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Topic: Perforin

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Cytotoxic T cell

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	Perforin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Perforin is a cytolytic protein found in the granules of CD8 T-cells and NK cells.
		Upon degranulation, perforin inserts itself into the target cell's plasma membrane, forming a pore.
		Although purified perforin is sufficient to lyse cells at high doses, the biology of perforin itself does not explain the ability of CD8 T-cells and NK cells to induce apoptosis in target cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perforin (163 words)

	Immune system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		NK cells are cytotoxic; small granules in their cytoplasm contain special proteins such as perforin and proteases known as granzymes.
		Upon release in close proximity of a cell to be killed, perforin forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell through which the granzymes and associated molecules can enter, where they induce apoptosis.
		When exposed to infected/dysfunctional somatic cells, TC cells release the cytotoxins perforin and granulysin, which forms pores in the target cell's plasma membrane; this causes ions and water to flow into the target cell, making it expand and eventually lyse.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Immune_system (7209 words)

	Chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with diminished intracellular perforin
		Because perforin is important in immune surveillance and homeostasis of the immune system, its deficiency may prove to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of CFS and its analysis may prove useful as a biomarker in the study of CFS.
		In the absence of perforin, the granule protein granzyme A was proinflammatory, and induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression [30].
		The perforin pathway of cytotoxicity is distinct from that mediated by Fas or TNF-α.
	www.co-cure.org /Maher.htm (2201 words)

	Aberrant maturation of mutant perforin underlies the clinical diversity of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis -- Risma ...
		Perforin function was tested by its ability to lyse rbcs as described in Figure 3.
		The maturation of perforin was interrupted by alkalinization of acidic compartments with CMA or by inhibition of proteolysis by leupeptin overnight.
		A91V is a polymorphism in the perforin gene not causative of the FHLH phenotype.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/116/1/182 (6269 words)

	Perforin Elispot
		Perforin is a hallmark effector molecule of cell-mediated destruction of target cells.
		To analyze perforin release induced in response to antigen stimulation, we used a mix of class I-restricted peptides, known to be frequently recognized by human CD8+ T cells, derived from Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Influenza virus (CEF peptide pool) (Currier et al., 2002).
		Perforin in cytotoxic cells is normally expressed and released in lower amounts compared to Granzyme-B and IFN-γ.
	www.zellnet.com /perforinelispot (1399 words)

	Cell Sciences Announcements
		One mechanism used by cytotoxicT lymphocytes and NK cells to kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells is the release of granzyme and perforin (a membrane pore-protein) proteins from cytotoxic granules.
		Since granzymes and Perforin constitute the primary effectors of the granule exocytose pathway, identification of this phenomena by development of assays to assess the involvement of activated CTL or NK in pathological processes is of high interest for the scientific community.
		After cell lysis, trapped Granzyme B or Perforin molecules are revealed by a secondary biotinylated detection antibody, which is in turn recognized by streptavidin conjugated to alkaline phosphatase.
	www.cellsciences.com /article.asp?id=57 (510 words)

	Perforin/granzyme-dependent and Independent Mechanisms are Both Important for the Development of Graft-versus-host ...
		Basal hematopoiesis in perforin and granzyme B-deficient mice.
		Cytotoxic T lymphocytes require perforin and granzyme B for the rapid induction of apoptosis in susceptible target cells (14).
		Podack, and R.L. Pastori (1996) A Hammerhead ribozyme that cleaves perforin and Fas-ligand RNAs in vitro.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/100/4/904 (5905 words)

	Perforin and Fas in murine gammaherpesvirus-specific CD8+ T cell control and morbidity -- Topham et al. 82 (8): 1971 -- ...
		Uncontrolled infection in the absence of perforin and Fas
		T-cell immunity to murine rotavirus in the absence of perforin, Fas, and gamma interferon.
		Perforin is essential for control of ectromelia virus but not related poxviruses in mice.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/82/8/1971 (5058 words)

	Nuclear Transport of Granzyme B (Fragmentin-2). DEPENDENCE ON PERFORIN IN VIVO AND CYTOSOLIC FACTORS IN VITRO -- Jans ...
		Rat perforin was isolated from RNK-16 cells as described (11).
		the presence of exogenous cytosol and absence of perforin.
		The cellular consequences of exposure to perforin and granzyme B are nuclear changes resulting in apoptosis.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/48/30781 (6569 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Perforin is a pore-forming effector molecule of CTL and NK cells.
		To characterize perforin gene expression and its transcriptional control mechanisms in vivo, expression of a cell surface tag, i.e., human CD4, was driven by 5.1 kb of the murin perforin 5{prime} flanking and promoter region in transgenic mice.
		At the whole organ level, significant amounts of transgenic mRNA and endogenous perforin mRNA were co-expressed in the lymphoid organs, as well as in the lung, the ileum, the oviduct/uterus, and the bone marrow.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=75584 (409 words)

