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Topic: Perfluorocarbon

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Liquid breathing

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	editorial octobre 99 virtanes
		Perfluorocarbons are a promising new class of molecules without direct toxicity, and possessing interesting properties on the respiratory gases as well as on the other inert gases.
		Perfluorocarbons are not metabolized but are cleared from the vascular space by the reticuloendothelial system and collected in the liver and spleen, eventually leaving the body as a vapor in the respiratory gases (15).
		The concentration of perfluorocarbons reached in plasma is measured by the fluorocrit that is defined as the relative height of the column of perfluorocarbons in spun whole blood.
	www.md.ucl.ac.be /virtanes/pastedoct99.html (2403 words)

	Medical Applications : Perfluorodecalin, Perfluorohexane, Octafluoropropane, Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene, ...
		For many years a huge amount of interest has been shown in perfluorocarbons for medical applications due to their remarkably low toxicity, lack of biological activity, short retention time in the body and their ability to dissolve gases especially oxygen and carbon dioxide.
		Perfluorocarbons are immisible with blood so they are used in an emulsion form.
		Perfluorocarbons emulsions have a relatively small particle size and so have the added advantage that they are able to oxygenate ischaemic tissue and tumours (increasing sensitivity to radiation therapy).
	www.fluoros.co.uk /data/medical_applications.php (1011 words)

	FDA > CDRH > CFR Title 21 Database Search
		The perfluorocarbon resins identified in paragraph (a) of this section as well as articles or coating made from these resins may include the following optional components except that the resin identified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section may not be used with the optional component, lithium polysilicate, mentioned in paragraph (b)(4) of this section.
		As a component of repeated-use coatings, based on the perfluorocarbon resin identified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, not to exceed 0.10 millimeter (0.004 inch) in thickness, and at a level not to exceed 0.4 weight percent of the coating.
		Perfluorocarbon resins identified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section are limited to use as coatings or components of coatings for articles intended for repeated food-contact use.
	www.accessdata.fda.gov /scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=177.1550 (1097 words)

	Critical Care \| Full text \| Does perfluorocarbon deoxygenate during partial liquid ventilation?
		Perfluorocarbons accumulate in the dependent regions of the lungs, which may result in regional hypoxia if ventilation with oxygen is insufficient to oxygenate the dependent perfluorocarbon-filled alveoli.
		It was proposed to enhance gas exchange in the setting of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, and laboratory studies quickly demonstrated that alveolar recruitment and redistribution of pulmonary blood flow, presumably due to the presence of the high-density perfluorocarbons in the dependent regions of the lungs, contributed to the observed improvement in gas exchange [2,3,4].
		It was also noted, both in the laboratory and the clinical settings, that perfluorocarbons accumulated predominately in the dependent regions of the lungs [5,6].
	ccforum.com /content/4/2/67 (1073 words)

	Liquid breathing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The perfluorocarbon was instilled into the animal's lungs through the tube.
		Perfluorocarbon fluids are twice as dense as water, hence unsuitable for this application.
		Aerosolized perfluorocarbon improved pulmonary gas exchange and lung mechanics as effectively as PLV did in surfactant-depleted piglets, and the improvement was sustained longer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquid_breathing (2897 words)

	Artificial Blood: What Is It? Will I Use It?
		The oxygen content of perfluorocarbon emulsions obeys Henry's Law of partial pressures; the amount of oxygen dissolved in a perfluorocarbon solution is directly related to the partial pressure of oxygen to which the solution is exposed.
		Perfluorocarbons are relatively evanescent in the plasma, with a half life of approximately 3-4 hours in the plasma phase.
		Thus perfluorocarbons become a single dose drug, with limitation of dosage due to the capacity of the reticuloendothelial system to handle the plasma elimination phase.
	www.dcmsonline.org /jax-medicine/1998journals/december98/artificialblood.htm (3253 words)

