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	Orbit (astronomy and physics) - MSN Encarta
		The size of the orbit is given by the periapsis distance (SP) and the elongation of the orbit is given by the eccentricity (e).
		The three orbital elements that describe an orbit's orientation are the inclination (i), the longitude of the ascending node (Ω), and the argument of the periapsis (ω).
		The argument of the periapsis measures the angular displacement in the plane of the orbit between the ascending node and the line that passes through the center of the orbit (C) and the periapsis (P).
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761556131/Orbit_(astronomy_and_physics).html (924 words)

	Practical Astronautics
		Third Law - the square of the a planet's period is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the sun.
		For earth orbits periapsis is known as perigee.
		The distance from the center of the earth to the surface is 1 DU.
	astronautica.com /astro (1528 words)

	Orbit - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The size of the orbit is given by the periapsis distance (SP) and the elongation of the orbit is given by the eccentricity (e).
		The three orbital elements that describe an orbit's orientation are the inclination (i), the longitude of the ascending node (Ω), and the argument of the periapsis (ω).
		The argument of the periapsis is the angular displacement in the plane of the orbit between the ascending node and the line that passes through the centre of the orbit (C) and the periapsis (P).
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761556131___3/Orbit.html (321 words)

	Apsis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In astronomy, an apsis (plural apsides "ap-si-deez") is the point of greatest or least distance of the elliptical orbit of a celestial body from its centre of attraction (the centre of mass of the system).
		The arithmetic mean of the two distances is the semi-major axis.
		The geometric mean of the two speeds is, the speed corresponding to a kinetic energy which, at any position of the orbit, added to the existing kinetic energy, would allow the orbiting body to escape (the square root of the sum of the squares of the two speeds is the local escape velocity).
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/a/ap/apsis.html (392 words)

	Final Gallery
		Eccentricity is the distance between the foci divided by the length of the major axis and is a number between zero and one.
		Inclination is the angular distance between a satelliteâs orbital plane and the equator of its primary.
		Periapsis and apoapsis names are modified to apply to the body being discussed such as perilune and apolune for the moon or perihelion and aphelion for the sun.
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /has/Students/finalGall.cfm?id=132 (705 words)

	Reference Encyclopedia - Aphelion
		In astronomy, an apsis, plural apsides (IPA: /apsɪdɪːz/) is the point of greatest or least distance of the elliptical orbit of a celestial body from its center of attraction, which is generally the center of mass of the system.
		The point of closest approach is called the periapsis or pericentre and the point of farthest excursion is the apoapsis (Greek από, from, which becomes απ before a vowel, and αφ before rough breathing), apocentre or apapsis (the latter term, although etymologically more correct, is much less used).
		Note that for conversion from heights above the surface to distances, the radius of the central body has to be added, and conversely.
	referenceencyclopedia.com /?title=Aphelion (670 words)

	Orbit (astronomy and physics) - MSN Encarta
		Early in the 17th century, the German astronomer and natural philosopher Johannes Kepler deduced three laws that first described the motions of the planets about the sun: (1) The orbit of a planet around the sun is an ellipse.
		The argument of the periapsis measures the angular displacement in the plane of the orbit between the ascending node and the line that passes through the center of the orbit (C) and the periapsis (P).
		This axis is half the long axis (AP) of the ellipse, or half the distance between the points of periapsis (P) and the apoapsis (A).
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761556131 (925 words)

	Astrogator: MCS - Initial State and Update
		The ratio of the distance between the foci to the major axis of the orbital ellipse.
		The angle from the periapsis of the orbit to the spacecraft's position vector, measured in the direction of spacecraft motion.
		Radius of Periapsis is the distance from the center of mass of the central body to the periapsis of the orbit.
	www.stk.com /resources/help/stk613/helpSystem/extfile/gator/mc-states.htm (1411 words)

