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Topic: Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms

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	Liu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		the Hunnish Han Zhao and the Tiefu Xia kingdoms in the Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms,
		the Later Han Dynasty and the Northern Han Kingdom and the Southern Han Kingdom of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms.
		Liu Bei, founder of the Shu Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liu (206 words)

	Sixteen Kingdoms - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sixteen Kingdoms (Simplified Chinese: 十六国; Traditional Chinese: 十六國; pinyin: shí liù guó, less commonly the Sixteen States), were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereignties in China proper and neighboring areas from AD 304 to 439 after the retreat of the Jin Dynasty (265-420) to South China and before the establishment of the Northern Dynasties.
		Almost all rulers of the kingdoms were part of the Wu Hu ethnicity and claimed to be the emperors and wangs (kings).
		The Northern Wei Dynasty is not counted as one of the Sixteen Kingdoms even though it was founded during the Period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms (214 words)

	Chinese History - Sixteen States äº”è¡ååå (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		With the sixteen year long crisis of the Jin court during the Rebellions of the Eight Princes, military leaders of Chinese settlers and Non-Chinese tribes saw their chance to become independent from the Jin Dynasty.
		The Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarian Peoples (Di æ°, Jie ç¾¯, Qiang ç¾, Xianbei é®®å‘, Xiongnu åå¥´) are not enlisted among the acknowledged dynasties.
		The period of the Sixteen Kingdoms (in fact, there were even a few more) can be divided into three stages: From 300 to 350, the Former Liang åæ¶¼, the two Zhao åå¾è¶ and the Cheng-Han ææ¼¢ empires rule the north and Sichuan.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Division/shiliuguo.html (423 words)

	Dunhuang Art During the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Dynasties...
		Dunhuang cave art of the early period gradually created a brand new national style corresponding to the characteristics of the times because of the inheritance of the fine artistic tradition of the line drawing and characterization and the absorption of the beneficial factors of foreign art.
		During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the early years of Northern Wei, Mogao art is simple in content, crude in characterization, unsophisticated in colouring, forceful in line drawing, proportionate to the physiology of figures, with roundish and plump faces, and solemn, calm and indifferent moods.
		During the last years of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Liangzhou was the centre of Buddhist activities in Hexi.
	www.ignca.nic.in /ks_19015.htm (4121 words)

	Dunhuang Art During the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Dynasties...
		Particularly in the case of the tomb murals of the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms which have been discovered at Dingjiazha at Jiuquan in recent years, the ceilings are shaped like an inverted dipper and in the centre are caissons with open-petalled lotus designs.
		Among the donors of the early period there are a large number of monks whose portraits enshrine the caves.
		Changes occur frequently in the proportions of the portraits of the early period: that between head and body moves from the ratio of 1:4 to 1:6 and 1:7.
	www.ignca.nic.in /ks_19014.htm (3355 words)

	Jin
		Nomadic peoples continued to rule in the North while the deposed Han Chinese aristocracy and land owners relocated to the warmer and more fertile areas of the Yangzi valley further south.
		Three kingdoms emerged (Wei, Shu Han and Wu).
		This was followed by a period called the Sixteen Kingdoms (304-439 A.D.) which was a fragmented period of military commanders from non-Chinese races such as the Xiongnu and Xianbei.
	www.phoenixndragon.com /Jin-text.htm (120 words)

	Chinese History - Northern Dynasties å—æ (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		After hundred and thirty years of foreign rule by various tribes over northern China, the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms ååå, the chieftains of the Tuoba æ“è· clan of the Xianbei é®®å‘ ethnicity were able to unite the northern part of China.
		The begin of their rule seemed to be the same than that of the previous only semi-civilized chieftains that called themselves emperor, made sporadic use of Chinese administration units and agencies, and brutally resettled the peasant population around their capitals to survive economically and fiscally.
		The result of this almost two hundred year long period was the gradual reconstruction of the northern economy and the homogenization of the Chinese with the Non-Chinese population.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Division/beiwei.html (317 words)

	A reflection of China's millennia-old history - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Very few people among the cultural elite of that period recognised that the development of civilisation is a very complex matter consisting of a large number of elements, the most difficult among which is the creation of new things, and not criticising the consequences of past culture.
		There is also periods such as the Ming Dynasty, in which people cared excessively about resisting barbarians, but not enough about creating a co-operative and harmonious internal society, and thus first lost the nation to roaming bandits, and then to barbaric nomads.
		This central kingdom idea is a throw back and his views (as well as talking about todays 'nomadic' threat) seem to be failing to note how times changed in the last 2,000 years.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=9173 (7681 words)

	Egypt: History - First Intermediate Period
		In the First Intermediate Period as the age separating Dynasty VI and XII is called, Manetho, or rather the Manetho known to us from the chronicles of his exceptors, is seen at his worst.
		No finer sarcophagi of the period have been unearthed than those from El-Bersha, at this time the burial-place of the 'great chieftains of the Hare Nome', whose seat of administration was Khmun, the later Hermopolis and the modern El-Ashmunen.
		These places were well within the domain of the Heracleopolite kingdom, but curious evidence has come to light showing that their rulers' loyalty to the northern cause was considerably less than whole-hearted.
	interoz.com /egypt/hfirstin.htm (4989 words)

