TT and situation.
		The Composition of the Perfective Aspect in Mandarin Chinese.
	www.semanticsarchive.net /Archive/WE2ZTJkM/aspect_durative.doc (3846 words)

	[No title]
		Aspect relates to considerations such as the completion or lack of completion of events or states described by a verb.
		Aspect answers the question: “Is the even/ state described by the verb completed or is it continuing?” There are two aspects in English: perfect and progressive (continuous).
		The simple aspect indicates one or both of the following: that the action or series of actions is complete that the situation is permanent or is regarded as permanent We can use both dynamic and stative verbs in the simple aspect.
	www.ffl.msu.ru /staff/popova/aspects_2005_page.doc (450 words)

	Aspect of perfect in Mt. 16:19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Aspect of perfect in Mt. 16:19 David Moore wrote: > I would be really interested to see how you would handle > Mat.
		(perfect) specifies stative aspect (i.e., a state of being bound or loosed).
		In the broader context a similar aspectual discourse structure may be seen: the pericope is almost entirely aorist form/ perfective aspect; the more heavily marked present form/imperfective aspect in introduced at three key junctures in the narrative: the crucial question in v.
	www.ibiblio.org /bgreek/archives/greek-3/msg00657.html (280 words)

	LILT:Aspect
		The three aspects in English combine with the verb tenses to give a range of meanings to the English verb.
		’) aspect is formed using the auxiliary be’ and the present participle.
		Perfect aspect can combine with progressive aspect to add a sense of duration to the meanings given above.
	www.arts.gla.ac.uk /SESLL/EngLang/LILT/aspect.htm (308 words)

	A New Kant-Friesian System of Metaphysics
		An important and perfectly analogous aspect of this arrangement is that in the absence of the ontological "field," all the modes of necessity collapse to one, the
		The "aspect" of an action is whether it is thought of as taking place at a point in time, the aorist, still continuing to happen at a point in time, the imperfect (or imperfective), or having just been completed at a point in time, the perfect (or perfective).
		The asymmetry in the use of the term "imperfect" is evident in the fact that the "perfect" is a present tense in the indicative, while there is no "impefect" to contrast with the "perfect" in the subjunctive at all.
	www.friesian.com /system.htm (5692 words)

	The Perfect Fallacy
		This means, in general, that everything is possible, which would absolutize the imperfect aspect, but that everything that appears as of necessity, all matters of fact and value -- the past, the good, the just, and beautiful -- also nevertheless are real too, an absolutization of the perfect aspect.
		It is a case where a characteristic of the past, an artifact of the perfect aspect, must be transposed into the future.
		This is because the future is not just the future, not just the imperfect aspect, but undecidably the perfect aspect also, as perfect and imperfect have a different relation to each other in the transcendent than they do in the phenomenal world.
	www.friesian.com /perfect.htm (7559 words)

	[No title]
		Because of the presence of the perfect (or past) participle, students often think of such Ss as past tenses—they are not.
		present (tense) perfect (aspect)—refers to an action that was completed in the immediate past or one that began in the past and continues in the present.
		Perfect progressive verb forms—when both have + -en and be + -ing occur in the MVP: combines the emphasis of the perfect on the beginning or ending of an event with the expression of the progressive on its ongoing nature.
	pages.towson.edu /ccain/docs/612_ch.4.doc (1538 words)

	tense and aspect
		As you saw as you named the tenses, the tenses and aspects combine to form at least 10 tenses in English.
		The conversation is in the present (Barbara is hanging around), so it continues in the present, using the present perfect (I've bumped) to indication an action that happened earlier.
		Notice again that the present perfect is used rather than the past to talk about past actions.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/rthompso/tenseaspect.html (1105 words)

	Rense, Aspect, and Voice (322)
		Not all linguists agree that the perfect is an aspect.
		The function of the perfect is to relate a past action as relevant to the present or to another eventuality.
		The lack of the perfect construction signals an eventuality that is not relevant to any particular point in time (as far as the speaker is concerned).
	www.sfu.ca /person/dearmond/322/322.tense.aspect.htm (798 words)

	Perfect Dark - Speedrunwiki.com
		Perfect Dark is a first person shooter for the Nintendo 64, released in May 2000 by Rare.
		The Perfect Dark Elite has been hosting PD speed run competition since the summer of 2000.
		Before starting to play Perfect Dark for speed times, it is recommended that you read the settings recommendations.
	speedrunwiki.com /Perfect_Dark (473 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Aspect is kinda a more generalized version of tense, in that it often portrays some sort of temporal meaning.
		In English, one has the rather messy situation where every aspect uses different helping verbs used in very different ways to indicate that aspect, and on top of that are often very confusingly mixed to indicate a combination of aspects (as in the sentence above about the squirrels).
		And just as different tenses and aspects inflect the verb to show their meaning, so it is with mode.
	www.angelfire.com /tx/eclectorium/degaverbs.html (2487 words)

