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Topic: Pericarp

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	de La Grenade Industries - The Nutmeg
		It grows to a height of 40 to 50 feet and thrives at elevations of 1500 to 2500 ft. in the rich volcanic soil in sheltered valleys of Grenada.
		The pericarp or fleshy fruit is lemon yellow to light brown in colour.
		In Grenada, the pericarp is known as the nutmeg pod and is used to manufacture Morne Delice nutmeg jam, jelly and syrup.
	www.delagrenade.com /The_Nutmeg.htm (426 words)

	Maternal Effect
		Pericarp color in maize is determined by nuclear genes of the maternal plant.
		The kernels of this plant have red pericarp, due to the genotype of the maternal parent, the genotype of the endosperm is prprpw and of the embryo is prpw.
		The kernels of this plant have white pericarp, due to the genotype of the maternal parent, the genotype of the endosperm is pwpwpr and of the embryo is prpw.
	www.ndsu.edu /ndsu/abergstr/webcourses/genetics/mat/mat01.htm (175 words)

	Sorghum and millets in human nutrition
		The principal anatomical components are pericarp, germ or embryo and endosperm.
		In pearl millet, it is pericarp 8.4 percent, endosperm 75 percent and germ 16.5 percent (Abdelrahman, Hoseney and Varriano-Marston, 1984).
		Pericarp is the outermost structural component of the caryopsis and is composed of three sublayers, namely epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/T0818e/T0818E02.htm (1195 words)

	Response of Avocado Pericarp Tissue to Mechanical Injury
		Mitotic activity throughout the pericarp tissue at all times from anthesis to full fruit size is reflected in the high respiratory behavior of the fruit tissue, which is comparable to that of meristematic tissues in general.
		Cutting through the thick pericarp of adjacent fruit and holding these together along the cut plane eventually results in development of meristem tissue on the cut surfaces and the union of tissues between the two fruit (Schroeder ef a/., 1959).
		C.A. Physiological gradients in fleshy pericarp of avocado.
	www.avocadosource.com /WAC2/WAC2_p485.htm (1336 words)

	XanGo Mangosteen Health Supplement Xanthones Pericarp - Antioxidant Vitamins Digestion Anti-Inflammatory Immune Support ...
		To date, over 200 xanthones have been identified in nature with the mangosteen possessing over 40 of them (most of these are found in abundance in the pericarp).
		XanGo™ uses a special patented formulation which incorporates the pericarp (outer rind) of the mangosteen with the rest of the fruit in a way that maintains its antioxidant and xanthone rich vitality and freshness without any bitterness.
		For centuries, the people of Southeast Asia have known about many of the health benefits of the mangosteen and have made use of it without any side effects.
	www.natureshealingsecret.com /health.php (363 words)

	pericarp
		It encloses the seeds and is derived from the ovary wall.
		In fruits such as the acorn, the pericarp becomes dry and hard, forming a shell around the seed.
		The epicarp, or exocarp, forms the tough outer skin of the fruit, while the mesocarp is often fleshy and forms the middle layers.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006975.html (275 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Pericarp is the botanical term for the tissue surrounding a seed that develops from the ovary wall of the flower.
		In some cases, such as the acorn, the pericarp becomes dry and hard, forming a shell around the seed.
		In fleshy fruits the pericarp is typically made up of three distinct layers: the exocarp (the outside or the peel), the mesocarp (the middle layer), and the endocarp (the inner layer).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=pericarp (204 words)

	[No title]
		The function of the starch is to provide energy for the living part of the kernel, more commonly known as the "germ" or "embryo." The outer hull of the kernel is the pericarp, which is made of cellulose.
		The pericarp or hull is usually white or yellow in color, though the range of colors includes red, fl and many colors in between.
		The starch or endosperm is the white part of the popped kernel and the pericarp or hull is the darker, flaky bit at the center of the kernel.
	www.popcorn.org /teachers/snack.cfm (1004 words)

	Pericarp
		Encasing the seeds and pulp is the pericarp.
		Pericarp is commonly known as the rind or peel.
		The pericarp is the most interesting part of the fruit.
	www.naturalhealthlabs.com /pericarp.html (270 words)

	Fruit - the ripened ovary of an angiosperm flower
		In the latter, the pericarp encloses the seed so that the entire fruit disperses (the whole fruit is the dispersal unit).
		In fleshy fruit, the pericarp is comprised of 3 layers:
		These fruits often have a pericarp that is tough, woody, thin, or papery.
	www.unlv.edu /Faculty/landau/fruit120.htm (1812 words)