	NK Cells Use Perforin Rather than Granulysin for Anticryptococcal Activity -- Ma et al. 173 (5): 3357 -- The Journal of ...
		Perforin is responsible for the anticryptococcal activity of YT cells and primary NK cells
		Inhibition of perforin with concanamycin A or EGTA decreased the anticryptococcal activities of primary NK cells.
		Differential expression of granulysin and perforin by NK cells in cancer patients and correlation of impaired granulysin expression with progression of cancer.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/173/5/3357 (6477 words)

	Cytosolic Delivery of Granzyme B by Bacterial Toxins: Evidence that Endosomal Disruption, in Addition to Transmembrane ...
		In the presence of 800 or 1,600 U per ml of perforin, the 8-kDa azurin marker was excluded from cells for the length of the experiment, whereas both the 46-kDa GST fusion protein and 67-kDa BSA size markers were able to equilibrate across the cell membrane at the highest perforin concentrations (5,000 U/ml).
		In this model, perforin monomers (large ellipses) elongate, attach to phosphorylcholine headgroups in the plasma membrane, coalesce with like molecules, and intercalate the membrane to form transmembrane pores for the passage of apoptotic mediators such as grB (small ellipses) into the target cell cytosol.
		Perforin destabilizes grB-containing endosomes by an unknown mechanism, perhaps by entering the cell in separate vesicles which then fuse with grB-carrying endosomes (as shown, hypothetically), again facilitating grB access to substrates associated with apoptosis induction.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/19/12/8604 (7355 words)

	Nitric Oxide Synthase-2 and Expression of Perforin in Uterine NK Cells -- Burnett and Hunt 164 (10): 5245 -- The ...
		of perforin expression in mouse uNK cells (37), and it is not inconceivable
		Expression of lymphocyte perforin in the mouse uterus during pregnancy.
		Cloning, analysis, and expression of murine perforin 1 cDNA, a component of cytolytic T-cell granules with homology to complement component C9.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/164/10/5245 (3891 words)

	Loss of the Perforin Cytotoxic Pathway Predisposes Mice to Experimental Cytomegalovirus Retinitis -- Dix et al. 77 (6): ...
		MAIDS correlates with a decrease in the perforin cytotoxic pathway.
		in PKO mice that have a null mutation in the perforin gene (51).
		expression of perforin in the absence of MCMV infection.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/77/6/3402 (4884 words)

	Interleukin 2 Receptor Signaling Regulates the Perforin Gene through Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription ...
		Perforin is an inducible component of the lytic machinery of
		Transient transfection analysis of the depicted DNAs in the context of the perforin promoter (-277 to +59) were performed as described for A, with the exception of electroporating an 18:1 molar ratio of the experimental plasmids to the internal control vector.
		Both perforin enhancers contain tandem Stat-like elements that are required for their IL-2 response and transactivation by Stat5.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/190/9/1297 (7515 words)

	Quantitative Fluorescence Measures for Determination of Intracellular Perforin Content -- Maher et al. 9 (6): 1248 -- ...
		The subject with FHL (homozygous perforin deficiency) had negligible staining for antiperforin antibody, while her heterozygous mother had a value approximately half of the mean for the controls.
		The ranges of perforin contents for NK cells and Tc cells were 1,853 to 6,745 and 0 to 2,992 rMol of antiperforin
		Perforin and serine esterase gene expression in stimulated human T cells.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/9/6/1248 (3041 words)

	Perforin (anti-human/mouse/rat) antibodies from Research Diagnostics Inc
		Activity: Reacts with mouse perforin, reacts with the common epitope of perforin existing in NK cells and CTL cells.
		Perforin is a cytolytic mediator produced by killer lymphocytes, and is stored in and released by cytoplasmic granules.
		Perforin is involved in the killing mediated by CTL which represents an important mechanism in the immune defense against tumors and virus infections 3,4.
	www.researchd.com /miscabs/perforab.htm (1010 words)

	Defining the roles of perforin, Fas/FasL, and tumour necrosis factor {alpha} in T cell induced mucosal damage in the ...
		Defining the roles of perforin, Fas/FasL, and tumour necrosis factor {alpha} in T cell induced mucosal damage in the mouse intestine -- Merger et al.
		Perforin, Fas ligand, and tumor necrosis factor are the major cytotoxic molecules used by lymphokine-activated killer cells.
		Consequences of Fas-ligand and perforin expression by colon T cells in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/51/2/155 (4578 words)

