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Topic: Perilymph

	Special Senses II: The Ear
		The perilymphatic spaces are functionally connected to the subarachnoid space in the meningeal covering of the brain, and this may be the route by which excess perilymph is removed.
		All this sloshing back and forth in the perilymph causes the suspended cochlear duct (which is filled with endolymph) to vibrate as well.
		As with other bony labyrinth, the vestibule and the canals are filled with perilymph, and in them are suspended parts of the membranous labyrinth, constituting the vestibular apparatus of balance sensation.
	education.vetmed.vt.edu /Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab11/EAR/Earlab.htm (2941 words)

	eMedicine - Perilymph Fistula : Article Excerpt by: Judith R Logan, MD, MS
		Background: A perilymph fistula (perilymphatic fistula, labyrinthine fistula) is an abnormal communication between the fluid-filled perilymphatic space of the inner ear and the air-filled middle ear cavity, usually through the round or oval windows.
		In children, perilymph fistulas are associated with congenital anomalies of the middle or inner ear.
		Age: Perilymph fistulas occur in young children with congenital abnormalities; otherwise, the condition is not known to be age specific.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/perilymph-fistula.htm (292 words)

	The tectorial membrane, the cooperation of saccus endolymphaticus and scala media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This also implies that the part of the perilymph that is moving along the basilar membrane will do that in the opposite direction as the movement generated by the airborne sound stimulus, in case both the outer ear and the shell-shaped skull bones are exposed to the same external sound stimulus.
		The movement of perilymph in the case of Alex Huber's patients between the round window blockade and the entrance of the cochlear aqueduct is impossible, but the reduction in the signals to the auditory nerve in both cases will be comparable.
		This because the push-pull of perilymph in the abnormal ear will be transferred via the cochlear aqueduct to the cerebrospinal cavity and from there via the other cochlear aqueduct to the normal ear, causing there a push-pull movement of the perilymph in the scala tympani.
	www.slechthorend-plus.nl /fysica/en/heerens_06expl.htm (3038 words)

	[No title]
		Like perilymph, it is generally believed that endolymph is not homogeneous in its ionic composition throughout the inner ear.
		Perilymph Perilymph resembles in its chemical composition other extracellular fluids that are characterized by high Na+ concentration.
		Osmolarity of perilymph is similar to that of plasma, hence it is in osmotic equilibrium with blood.
	www.neurophys.wisc.edu /~ychen/textbase/GENERAL_STRUCTURE.TXT (2803 words)

	PERILYMPH FISTULA
		A perilymph fistula, or PLF, is an abnormal opening in fluid filled inner ear.
		The symptoms of perilymph fistula may include dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, nausea, and vomiting.
		While perilymph is connected to some extent to CSF, the connection is not as open in some people as in others.
	www.tchain.com /otoneurology/disorders/unilat/fistula.html (2870 words)

	SIU SOM Histology SSB
		Perilymph fills the space of the bony labyrinth around the membranous labyrinth.
		Perilymph fills the spaces of the bony labyrinth surrounding the membranous labyrinth.
		In the cochlea, perilymph of the ascending scala vestibuli and the descending scala tympani conveys pressure waves (sound) across the scala media.
	www.siumed.edu /~dking2/ssb/ear.htm (2143 words)

	Perilymph fistula - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Perilymph fistula is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
		This means that Perilymph fistula, or a subtype of Perilymph fistula, affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
		With a diagnosis of Perilymph fistula, it is also important to consider whether there is an underlying condition causing Perilymph fistula.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /p/perilymph_fistula/intro.htm (337 words)

	American Hearing Research Foundation (AHRF) Perilymph Fistula
		A perilymph fistula (PLF) is a an abnormal opening between the air-filled middle ear and the fluid-filled inner ear.
		In most instances it is a tear or defect in one or both of the small, thin membranes between the middle and inner ears.
		When a fistula is especially severe, it may result in a CSF leak, as the perilymph of the inner ear is contiguous with spinal fluid.
	www.american-hearing.org /disorders/unilat/perilymph_fistula.html (2970 words)

	gms \| GMS German Medical Science \| β-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) - a stable and reliable protein in ...
		During post-mortem examinations perilymph specimens from the scala vestibuli (n=70), the scala tympani (n=11), endolymph specimens (n=21) and CSF specimens (n=17) were obtained.
		The specimens revealed a β-TP-concentration of 61.5 ± 57.8 mg/l in perilymph from the lateral semicircular canal and 51.4 ± 48.9 mg/l in perilymph from the scala vestibuli (Figure 5 B (Fig.
		This is the first published data that point out the aptitude of the β-TP-test in verifying traces of perilymph in the middle ear, a valuable diagnostic tool for the existence of perilymphatic leaks as we have already shown in two cases of an vestibulocochlear disorder [20].
	www.egms.de /en/gms/2005-3/000022.shtml (2514 words)