	Apsis - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Image:Orbit.png In astronomy, an apsis (plural apsides "ap-si-deez") is the point of greatest or least distance of the elliptical orbit of a celestial body from its center of attraction, which is generally the center of mass of the system.
		The geometric mean of the two distances is the semi-minor axis $b\!\,$ .
		The geometric mean of the two speeds is $\sqrt{-2\epsilon}$ , the speed corresponding to a kinetic energy which, at any position of the orbit, added to the existing kinetic energy, would allow the orbiting body to escape (the square root of the sum of the squares of the two speeds is the local escape velocity).
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Aphelion (669 words)

	Wikinfo \| Orbit
		As an object orbits another object, periapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is closest to the object being orbited; apoapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is farthest from the object being orbited.
		The point where the orbiting body is closest to Earth is the perigee, called periapsis (less properly, "perifocus" or "pericentron") when the orbit is around a body other than Earth.
		For each planet, the ratio of the 3rd power of its average distance to the Sun, to the 2nd power of its period, is the same constant value for all planets.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Orbit (1890 words)

	Basic of Space Flight: Orbital Mechanics
		Eccentricity is the distance between the foci divided by the length of the major axis and is a number between zero and one.
		Inclination is the angular distance between a satellite's orbital plane and the equator of its primary (or the ecliptic plane in the case of heliocentric, or sun centered, orbits).
		Periapsis is the point in an orbit closest to the primary.
	www.braeunig.us /space/orbmech.htm (6626 words)

	Astrology on the Web: Glossary of Astrological Terms
		Equal distance from one side of the equator as from the other side, or from a house cusp.
		The point of greatest (apoapsis; apapsis) or least (periapsis) distance of the elliptical orbit of a celestial body from its centre of attraction (the centre of mass of the system).
		Distance as measured along the circumference of a circle.
	www.astrologycom.com /glossary.html (1928 words)

	Orbit - HorologicalWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		To calculate, it is convenient to describe the motion in a coordinate system that is centered on the heavier body, and we can say that the lighter body is in orbit around the heavier body.
		Note that there are alternative definitions for a "mean radius" or "average distance": if you average the radius over time for one orbit, or over the central angle (true anomaly), then the average distance is a function of both semimajor axis and eccentricity.
		In the case of gravity, scaling of distances (including sizes of bodies, while keeping the densities the same) gives similar orbits without scaling the time: if for example distances are halved, masses are divided by 8, gravitational forces by 16 and gravitational accelerations by 2.
	www.clockmakers.archivist.info /wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Orbit (1826 words)

	Orbit - MSN Encarta
		Early in the 17th century, the German astronomer and natural philosopher Johannes Kepler propounded three laws that first described the motions of the planets about the Sun: (1) The orbit of a planet around the Sun is an ellipse.
		(3) The square of the period (in years) for one revolution about the Sun equals the cube of the mean distance from the Sun's centre, measured in astronomical units.
		In this form the law permits the masses of the planets to be calculated by measuring the sizes and periods of their satellites' orbits.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761556131/Orbit.html (842 words)

	Planetary Orbits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		It is the angular distance of a point in an orbit past the point of periapsis, measured in degrees.
		The orbit's inclination (3) is the angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of the planet's equator (or from the ecliptic plane, if you're talking about heliocentric orbits), stated in degrees: an inclination of 0 degree.
		The argument of periapsis (4) is the argument (angular distance) of periapsis from the ascending node.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/jplbasic/bsf5-1.htm (1003 words)

	Global Space Initiative
		At the beginning of each iteration, the orbiting body is regarded as having a momentary position and velocity, and the gravitational force, acting upon it, is calculated from its mass, the central body's mass, and the distance between these bodies.
		Input distances are in meters, velocities are in meters per second, time is in seconds, mass is in kilograms.
		You can check the periapsis and apoapsis (if appropriate) distances (Cells A76 and A79, in Sheet1, respectively), to see what range may be desirable to display, on the graphs.
	orbiter.vidmar.org /orbit-simulation.php (810 words)

	de Orbit This article is about orbits...
		As an object orbits another object, periapsis periapsis is that point point at which the orbiting object is closest to the object being orbited; apoapsis apoapsis is that point point at which the orbiting object is farthest from the object being orbited.
		The point where the orbiting body is closest to Earth is the perigee perigee, called periapsis periapsis (less properly, "perifocus" or "pericentron") when the orbit is around a body other than Earth.
		In the case of gravity, scaling of distances (including sizes of bodies, while keeping the densities the same) gives similar similar orbits without scaling the time: if for example distances are halved, masses are divided by 8, gravitational forces by 16 and gravitational accelerations by 2.
	www.biodatabase.de /Orbit (1800 words)