	Critical Care \| Full text \| Time-dependency of improvements in arterial oxygenation during partial liquid ventilation ...
		It combines the intrapulmonary application of perfluorocarbons in volumes up to the functional residual capacity of the lungs with conventional gaseous ventilation [1], and has been shown to improve gas exchange and lung mechanics in a dose-dependent manner in experimental and clinical settings of severe respiratory failure [2,3,4,5].
		Second, it is hypothesized that pooling of the dense compounds (1.75-1.92 g/ml) along the gravitational gradient causes a redistribution of pulmonary blood flow from dependent to nondependent, better ventilated lung areas, due to a compression of the pulmonary vasculature in the dorsal lung regions [7,8].
		Additionally, the continuous administration of perfluorocarbon in order to substitute for evaporational losses can avoid a decrease in the total volume of perfluorocarbon in the lung, but there may be a significant difference in the distribution of the liquid when compared with the application of a bolus.
	ccforum.com /content/4/2/114 (2989 words)

	CHEMTECH- Liquid ventilation - A new way to deliver drugs to diseased lungs? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The density of perfluorocarbons is significantly greater than that of the edematous fluid that fills the lung in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
		The ability to enhance solubility in perfluorocarbon liquids is a critical step toward using this novel technique to deliver drugs to an acutely diseased lung.
		By dissolving a drug molecule in the perfluorocarbon solvent, which displaces air during liquid ventilation, it is possible to deliver the drug to parts of a severely damaged lung that are not easily accessible by current methods.
	pubs.acs.org /hotartcl/chemtech/99/oct/lungs.html (3781 words)

	Vitreous humor tamponade for the posterior cavity in an eye - Patent 5441989
		A method of using a perfluorocarbon, which is liquid under normal conditions and which after injection into an eye gradually changes to vapor condition as a result of its inherent vapor pressure at body temperature, as a displacement agent for eliminating a water component from a posterior cavity in a non-vitrectomised eye, comprising:
		The perfluorocarbon is liquid under normal conditions and goes into the vapor condition after injection in the eye as a result of its inherent vapor pressure.
		The perfluorocarbon which is injected in that way may remain in the posterior cavity in the form of a gas bubble for weeks and is gradually resorbed by way of the vascularised eye integuments or chorioid.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5441989.html (2223 words)

	DJO \| Digital Journal of Ophthalmology
		Perfluorocarbon liquid was then injected to push the remaining subretinal gas through the retinal tear.
		In our case report, we demonstrate that perfluorocarbon liquid can be used successfully to displace subretinal gas and achieve retinal reattachment without the use of scleral buckling.
		Postoperative retention of perfluorocarbon liquid is a common occurrence, estimated at 1-3.5% of cases, but very small amounts are unlikely to result in complications.
	www.djo.harvard.edu /site.php?url=/physicians/oa/559 (1687 words)

	BioMedical Engineering OnLine \| Abstract \| An advanced expiratory circuit for the recovery of perfluorocarbon liquid ...
		The loss of perfluorocarbon (PFC) vapour in the expired gases during partial liquid ventilation should be minimized both to prevent perfluorocarbon vapour entering the atmosphere and to re-use the recovered PFC liquid.
		Using a substantially modified design of our previously described condenser, we aimed to determine how much perfluorocarbon liquid could be recovered from gases containing PFC and water vapour, at concentrations found during partial liquid ventilation, and to determine if the amount recovered differed with background flow rate (at flow rates suitable for use in neonates).
		Perfluorocarbon (30 mL of FC-77) and water vapour, at concentrations found during partial liquid ventilation, were passed through the circuit at a number of flow rates and the percentage recovery of the liquids measured.
	www.biomedical-engineering-online.com /content/5/1/7/abstract (398 words)

	Future Tech - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Future Tech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The perfluorocarbon family of chemicals, made of mostly fluorine and carbon, are so chemically inert that they don't harm the delicate, air-filled pockets in the lungs.
		And perfluorocarbons can be loaded with metabolically useful gases such as oxygen or carbon dioxide.
		Perfluorocarbon liquid will then flow through an array of modules, down a tube in the patient's throat, and into his lungs.
	www.discover.com /issues/oct-01/departments/feattech (1289 words)