	Applying physics in a correct way offers the keys for solving the mysteries in hearing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If we combine this with the fact that the perilymph, like almost all fluids, is incompressible to a high extend, the only conclusion can be that the perilymph in the cochlear duct is push-pulled by the motion of the oval window and behaves like a moving fluid column.
		The secondary signal transfer mechanism, existing of the perilymph fluid column in the cochlear duct under motion and the basilar membrane, resulting in a stream tube with quadratic signal processing, and also contributing to the working of the cochlear amplifier.
		If the perilymph is moved inside the cochlear duct according to the Bernoulli effect and also influenced in a non-linear way if higher stimuli are causing non-linear motions of the membranes involved, and if there exist active reactions all over the basilar membrane as a thrill generated by the brain, they are completely natural.
	www.slechthorend-plus.nl /fysica/en/heerens_en.htm (8614 words)

	Sensory Physiology II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vibrations of the stapes displace perilymph fluid within a part of the osseous labyrinth called the scala vestibuli, which is the upper of the three chambers within the cochlea.
		The perilymph of the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani is continuous, since the apex of the cochlea contains a small space called the helicotrema.
		The movements of the perilymph of the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani produce displacement of the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane.
	www.medibolt.com /users/rikr/GrokBox/rawmater/senphys2.htm (3190 words)

	Discussion of Meniere's Disease
		The delicate inner ear membranes are surrounded by a fluid called perilymph, which is rich in sodium, and lies between the outer bony layer and the inner membraneous layer.
		The scala media is separated from the scala tympani by the basilar membrane and from the scala vestibuli by Reissner's membrane.
		Eventually the membrane ruptures with mixing of endolymph and perilymph, causing injury to the hair cells, producing the characteristic symptoms.
	www.floridahearingcare.com /hearing-7.htm (2707 words)

	The Diagnosis and Management of Perilymphatic Fistulas
		Fluid flow in the cochlear aqueduct and cochlea - hydrodynamic considerations in perilymph fistula, stapes gusher, and secondary endolymphatic hydrops.
		Diagnosis of perilymph fistula using ENG and impedance.
		Perilymph fistulae: variability of symptoms and results of surgery.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/grand/102193.html (1498 words)

	A Pictorial Guide to the Cochlear Fluids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Perilymph is a typical extracellular fluid, with ionic composition comparable to plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as shown above.
		The compositions of ST perilymph and SV perilymph are not the same.
		It is held at a positive voltage with respect to perilymph, of approximately 85 mV.
	oto.wustl.edu /cochlea/intro3.htm (251 words)

	Cochlea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The stapes of the middle ear transmits to the fenestra ovalis (oval window) on the outside of the cochlea, which vibrates the perilymph (fluid) in the scala vestibuli (upper chamber of the cochlea).
		This motion of perilymph in turn vibrates the endolymph in the scala media, thus causing movements of the hair bundles of the hair cells, which are acoustic sensor cells that convert vibration into electrical potentials.
		The hair cells in the organ of Corti are tuned to certain sound frequencies, being responsive to high frequencies near the oval window and to low frequencies near the apex of the cochlea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cochlea (897 words)

	PERILYMPH FISTULA
		There are several possible places that there can be an opening-- betwen the the air-filled middle ear/mastoid sinus, into the intracranial cavity, or into other spaces in the temporal bone.
		When done, the rationale is to reduce CSF and therebye perilymph pressure, possibly allowing the ear to heal.
		Perilymph fistula associated with pulse synchronous eye oscillations.
	www.dizziness-and-balance.com /disorders/unilat/fistula.html (3107 words)

	eMedicine - Perilymph Fistula : Article by Judith R Logan, MD, MS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Identification of perilymph fluid by objective testing, such as tests for the protein beta2-transferrin, may improve diagnostic accuracy in the future.
		The final diagnosis is made by direct inspection at the time of surgery, upon visualizing the perilymph fluid in the middle ear cavity.
		Significant improvement in symptoms that are presumed to be from perilymph fistula may occur with conservative treatment.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic414.htm (1220 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For this reason, it is of interest to determine the levels of these antibiotics in perilymph fluid.
		Because the volume of perilymph fluid that can taken from laboratory animals is in the order of a few microliters, it is an analytical challenge to work out a quantitative analytical method to make these measurements.
		The anticipated concentration of these antibiotics is estimated to be in the pg/ul of perilymph fluid.
	www.ghg.net /texms/tobra.htm (200 words)

	Surgical treatment of Vertigo
		While it is difficult to be sure, it seems likely that in most cases there is only a small oozing of fluid between the perilymphatic space and the air-filled middle ear.
		In perilymph fistula, surgery may be used to plug a leak in the inner ear.
		In individuals who fail fistula surgery (for perilymph fistula), a destructive treatment also seems reasonable when symptoms are disabling.
	www.tchain.com /otoneurology/treatment/surg.html (1543 words)

	Signs of Perilymph fistula - WrongDiagnosis.com
		The phrase "signs of Perilymph fistula" should, strictly speaking, refer only to those signs and symptoms of Perilymph fistula that are not readily apparent to the patient.
		The word "symptoms of Perilymph fistula" is the more general meaning; see symptoms of Perilymph fistula.
		This medical information about signs and symptoms for Perilymph fistula has been gathered from various sources, may not be fully accurate, and may not be the full list of Perilymph fistula signs or Perilymph fistula symptoms.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /p/perilymph_fistula/signs.htm (343 words)