	Xango 20 year world wide patent information - Independent Xango Distributor
		The nutraceutical beverage of claim 11, wherein a ratio of water to said pericarp from fruit of a Garcinia mangostana L. tree, said juice from fruit of a Garcinia mangostana L. tree and said juice from concentrate is approximately 3:1.
		The nutraceutical beverage of claim 11, wherein a ratio of water to said pericarp from fruit of a Garcinia mangostana L. tree, said juice from fruit of a Garcinia mangostana L. tree and said juice from concentrate is approximately 4:1.
		The pericarp, or rind, of the mangosteen fruit is thick, tough, and exudes a bitter yellowish resin.
	www.thepurplefruit.com /xango/xango-patent.php (5553 words)

	Mangosteen pericarp - Gogdi
		What makes the mangosteen so unique is the mangosteen pericarp, as modern studies of the mangosteen are finally beginning to actually validate the science that is behind the fruit s long known and appreciated benefits, nutritional and other.
		The mangosteen pericarp is known to contain a large number of biologically active substances, such as that of vitamins, catechins, polysaccharides, and stilbenes.
		The fact that the pericarp is so rich with anti-oxidants is of incredible importance, as it is these anti-oxidants which scavenge and neutralize free radicals throughout the body.
	www.gogdi.com /mangosteen-pericarp.html (396 words)

	Garden Botany
		Pericarp: The fruit wall, often composed of three layers: epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
		Achene: A simple, one-seeded fruit in which the pericarp (fruit wall) is attached to the seed.
		A nut (in some uses of the term) is an achene with a hardened pericarp.
	www.bbg.org /gar2/topics/botany/parts_fruit.html (1275 words)

	Chemistry of cinema snacks
		With heating, the water expands, and pressure causes the pericarp to split.
		Structural changes in cellulose were induced by moisture and heat, and crystallinity was greatly enhanced when the pericarp was heated in the presence of water.
		The data suggest that cellulose in the pericarp is responsible for the development of exothermal events and increased crystallinity.
	www.rsc.org /chemistryworld/Issues/2005/June/cinema_snacks.asp (371 words)

	[No title]
		Appearance is mainly affected by pericarp color and thickness, presence of pigmented testa, and endosperm color (Rooney and Miller 1982).
		Pigmentation in the pericarp and testa is primarily due to phenolic compounds.
		Pericarp color of sorghum appears to be due to a combination of anthocyanin and anthocyanidin pigments as well as other flavonoid compounds (Hahn and Rooney 1986).
	www.icrisat.org /text/research/grep/homepage/sgmm/chapter4.htm (7096 words)

	Fruit Identification Outline
		The outer green husk resembles the outer pericarp (exocarp and mesocarp) of a drupe.
		In true nuts, the hard, indehiscent layer surrounding the seed is the entire ovary wall or pericarp, and the outer husk is composed of involucral tissue that is not part of the ovary wall or pericarp.
		At maturity the pericarp is dry and free from the internal seed, except at the placental attachment.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /fruitid1.htm (3210 words)

	Plant Taxonomy - Biology 308
		Derived from a follicle by a failure of dehiscence and reduction of seeds to one.
		Carefully dissect one and observe at which point the seed is attached to the ovary wall (pericarp).
		In the latter case, the berry is made up of the pericarp and associated floral cup tissues.
	employees.csbsju.edu /ssaupe/biol308/Lecture/fruit_lab.htm (1324 words)

	Nut Photos
		This outer husk is part of the ovary wall (pericarp), and the hard inner wall surrounding the seed represents the inner part of the pericarp.
		According to most botanical references, the outer green layer or husk of a walnut is part of the pericarp and the hard shell surrounding the seed is the endocarp layer as in coconuts.
		In true nuts, the hard, indehiscent layer surrounding the seed is the ripened ovary wall or pericarp and the outer husk is composed of involucral or calyx tissue that is not part of the ovary wall or pericarp.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /ecoph8.htm (3897 words)

	Technologies - Office of Technology Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		This technology is a flotation method for recovering corn coarse fiber (pericarp or bran) in the corn dry milling ethanol process (dry grind process).
		In the dry grind process, the pericarp is ground up with the rest of the kernel components and placed in the fermenter.
		Pericarp can be used in the production of the food additive hemicellulose b and corn fiber oil.
	www.otm.uiuc.edu /techs/techdetail.asp?id=70 (458 words)

	Relationships Between the Microstructure, Physical Features, and Chemical Composition of Different Maize Accessions ...
		The dry-milling industry removes pericarp and germ from endosperm because those fractions are undesirable for their purposes (Lin et al 2002).
		The length, width, and thickness of endosperm cell bodies, pericarp thickness, and starch granule size were also measured in at least four photographs each for different areas of the broken kernel.
		Pericarp micrographs at 200 for popcorn (A) and Cacahuacintle (B).
	www.redorbit.com /news/science/756799/relationships_between_the_microstructure_physical_features_and_chemical_composition_of/index.html?source=r_science (3223 words)