	LIQUID PERFLUOROCARBON FOR TRANSSCLERAL FIXATION OF POSTERIOR CHAMBER LENSES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Methods: Endostabilization with perfluorocarbon after pars plana vitrectomy prior to transscleral fixation of a posterior chamber lens was performed in l2 eyes.
		The intraocular lens floats on the surface of the perfluorocarbon.
		Perfluorocarbon considerably facilitates the positioning of a transsclerally fixated intraocular lens.
	www.dog.org /engl/abstract97/K136.html (233 words)

	FDA > CDRH > CFR Title 21 Database Search
		Perfluorocarbon cured elastomers identified in paragraph (a) of this section may be safely used as articles or components of articles intended for repeated use in contact with nonacid food (pH above 5.0), subject to the provisions of this section.
		Perfluorocarbon cured elastomers may be identified by the characteristic infrared spectra of the pyrolysate breakdown product that is obtained by heating and decomposing the elastomer using the method entitled "Qualitative Identification of Kalrez[reg] by Infrared Examination of Pyrolysate." This method is incorporated by reference.
		In accordance with current good manufacturing practice, finished food contact articles containing the perfluorocarbon cured elastomers shall be thoroughly cleaned prior to their first use in contact with food.
	www.accessdata.fda.gov /scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=177.2400 (583 words)

	C&EN: NEWS OF THE WEEK - FLUOROUS METHOD GROWS FRIENDLIER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Two research groups now report that the perfluorocarbon solvent can be skipped by designing fluorinated catalysts that themselves have a temperature-dependent phase miscibility--that is, solubility--in ordinary organic solvents.
		The reactants are added to an organic solvent that is immiscible with the perfluorocarbon at room temperature, forming a second phase.
		In one of the reports that now demonstrate that the perfluorocarbon solvent isn't essential, graduate student Marc Wende, postdoc Ralf Meier, and professor John A. Gladysz of the Institute for Organic Chemistry at Friedrich-Alexander University in Erlangen, Germany, describe the temperature-dependent solubility of the solid phosphine catalyst P[CH in octane [J.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/topstory/7948/print/7948notw6.html (534 words)

	Cytotoxicity of a perfluorocarbon blood substitute to macrophages in vitro -- Bucala et al. 220 (4600): 965 -- Science
		Cytotoxicity of a perfluorocarbon blood substitute to macrophages in vitro -- Bucala et al.
		The perfluorocarbon preparation was found to be selectively cytotoxic to macrophages.
		In addition, perfluorocarbons may be useful as a means of selectively removing macrophages from tissue and organ cultures.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/220/4600/965 (248 words)

	Partial liquid ventilation: effects of liquid volume and ventilatory settings on perfluorocarbon evaporation -- Loer et ...
		volume on perfluorocarbon evaporation were studied in six lungs.
		perfluorocarbon volume was increased in a stepwise manner to
		In both groups mean changes in lung weight during an observation period of 4 h was negligible suggesting that lung weight was not influenced in a relevant fashion by gas-ventilation or by ventilation-independent perfluorocarbon loss.
	erj.ersjournals.com /cgi/content/full/20/6/1499 (2830 words)

	MATERIALS AND METHODS
		This perfluorocarbon (Aldrich 30293-7) has a molecular weight of 350.05, a boiling point of 76°C, and a density of 1.76 g/mL.
		The signal is expanded in the vertical scale, and the perfluorocarbon peak is chosen manually based on the elution time of the standard.
		The surface of the rock is washed with distilled water, and the rinse is collected and examined with epifluorescence microscopy to verify the successful delivery of the microspheres.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/tnotes/tn28/c5_2.htm (2343 words)

	A Novel Site-Targeted Ultrasonic Contrast Agent With Broad Biomedical Application -- Lanza et al. 94 (12): 3334 -- ...
		the outer lipid monolayer of a perfluorocarbon microemulsion.
		The biotinylated perfluorocarbon emulsion had a rapid increase in acoustic reflectivity with the addition of avidin (d).
		McGoron AJ, Pratt R, Zhang J, Shiferaw Y, Thomas S, Millard R. Perfluorocarbon distribution to liver, lung and spleen of emulsions of perfluorotributylamine (FTBA) in pigs and rats and perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB) in rats and dogs by 19F NMR spectroscopy.
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/94/12/3334 (4266 words)