	Single-cell perforin and granzyme expression reveals the anatomical localization of effector CD8+ T cells in influenza ...
		Single-cell perforin and granzyme expression reveals the anatomical localization of effector CD8+ T cells in influenza virus-infected mice -- Johnson et al.
		Perforin is essential for the release of granzymes
		Percentages of cells expressing perforin with granzymes A and/or B are superimposed in the fl bars.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/5/2657 (4105 words)

	Perforin-mediated Lysis of Tumor Cells by Mycobacterium Bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-activated Killer Cells -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Induced expression of perforin and sFasL by BAK and LAK cells.
		Perforin Is Expressed in the Human Urothelium after BCG Immunotherapy.
		Frozen sections were obtained from cold cup biopsies, and immunoenzymatic detection of perforin was performed using the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase technique (counterstain hematoxylin).
	clincancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/6/9/3729 (5342 words)

	Reduced Incidence and Delayed Onset of Diabetes in Perforin-deficient Nonobese Diabetic Mice -- Kägi et al. 186 ...
		The perforin genotype was determined with PCR and two different primer pairs on DNA prepared from tail biopsies.
		Genomic organization of the mouse pore-forming protein (perforin) gene and localization to chromosome 10: similarities to and differences from C9.
		Detection of perforin and granzyme A mRNAs in infiltrating cells during LCMV infection of mice.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/186/7/989 (5195 words)

	Perforin Expression and Cytotoxic Activity of Sputum CD8+ Lymphocytes in Patients With COPD -- Chrysofakis et al. 125 ...
		Perforin Expression and Cytotoxic Activity of Sputum CD8+ Lymphocytes in Patients With COPD -- Chrysofakis et al.
		Expression of perforin (mean ± SD) in COPD, non-COPD smokers, and normal subjects.
		Perforin Down-Regulation and Adhesion Molecules Activation in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: An Induced Sputum and BAL Study
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/125/1/71 (3199 words)

	The Cytokine Perforin - In Multiple Sclerosis
		An association was observed between numbers of Perforin mRNA expressing CSF MNC and numbers of Gd-enhancing Brain MRI lesions.
		Perforin mRNA expressing CSF MNC were not detected in any of the patients lacking active Lesions on Brain MRI.
		Based on the present finding, a role for Perforin in the disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in MS can be hypothesized.
	members.tripod.com /thjuland/perforin-cd8.html (875 words)

	Myeloma Cells Are Highly Sensitive to the Granule Exocytosis Pathway Mediated by WT1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ...
		Human perforin was purified as described previously (24, 25).
		of accelerated degradation of perforin by an increase in the
		Lehmann C, Zeis M, Schmitz N, Uharek L. Impaired binding of perforin on the surface of tumor cells is a cause of target cell resistance against cytotoxic effector cells.
	clincancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/10/21/7402 (6047 words)

	Perforin (CB5.4) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Monoclonal Antibody to Perforin (mouse) (CB5.4) - Apoptosis - Antibody
		Monoclonal Antibody to Perforin (mouse) (CB5.4) - Apoptosis - Caspases
		Monoclonal Antibody to Perforin (mouse) (CB5.4) - Apoptosis - Immune Response
	www.abscisicacid.com /catalog/1/P-1303.htm (31 words)

	CD8+ T Cells Require Perforin To Clear West Nile Virus from Infected Neurons -- Shrestha et al. 80 (1): 119 -- The ...
		of granzyme against WNV that was independent of perforin (64).
		Fas and perforin pathways as major mechanisms of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.Science 265:528-530.
		Lack of both Fas ligand and perforin protects from flavivirus-mediated encephalitis in mice.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/80/1/119 (6736 words)

	Perforin-Dependent Neurologic Injury in a Viral Model of Multiple Sclerosis -- Murray et al. 18 (18): 7306 -- Journal ...
		Gasque P, Jones J, Singhrao SK, Morgan B (1998) Identification of an astrocyte cell population from human brain that expresses perforin, a cytotoxic protein implicated in immune defense.
		Kagi D, Ledermann B, Burki K, Seiler P, Odermatt B, Olsen KJ, Podack ER, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H (1994) Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice.
		Kagi D, Seiler P, Pavlovic J, Ledermann B, Burki K, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H (1995) The roles of perforin- and Fas-dependent cytotoxicity in protection against cytopathic and noncytopathic viruses.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/18/7306 (5222 words)

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