	ScienceIQ.com
		The pericarp is the outer shell, which is air-tight and extremely tough.
		The pericarp is so strong and air-tight to preserve the water inside the kernel for the germ when it begins sprouting.
		If the pericarp has even a tiniest hole in it, the pressure inside the kernel will not be able to build up and it will not pop.
	scienceiq.com /ShowFact.cfm?ID=77 (376 words)

	Cell Walls of Cereal Grains - Science - RedOrbit
		The compositions of endosperm, aleurone, outer pericarp (beeswing bran), and bran (pericarp, seed coat, aleurone) cell walls are compared in Table I. The walls of the starchy endosperm and the overlying aleurone cells are rich in polymers, including polysaccharides as the most abundant components and smaller amounts of proteins.
		The pericarp tissues, which are in fact modified leaves, protect the developing and mature endosperm- embryo.
		Lignified cell walls in the stems (internodes) of grasses have compositions similar to those of the pericarp (Table I), and there is a clear relationship between the decrease in in vitro digestibility and the accumulation of wallbound hydroxycinnamic acids during maturation (13).
	www.redorbit.com /news/science/511083/cell_walls_of_cereal_grains/?source=r_science (2813 words)

	Patent 7,060,726
		The antibacterial agent meant in the present invention is an agent comprising, as an essential component, a mixture of coumarin analogues obtained from the pericarp of citrus fruits.
		Although the mixture of coumarin analogues may be obtained from the above pericarp by extraction with a solvent, it may also be obtained from citrus cold press oil derived from the pericarp of citrus fruits.
		The mixture of coumarin analogues meant in the present invention is obtained from the pericarp of citrus fruits and a mixture containing plural compounds selected from compounds having a coumarin skeleton and compounds having a furocoumarin skeleton.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2006/June2006/061306/7060726_Antibacterial061306.htm (1562 words)

	ICIA, Inc. \| IPG Laboratory \| Corn Test Descriptions
		During alkaline cooking, the red pigments in the pericarp react with the calcium hydroxide, turning a dark green – almost fl – color.
		Dry millers process the kernel to physically separate the bran (pericarp) and germ from the endosperm to produce grits.
		The pericarp of the kernel is not damaged, so the outward appearance of the kernel may be unaffected at first glance.
	www.ilcrop.com /ipglab/corntest/corndesc.htm (5701 words)

	USATODAY.com - Science explodes with discovery of why popcorn pops (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		A corn kernel has three main parts: the pericarp, the starchy endosperm on the inside and the germ, which becomes the corn plant.
		Popcorn pops because the pericarp holds in the steam created when the endosperm, which is made up of 14.5% water, heats up.
		Keeping the steam inside until the whole thing blasts apart in one super-heated POP is what distinguishes between a bag of fluffy white flakes — as breeders call the white part — and a rattling sack of old maids.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/2005-04-25-popcorn_x.htm (611 words)

	African experience ... - Ch07 Grain processing
		If a longitudinal section of a sorghum or millet grain is examined, three principal parts may be identified: i) the pericarp (the external layer of the grain); ii) the endosperm (the farinaceous albumen, rich in starch) and iii) the germ (or embryo, development of which gives birth to the new plant).
		The pericarp of a millet or sorghum grain has the peculiarity of disintegrating into fine particles when the grain is crushed.
		The objective of hulling is to remove the external layers which contain mainly fibre and sometimes tannins, presence of which in the flour affects the cooking quality and the taste and texture of the food.
	www.fao.org /docrep/W1544E/W1544E06.htm (2671 words)

	VC2: Product Reports: Popcorn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Like other cereals, popcorn kernels consist of three main parts: the pericarp (the hull or outer covering), the germ (the part that sprouts), and the endosperm (the starch that expands).
		Popcorn acts the way it does because of the special construction of the pericarp and the microscopic structure of the endosperm.
		If the pericarp has been cut or cracked during processing, the steam will be vented and the kernel will not pop properly.
	www.chemistry.org /portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=vc2\1rp\rp1_popcorn.html (812 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Physicochemical Properties of Pericarp and Endosperm Starches During Maize Development
		Starch is stored in granules in the kernel, and present in the endosperm (internal tissue excluding the embryo), and pericarp (external outer tissue).
		This study suggested that the mechanism of starch synthesis in the endosperm and in the pericarp may be different.
		The pericarp starch, however, showed similar granule size, starch content, amylose content, amylopectin structure and thermal properties at different developmental stages of the kernel.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=181219 (821 words)

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