	China, 1-500 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Known as the Three Kingdoms period, the era from 220 to 265 A.D. is now fondly remembered as one of chivalry and romance.
		This era is known as the Six Dynasties, in reference to the native rulers in the south, or the
		386 A.D. During a period of great instability known as the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Tuoba Wei, a branch of the Xianbei, conquers northern China and establishes the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534 A.D.).
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/05/eac/ht05eac.htm (941 words)

	Beefy's China Page.
		This marked the start of the 'Three Kingdoms' period, consisting of the Wei dynasty initially lead by the aforementioned son of General Cao Cao, the Wu in the east and Shu Han in the south west.
		Hence a further period of foreign rule began, however, Kangxi and his successors were more amicable to the Chinese than the Mongols and gradually, the Qing and the Manchus became assimilated into Chinese society.
		During this period, ties with the Soviet Union loosened and by the late 1970's, closer ties with the United States were established.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /kathmandu/travels/china/china_info.html (5407 words)

	Three Rabbits Homepage
		Beginning in the Han dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE), Dunhuang was an important stop on the Silk Road, the ancient trade route which stretched from Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) in the east to Central Asia, India, Persia—and, eventually, the Roman Empire—in the west.
		And in the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms (366-439), at Mogao, less than a day's journey from Dunhuang, Buddhist monks began digging out hundreds of cave temples from the cliffs along the Daquan River.
		Images of four rabbits sharing four ears can be found in the ruins of the ancient kingdom of Guge, which thrived from the mid-10th century until its defeat in 1630.
	www.threerabbits.net (1592 words)

	Excerpts: God the Mother (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Daniel prophesied that God would "set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever" (2:44).
		Section 65:2 says that the stone symbolizes the gospel and that the keys of the kingdom have been committed to man. The fullness of the gospel is the Holy Ghost and the keys of the kingdom are the priesthood authority to bestow the gift of the Holy Ghost.
		By hearkening to observe all the words which I, the Lord their God, shall speak unto them, they shall never cease to prevail until the kingdoms of the world are subdued under my feet, and the earth is given to the saints to possess it forever and ever.
	www.signaturebooks.com /excerpts/god.htm (16339 words)

	16 Crucified Savious — 2
		Osiris, an incarnate deity of Egypt, we may cite as another case of an infantile God receiving signal honours and eclat at birth, as he was visited while yet in the cradle by a host of admiring adorers.
		These events signalised the twenty-fifth of December, and made it a period of sufficient importance to lead the early Christians to suppose it must have been the birthday of their Messiah.
		But his enemies, becoming jealous and fearful of his growing power, finally crucified him near the foot of the Nepal mountains, about 600 BC But after his death, burial and resurrection, we are told he ascended back to heaven, where millions of his followers believed he had existed with Brahma from all eternity.
	www.actualfreedom.com.au /library/links/16-saviours-2.htm (13915 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		GBP 75.00 Available An in-depth discourse on Republican period ceramics that looks at designs on the porcelain of the time, many seals are shown that include artists' seals plus hall and studio marks.
		The 'Complete Perfection' school of Daoism, founded in the Song period, is, with the school of 'Celestial Masters', one of two major divisions of Daoism still in existence and the publication of this book was, in part, sponsored by a Hong Kong based Daoist organisation.
		Highlights the importance of the region in a fertile period of cross-cultural exchange between East and West Asia.
	www.hanshan.com /txtlists/list121.txt (16764 words)

	News & Views - Over 500 Ancient Grottoes Discovered in Gansu (1/4/2002) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Archeologists have discovered two dagobas and over 500 grottoes with numerous Buddha statues in an 50-kilometer strip along the Jinghe River, according to sources of the Jingchuan county government, in northwest China's Gansu Province.
		Experts say that the "grotto corridor" is composed of five groups, with the grottoes thought to be constructed at different times during the Sixteen Kingdoms Period (317--420).
		Experts believe more than 400 of them were once inhabited by Buddhist monks, and the grottoes might be the earliest of their kind in China.
	www.chinahouston.org /news/2002104073256.html (222 words)

	Indian, Chinese, & Japanese Emperors
		The following period, then, is the calm before the full force of Islâm burst on the country with the invasions of Mah.mûd of Ghazna, from 1001 to 1024.
		All of the rulers of the States of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period may be examined in a separate page.
		The Sixteen Kingdoms are of the "Five Barbarians," i.e.
	www.friesian.com /sangoku.htm (12001 words)

	The Churches, Jehovah's Witnesses and the Question of Unfulfilled Prophetic Expectations
		A period of some sixteen years would follow during which the Gospel would be preached throughout the world.
		The ten tribes (of Israel), we find, were made tributary after the dismemberment of the Kingdom, under Rehoboam and Jeroboam; but the other two tribes retained their distance and independent existence till the time of Manasseh.
		And the ten horns that you saw mean the ten kings, who have not yet received a kingdom, but they do receive authority as kings one hour with the wild beast." (Revelation 17:9-13) It is during the time of the eighth king and the attendant ten kings that Jesus comes and the end occurs.
	jehovah.to /exe/general/prophetic.htm (9568 words)