	Practical Astronautics
		Third Law - the square of the a planet's period is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the sun.
		The distance from the center of the earth to the surface is 1 DU.
		, - the angular distance from periapsis to the actual position of the satellite in its orbit.
	www.astronautica.com /astro (1528 words)

	Astronomy Answers: Space Travel with Gravity
		is the distance between the centers of mass of the objects.
		P is the periapsis and A the apoapsis.
		A Hohmann orbit is an elliptical orbit of which the periapsis lies on the orbit of the one planet and the apoapsis on the orbit of the other planet.
	www.astro.uu.nl /~strous/AA/en/reken/zwaartekracht.html (6128 words)

	Explanations of Ancillary Data for MOC Images
		The brightness of the ambient light, the direction of illumination, and the distance between you and your friend are not known to the camera but can be determined by other means.
		During the Aerobraking and Science Phasing Orbits portion of the mission in 1997 and 1998, the 5-digit numerical identifier was based upon orbit number (defined by periapsis point) and numerical sequence of image commanded for that orbit.
		For example, an image identified as AB1-10905 was taken during the Aerobraking-1 Subphase on orbit 109 and it was the 5th image taken by MOC during that orbit.
	www.msss.com /moc_gallery/ab1_m04/explain.html (1951 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The habitable zone distances are equivalent to those given in the stellar habitable zone table in the 2300:AD second edition, not the formulae which accompany the table, which produce different results.
		Similarly, it is the maximum distance in degrees of arc measured from a point on the surface of a planet directly below the satellite that the satellite may still be 'seen' from.
		The distance entered is automatically regarded in the calculations as a distance in AU if an stl warp efficiency is chosen, and a distance in light years if an ftl rate is picked.
	www.bumply.com /astro.html (1906 words)

	Basics of Space Flight Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The argument (angular distance) of periapsis from the ascending node.
		The angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of the planet's equator, stated in degrees.
		Half the distance of an ellipse's maximum diameter, the distance from the center of the ellipse to one end.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/jplbasic/bsfgloss.htm (1931 words)

	NEEP602 The Nine Planets Glossary
		the eccentricity of an ellipse (planetary orbit) is the ratio of the distance between the focii and the major axis.
		Equivalently the eccentricity is (ra-rp)/(ra+rp) where ra is the apoapsis distance and rp is the periapsis distance.
		The periapsis and apoapsis distances can be calculated from the semimajor axis and the eccentricity by rp = a(1-e) and ra = a(1+e).
	fti.neep.wisc.edu /neep602/LEC89/help.html (3823 words)

	Kepler's Laws
		At this location, the distance from the sun is 40 units and the velocity of the satelite at that point is 2.00 units.
		The eccentricity of an ellipse is defined as the ratio of the distance between the foci to the major axis.
		The -160 is the distance from the sun at that location in the orbit.
	www2.arnes.si /~gljsentvid10/kepler_kon.html (1016 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Adding the radius of the Earth, re is 6378 km, to this altitude reveals that the satellite is a distance, r, of 6588 km from the center of the Earth.
		This distance is less than the radius of the Earth, 6378 km, which means the satellite will impact the surface of the Earth if third stage failure occurs.
		The argument of periapsis represents the angle between the line of nodes and the periapsis of an ellipse.
	www-personal.engin.umich.edu /~tlrichar/TR2Final3.doc (3958 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Apoapsis distance increases, periapsis decreases (depending where you are in the orbit).
		Periapsis is nothing but the lowest point in your orbit.
		Of course if you do a retrograde burn at the current periapsis, and lower the other side of your orbit, eventually it will become lower than the place where you are, so your current position will become the apoapsis, and periapsis will switch to the other side.
	www.orbitersim.com /v2/read.asp?id=23368 (1049 words)

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