	Southwestern Medicine 1998: The Dizziness Dance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Approximately 1,000 times, Meyerhoff has performed surgery to cure patients with perilymph fistula, a tiny hole or defect (fistula) in the membrane between the middle and inner ear that allows leakage of inner-ear fluid (perilymph).
		Although perilymph fistulas may be present from birth or result from chronic, severe ear infections, most are caused by head trauma, usually a direct blow or whiplash.
		"Perilymph fistula is often hard to recognize," said Meyerhoff, holder of the Arthur E. Meyerhoff Chair in Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery.
	www.swmed.edu /home_pages/publish/magazine/dizzy.htm (533 words)

	Perilymphatic Fistula (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is a condition where fluid can leak out from the inner ear and cause hearing loss and dysequilibrium or vertigo.
		There are two types of fluid found within the inner ear, the perilymph and the endolymph.
		When the middle ear system is exposed to extreme changes in pressure such as when scuba diving, flying in an airplane when having a cold or being slapped, inner ear trauma can occur to the point where perilymph can leak out of the inner ear into the middle ear.
	www.earsite.com /dizziness/perilymphatic_fistula.html (147 words)

	Vestibular Disorders Association \| Vertigo, Imbalance, Dizziness resources - Perilymph Fistula
		A perilymph fistula is a tear or defect in the oval window and/or the round window, the small, thin membranes that separate the middle ear from the fluid-filled inner ear.
		History, physical examination, and vestibular and audiometric test results are used to assist in establishing the diagnosis of perilymph fistula.
		However, the only positive way the diagnosis can be confirmed is by performing a tympanotomy (operation) and directly viewing the area of the suspected fistula.
	www.vestibular.org /vestibular-disorders/specific-disorders/perilymph-fistula.php (304 words)

	How the Ear Works - Nature's Solutions for Listening
		The fluid in the outer or bony chamber is filled with a sodium salt solution (called perilymph) that resembles the salt composition in the blood or the fluids found in the brain.
		The inner or membranous chamber is filled with a potassium salt solution (endolymph) that resembles the fluid that is normally found inside the cells of the body.
		The membranous chamber is filled with endolymph while the bony chamber is filled with perilymph.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/research/cochlea/Volta/06.html (569 words)

	EAR
		Thus, the round window serves as a safety valve for the expansion of the perilymph.
		The membranous labyrinth is in some places adherent to the osseous labyrinth but in most places is separated from it by the perilymph.
		This results in vibration of the perilymph, which is in communication with the scalae.
	www.mc.vanderbilt.edu /histology/labmanual2002/labsection2/Ear03.htm (1392 words)

	Sudden Deafness OTORRHINOLARYNGOLOGY-MEDSTUDENTS
		The cause is partly a direct and mechanical one, due to bleeding and partly an indirect metabolic effect on the microcirculation causing partially reversible damage to the sensory cells of the organ of corti.
		Perilymph fistula - There is little doubt that perilymph fistula (either spontaneous or following surgery, barotrauma or acoustic trauma) can cause sudden deafness.
		Nevertheless, this is an area of significant controversy because of the lack of firm criteria for its diagnosis, including intraoperative observation.
	www.medstudents.com.br /otor/otor4.htm (723 words)

	Na+ influx triggers bleb formation on inner hair cells -- Shi et al. 288 (6): C1332 -- AJP - Cell Physiology
		perilymph composed of (in mM) 125 NaCl, 3.5 KCl, 5 glucose,
		F and G: in contrast, blebs were rapidly formed (F) after the NMDG solution was replaced with regular perilymph solution; high Na fluorescent signals were measured in IHCs that have blebs (G).
		Schutz K and Keller H. Protrusion, contraction and segregation of membrane components associated with passive deformation and shape recovery of Walker carcinosarcoma cells.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/288/6/C1332 (5795 words)

	Supporting sensory transduction: cochlear fluid homeostasis and the endocochlear potential -- Wangemann 576 (1): 11 -- ...
		Perilymph fills scala vestibuli and scala tympani and is continuous
		the pathway between perilymph and fibrocytes of the spiral ligament.
		Accumulation of potassium in scala vestibuli perilymph of the mammalian cochlea.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/576/1/11 (5523 words)

	ANNALS Apr2004: #SPONTANEOUS# PERILYMPH FISTULA: A CASE REPORT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Authors: PATRICK J. A surgically documented case of barotrauma-induced perilymph fistula is presented in this case report.
		A brief review of the literature on this entity confirms the difficulty of making a definitive preoperative diagnosis in most instances.
		The presence of intact evoked otoacoustic emissions in an ear demonstrating a severe cochlear-type loss was considered helpful in narrowing the differential diagnosis in this case, and may suggest a productive avenue for future study.
	www.annals.com /abs/annals1382.htm (105 words)

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