	Glossary of Grammatical Terms
		Any verb (in the past, present or future) in the perfect (or complete) tense is said to be in the "perfect aspect" (also called the "complete aspect").
		Any verb (in the past, present or future) in the perfect progressive tense is said to be in the "perfect progressive aspect".
		In the present, this aspect is used for verbs that began in the past and continue into the present.
	www.grammar-monster.com /grammarlessons/glossary/cip.htm (2516 words)

	Gène’s CyberNook: Hebrew Lesson 14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In Hebrew, the past tense represents a completed action and is translated by the perfect aspect.
		This aspect is used to represent the English past tenses such as “he studied”, “he was studying”, “he will have studied” and “he had studied”.
		The perfect aspect is constructed by means of the addition of suffixes to the lexical form.
	world.std.com /~gjrsoft/ivrit/ivrit014.html (158 words)

	Sandra's present perfect lesson plan 1
		We are using Cutting Edge Upper Intermediate as a course book and in module 5, the grammar focus is on the perfect aspect in the past, present and future and on the differences between the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous forms.
		In the last lesson we were choosing the best timelines to reflect sentences in the perfect aspect and students noticed that the present perfect simple form exists in Spanish but is not always the best translation for the present perfect simple form in English.
		Grammar is one of the areas that most students are concerned about and using the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous forms to speak about biographical details, whether in an interview situation or not, is a useful skill and something of interest to most people.
	www.developingteachers.com /plans/pp1_sandra.htm (2006 words)

	Grammar \ Verbs
		The perfect stem derives from the basic stem by a regular process, which may better explained in diachronical terms: first, the suffix
		Perfect aspect shows an action that has been completed up to the time of speaking.
		The imperfect aspect is the unmarked form of the verb.
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/nyh/bokuchi/lng/verbs.html (1578 words)

	Principle #19. Perfect Your Environment.
		Perfect(ing) and perfection are different words with a different 'energy.' Perfection (and striving for it) is usually costly and virtually never attainable.
		Perfecting your environment is a verb and describes the process of upgrading your environment.
		Perfecting your environments is not a linear process.
	coachville.com /tl/attractionu/28/19.html (755 words)

	A Few Words About Words
		We have regular joint lessons in English and Tuvan and she is working on learning the English perfect (I have spoken, I had spoken, etc.) It seems that Tuvan doesn't have a direct parallel to the perfect aspect.
		As far as aspect goes, it does make a distinction between the simple (I speak) and the progressive (I am speaking).
		The third main aspect falls somewhere between these two --- something like 'I am being in a state in which I speak,' though a clean translation is impossible.
	www.fotuva.org /travel/stefan/words.html (872 words)

	A concept of time \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As for the definition of the Perfect Aspect, I think I would use one of the definitions given at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_aspect : a previous action viewed from the perspective of a later time.
		In my model, the Present Perfect expresses actions that have been completed by the present; thus it refers to actions that are between the past and the present, just as in your model.
		Aspect itself is not defined as an adjective, but the various Aspects use adjectives as names (Simple, Habitual, Continuous, Perfect).
	www.antimoon.com /forum/t494-690.htm (3211 words)

	The meaning of tense and aspect
		The perfective aspect used with stative verbs typically signify pre-existing states (that may continue): He has believed in Allah all his life.
		I have been ill. The perfective aspect used with dynamic verbs, on the other hand, often indicate completed actions: We have baked the cake (would you like to taste it).
		Statistically, verb phrases marked for aspect are in the minority (only 10% of all the verbs in the corpus used for the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English); in the same corpus perfect(ive) aspect was slightly more common than the progressive aspect.
	www.helsinki.fi /~mpalande/meaning_of_tense_and_aspect.html (757 words)

	The Present Perfect & its Equivalents in Portuguese
		The English present perfect is represented in Portuguese by a number of combinations of verbs in the past, present and perfect and also adverbials, as it cannot be translated exactly into Portuguese.
		It is not considered to denote perfect aspect in Portuguese and thus speakers of Portuguese, when translating `Quebrei minha perna`, would most likely say `I broke my leg`, not `I’ve broken my leg’ (73% of respondents).
		This is another aspect that may be used to convey an English present perfect sense, although is often described as an aspect that describes the past, being a near-equivalent of the English past progressive, `used to`, `would`, and `kept on` + past participle (Williams, 1942).
	www3.telus.net /linguisticsissues/presperfect.html (1674 words)

	A concept of time \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Past Perfect is a tense, not an aspect.
		My explanation is that the Perfect Aspect is used to express actions that have been completed by the present, after the past.
		The selling point of Aspect Theory is its vagueness, which encourages participants to create as many vague terms as possible, so they may shift the discussions of Present Perfect to the discussion of definitions such as Aspect, Version, Model, Habitual, Proximate.....
	www.antimoon.com /forum/t494-705.htm (3106 words)

	Extreme Gamer - Perfect Dark Zero Xbox 360 Review
		Perfect Dark Zero (PDZ) isn't an overly long affair and can be completed in a few days of shooting.
		Another great aspect to PDZ is that the multiplayer portion can be enjoyed even if you're not hooked up on live.
		Perfect Dark Zero needed a little more direction for the plot to really put this in the classic category.
	www.extremegamer.ca /xbox360/reviews/perfectdarkzero.php (1544 words)

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