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Topic: Perioeci

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	Perioeci - LoveToKnow 1911
		PERIOECI (rEpioucoc, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood), in ancient Laconia the class intermediate between the Spartan citizens and the serfs or helots.
		Perioeci might serve as petty officers or even rise to divisional commands, especially in the fleet, but seemingly they were never set over Spartiates.
		Yet except at the beginning of the 4th century the perioeci were, so far as we can judge, fairly contented, and only two of their cities joined the insurgent helots in 464 B.C. (Thuc.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Perioeci (469 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood), in ancient Laconia the class intermediate between the Spartan citizens and the serfs or helots (q.v.).
		They possessed personal freedom and some measure of communal independence, but were apparently under the immediate super-vision of Spartan harmosts (governors) and subject to the general control of the ephors, though Isocrates is probably going too far in saying (xii.
		Certain it is that they were excluded not merely from all Spartan offices of state, but even from the assembly, that they were absolutely subject to Spartan orders, and that, owing to the absence of any legal right of marriage (brryapia) the gulf between the two classes was impassable.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=51954&locale=en (495 words)

	Agis
		In 413, on the suggestion of Alcibiades, he fortified Decelea[?] in Attica, where he remained directing operations until, after the battle of Aegospotami (405), he took the leading part in the blockade of Athens, which was ended in spring 404 by the surrender of the city.
		Subsequently he invaded and ravaged Elis, forcing the Eleans to acknowledge the freedom of their perioeci[?] (citizens of cities conquered by Sparta, who were given some privileges) and to allow Spartans to take part in the Olympic Games and sacrifices.
		He fell ill on his return from Delphi, where he had gone to dedicate a tithe of the spoils, and, probably in 401, died at Sparta, where he was buried with unparalleled solemnity and pomp.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ag/Agis.html (798 words)

	perioeci
		The perioeci, or perioikoi, were the members of an autonomous group of free but non-citizen inhabitants of Sparta.
		There was a tradition in ancient Greece which held that the perioeci were former Achaeans who had been invaded by the Dorians - where the Achaeans of the plains became helots, Acheans of the mountains became Perioeci.
		The perioeci had the rights to own lands, and belonged to the civic army the same title as equals: they were hoplites in the army and epibastes in the navy.
	www.zincalloys.com /wiki/?title=Perioeci (0 words)

	PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, ... - Online Information article about PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood)
		PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood), in See also:
		Plataea in 479 B.C., but the steady decrease in the number of the Spartiates necessitated the increasing employment of the perioeci.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PAS_PER/PERIOECI_IrEpi00KOI_those_who_d.html (781 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, page 888 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		The cultivation of the arts also, as well in the higher as in the lower departments, was coined to the Perioeci, the Spartans considering it: beneath themselves ; and many distinguished artists, such as embossers and brass-founders, were found in the Laconian schools, all of whom were probably Perioeci.
		The Perioeci of antiquity have been compared to other bodies, such as the plebs of Rome, and the communities of the Athenian demi or parishes.
		But the only resemblance they bore to the latter was in the similarity of their position relative to the chief city of their country, nor did the former body stand in the same relation to the Patricians as the Laconian provincials did to the Spartan citizens.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-dgra/0895.html (0 words)

	Sparta
		The perioeci were the traders, merchants, and foreigners of Spartan society, who were allowed a larger amount of freedom than the helots.
		Atop both the helots, and the perioeci, were the Spartiate.
		A Spartiate could trace their lineage through to the cities original Dorian occupants, was required to serve in the army, could vote, and were the only people who were allowed full political rights of the state itself.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/aegean/thecities/sparta.html (531 words)

	Detail Page
		As their name suggests, the perioeci lived in towns that roughly formed a circle around the Spartiates' prime land on the central plain.
		The perioeci were obligated to pay taxes and serve alongside the Spartiates in the army; they enjoyed legal protections, rights of ownership, and so on but were excluded from the political process.
		Yet for reasons that are not clear, Sparta eventually faced a dwindling of its Spartiate population (as opposed to the perioeci or helots).
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=GRE0475 (3718 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, page 887 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		A political condition such as that of the Perioeci of Greece, and like the vassalage of the Germanic nations, could hardly have originated in anything else than foreign conquest, and the Perioeci of Laconia furnish a striking illustration of this.
		It does not, however, appear that the Perioeci (especially in the Historic times) were generally an oppressed people, though kept in a state of political inferiority to their conquerors.
		It is not, however, necessary to understand the orator as speaking of a uniform practice ; and another of his statements, to the effect that the Ephori could put any of the Perioeci to death [ (p.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-dgra/0894.html (0 words)

	Sparta. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		They could not be sold, but they had no legal or civil rights and were constantly watched by a sort of Spartiate secret police for fear of insurrection.
		In somewhat less stringent subjection were the perioeci, freemen who were permitted to carry on commerce and handicrafts, by which some of them prospered.
		Nevertheless, the perioeci were entirely subordinate to the Spartiates.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sp/Sparta.html (714 words)

	Millennial Fair – List of Spartan Terms by Iwan
		A problem that was presented though to the perioeci was the fact that the Spartan state issued currency in the form of iron bars.
		Unlike Spartiates, The perioeci were allowed to hoard gold and silver, and not live an austere life like the Spartans.
		The system that evolved was made in order to produce the ultimate fighting force, and the institution of the helots and the perioeci to fulfill the purposes of agriculture and trade.
	www.millennial-fair.com /literature/spartan2.html (774 words)