	BRILL
		Home > Catalog > Browse by Subject > The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols.) The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols.)
		The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols.)
		Volume two of Marylin Rhie’s widely acclaimed and formative multi-volume work presents a comprehensive, scholarly and detailed study of the Buddhist art of China and Central Asia from 316-439 A.D. during the formative early periods of Buddhism in the Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=10119 (445 words)

	Mark316.com
		She almost tried to enter the world at 5 months and Claudia was limited to bed rest for a period of time.
		The Church moved from belief in Citizenship in the invisible Kingdom of God to a belief in a Citizenship of the Kingdoms of this world.
		I have had different periods of time in my life where I have embraced almost everything in the media and other times that I have rejected almost everything from the media.
	mark316.com (3950 words)

	China Heritage Newsletter
		The excavators estimate that the palace grounds cover more than 108,000 sq m, and are of a size appropriate to the capital city of a state.
		The ruts created by chariots are the oldest yet discovered by Chinese archaeologists, pushing back the history of two-wheeled vehicles in China to the early period of Erlitou culture.
		This discovery is important for the light it casts on the city plan of Chaoyang in the Three Yan period.
	www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org /articles.php?searchterm=002_topten.inc&issue=002 (1058 words)

	The Prophecy Code - Additional Study Materials
		It was actually written by over forty different persons in all stations of life extending over a period of some sixteen hundred years.
		Even men of the same generation can’t agree on the most elementary questions, but it would be inconceivable to think of unity in an ordinary book written over a period of sixteen hundred years by such varied authors as a king and a shepherd.
		It was the capitol of the world and located in the most fertile valley on the face of the earth at that time.
	www.prophecycode.org /additional-study.asp?esn=228&mn=7 (1842 words)

	dunhuang, mogao grottoes, buddhist grottoes, China
		The Dunhuang finds reflect periods of Chinese, Tibetan, and Uygur control, and the images and texts reveal the impact of many other Asian regional styles and languages.
		The intermixture of Indian, West Asian, Central Asian, and Chinese elements reveal a dynamic, eclectic, and thoroughly multicultural context that had a profound impact on the later development of narrative literary forms as well as on Buddhist image-making.
		The soft stone in the region is unsuitably brittle for carving, so the sculptures are primarily made of clay, coated with a kind of plaster surface that allowed finishing details to be painted on or engraved.
	www.chinatour.com /attraction/dunhuang.htm (1020 words)

	China Travel News :: Mogao Grottoes opened five new caves
		In an effort to relieve tension on protection of Mogao Grottoes in Duhuang aroused from seasonal imbalance of tourists, relevant authorities opened another five grottoes which were never available to tourists before to the public recently.
		These five newly opened grottoes include the No. 290, No. 296, No. 407, No. 196 and No. 9 ones which have high artistic value and are typical of the period from the North Zhou Dynasty (557-581AD) to the late Tang Dynasty (618AD-907AD).
		After caverning from the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304-436AD) through the Yuan Dynasty (1206-1367AD), Mogao Grottoes formed a large stone grotto cluster affluent in contents.
	www.chinatravel.com /china-travel-guides/china-travel-news/china-travel-news-2005/china-travel-news-2005-11/mogao-grottoes-opened-fiv.shtml (284 words)

	Paragon Book Gallery \| Browse Subjects \| China - Sculpture/Stone Carving
		Given the enormous amount of material that had to be sifted through, not to mention the almost insurmountable difficulties in gaining access to them, it is not surprising that it took eighteen years and fourteen trips to Tibet in order to complete their preliminary documentation and photography.
		Highlights of the publication include a previously entirely unknown group of images dating to the first propagation of Buddhism in Tibet during the Imperial period (ca 600-842), in addition to metal sculptures that can be attributed to the semi-mythical kingdom of Zhang Zhung, which according to ancient sources once flourished in Western Tibet.
		Included are a Stone Buddha from the Northern Zhou period, an Earthernware Buddha from the Tang period, a Marble Lokapala (tianwang) from the Tang period, and 2 Wood Bodhisattva from the Song of Jin period.
	www.paragonbook.com /html/browsesubj/browse.cfm?regionid=5&subjectid=48&group=2&sortorder=title&print=yes&RequestTimeOut=3600 (9582 words)

	Paragon Book Gallery \| Browse Subjects \| Full Citation
		Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia Volume Two: The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (in 2 Volumes: Text and Plates)
		Volume Two of Marylin Rhie's widely acclaimed, multi-volume work presents a comprehensive, scholarly and detailed study of the Buddhist art of China and Central Asia from 316 to 439 AD, during the formative, yet little understood early stages of Buddhism in the Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period.
		Furthermore, by incorporating religious and historical materials, this work contributes to understanding particular regional characteristics of the art and its local circumstances and conditions.
	www.paragonbook.com /common/showhidenav.cfm?lastpage=/html/browsesubj/fullcitation.cfm?item=20113 (148 words)

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