	Use of perfluorocarbon liquid during vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy -- Imamura et al. 87 (5): ...
		Use of perfluorocarbon liquid during vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy -- Imamura et al.
		Perfluorocarbon liquid in the management of traumatic retinal detachment.
		Perfluorocarbon heavy liquids in the management of posterior dislocation of the lens nucleus during phacoemulsification.
	bjo.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/87/5/563 (2147 words)

	Monitoring Subsurface Barrier Integrity Using Perfluorocarbon Tracers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Therefore, typical geophysical methods are not suitable for the monitoring of an emplaced barrier’s integrity.
		Perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs) have been tested as a means of barrier verification at the Hanford geotechnical test facility, where a soil/cement barrier was emplaced around a buried drum.
		PFTs were injected beneath the drum for three days in the center of the barrier 3 m below grade.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?9802323 (176 words)

	Breathing Perfluorocarbon Liquid
		Research was done in the 60's and scientists actually got mice and cats to live for weeks while their lungs were full of this liquid.
		Some girl nearly drowned and a lot of sand and silt got into her lungs so even after getting her to the hospital and on a respirator her lungs started to collapse.
		The positive pressure from the machine would have caused too much damage to her already failing lungs over the next several days so they tried filling them with a perfluorocarbon liquid and using a pump to circulate it.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=1471 (289 words)

	Re: can humans (premature babies) breathe perfluorocarbon?
		My guess is that use of perfluorocarbon for premature babies and for deep diving/military uses is still a long way off.
		The report may be based on recent experimental developments with perfluorocarbons (PFCs), of which a few examples now follow.
		Perfluorocarbon emulsions were clinically evaluated as artificial oxygen carriers to reduce allogeneic blood transfusions or to improve tissue oxygenation.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/dec2000/977418996.Me.r.html (294 words)

	Komen Foundation \| Awarded Grants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The system comprises a lipid wrapped, liquid perfluorocarbon (e.g., perfluorooctyl bromide) center and is distinct from liposomes because it exists only as an emulsion (or, a two-phase system).
		Drugs such as paclitaxel can be loaded into the lipid membrane or into oil layers surrounding the perfluorocarbon component to yield a very stable system that persists for days at the site after particle binding and manifests slow release of the agent.
		In preliminary studies, we have shown that ultrasound enhances the cellular uptake of targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles by cancer cells in vitro without any untoward effect from the ultrasound energy itself upon either the cells or the perfluorocarbon nanoparticles.
	www.komen.org /grants/awards/abstracts.asp?EM=205923.988629/17/200220594.800816&ID=3&nodeId=565&applicantid=2059 (679 words)

	ePrintsUQ - The Effect Of Perfluorocarbon Vapour On The Measurement Of Respiratory Tidal Volume During Partial Liquid ...
		During partial liquid ventilation perfluorocarbon vapour is present in the exhaled gases.
		We aim to compare measured tidal volumes with and without perfluorocarbon vapour using tidal volumes suitable for use in neonates.
		Tidal volumes were produced with a 100 ml calibration syringe from 20 to 100 ml and with a calibrated Harvard rodent ventilator from 2.5 to 20 ml.
	eprint.uq.edu.au /archive/00000700 (337 words)

	ePrintsUQ - An Advanced Expiratory Circuit for the Recovery of Perfluorocarbon Liquid From Non-Saturated ...
		Background: The loss of perfluorocarbon (PFC) vapour in the expired gases during partial liquid ventilation should be minimized both to prevent perfluorocarbon vapour entering the atmosphere and to re-use the recovered PFC liquid.
		Amounts of perfluorocarbon vapour recovered were 47%, 50%, 81% and 91% at flow rates of 10, 5, 2 and 1 Lmin-1, respectively.
		Conclusion: Using two condensers in series 47% to 91% of perfluorocarbon liquid can be recovered, from gases containing perfluorocarbon and water vapour, at concentrations found during partial liquid ventilation.
	eprint.uq.edu.au /archive/00003650 (560 words)

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