	The Politics by Aristotle
		Even to this day the Perioeci, or subject population of Crete, are governed by the original laws which Minos is supposed to have enacted.
		The island seems to be intended by nature for dominion in Hellas, and to be well situated; it extends right across the sea, around which nearly all the Hellenes are settled; and while one end is not far from the Peloponnese, the other almost reaches to the region of Asia about Triopium and Rhodes.
		But, as I have already said, the island of Crete is saved by her situation; distance has the same effect as the Lacedaemonian prohibition of strangers; and the Cretans have no foreign dominions.
	www.usm.maine.edu /~rklotz/arispol.htm (1415 words)

	The Corners of History :: Greek History: Sparta
		Once the establishment of Spartiates only bearing arms, the “Commercial and economic role of the perioeci must have become a very important one.” Literally means ‘the dwellers round about’, they are communities of free people granted freedom in Laconia and Messenia by the Spartans for exchange for military service.
		A problem that was presented though to the perioeci was the fact that the Spartan state issued currency in the form of iron bars.
		The system that evolved was made in order to produce the ultimate fighting force, and the institution of the helots and the perioeci to fulfill the purposes of agriculture and trade.
	www.angelfire.com /empire2/cornersofhistory/greecesparta.htm (0 words)

	A Smaller History of Greece - Chapter IV
		The population of Laconia was divided into the three classes of Spartans, Perioeci and Helots.
		Their condition was very different from that of the ordinary slaves in antiquity, and more similar to the villanage of the middle ages.
		They lived in the rural villages, as the Perioeci did in the towns, cultivating the lands and paying over the rent to their masters in Sparta, but enjoying their homes, wives, and families, apart from their master's personal superintendence.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/european/ASmallerHistoryofGreece/chap4.html (3976 words)

	The Greeks - Sparta: Government and classes *(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)*
		Rarely seeing their wives and children, their lands were farmed by slaves, leaving them free to pursue to the arts of war.
		Beneath this highest class was a middle class, called the Perioeci.
		Made up of a farmers and artisans who were the descendants of those peoples whom the Spartans had first conquered, the Perioeci paid taxes and could serve in the army, but had no real political rights.
	www.pbs.org /search/redir/http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/8b_p1.html (169 words)

	Perioeci - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They were the only people allowed to travel to other cities, which the Spartans were not, unless given permission.
		There was another theory that they were settled from Lacedaemon, thus being analogous to the Roman colonies.
		They were permitted to have some contact with outsiders and to trade.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Periokoi (429 words)

	Spartan Women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Unlike the women of Athens, Spartan women were taught reading, and writing, but were also expected to be able to protect themselves.
		Where in Athens, the education of a girl involved spinning, weaving, and other domestic arts, for a Spartan woman such tasks were relegated to the helots or perioeci.
		A girls education was equally as brutal as the men's, and included many athletic events such as javelin, discus, foot races, and staged battles.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/aegean/culture/womenofsparta.html (392 words)

	nadira2
		Below the Nadiriates were the Perioeci, or "dwellers around or about." These were foreign-born people who served as a kind of buffer population between the Nadiran and the peasants.
		The Perioeci, who lived in the surrounding villages, were free but had no political rights.
		Males of the Nadiriate often became commanders while males of the Perioeci filled the ranks of ordinary soldiers.
	www.geocities.com /sarlonthorn/nadira.html (3468 words)

	Lesson: Compare Sparta and Athens
		At the top of the hierarchy were the Spartiates, a class of military professionals who lived most of their lives in communal barracks, and whose lands were farmed by serfs, leaving them free to pursue to the arts of war.
		Beneath them were the Perioeci; a class of artisans and craftsmen made up of those peoples whom the Spartans first conquered.
		3 classes: Spartiates (military professionals), Perioeci (artisans and craftsmen), helots (serfs descended from those peoples who had resisted subjugation by Sparta who were constantly rebelling).
	www.sfusd.k12.ca.us /schwww/sch618/Ancient_Greece/Compare_Sparta_Athens.html (730 words)

	SPARTA
		The Helot was bound to the soil or was a domestic servant, continually subject to martial law — however, his condition was probably no worse than that of the village peasantry in the rest of Greece, outside Attica.
		The perioeci inhabited towns, a few of which had been created as "colonies" by Sparta using immigrants from the Argolic towns of Asine and Nauplia, which had been destroyed by the Argives.
		Since the rigorous regulations on the economic and social activities of Spartans did not apply to perioeci, many of them owned land and engaged in farming while others toiled as artisans, conducted commerce, worked in the mines of the Taygetus Mountains, or manufactured dyes for woolens, furniture, and chariots.
	www.portergaud.edu /academic/faculty/cmcarver/spar.html (10216 words)

	Gutenkarte » The History of the Peloponnesian War » Cythera
		While these were the schemes of the exiles, the Athenians in the same summer made an expedition with sixty ships, two thousand heavy infantry, a few cavalry, and some allied troops from Miletus and other parts, against Cythera, under the command of Nicias, son of Niceratus, Nicostratus, son of Diotrephes, and Autocles, son of Tolmaeus.
		Cythera is an island lying off Laconia, opposite Malea; the inhabitants are Lacedaemonians of the class of the Perioeci; and an officer called the judge of Cythera went over to the place annually from Sparta.
		Indeed it so happened that directly after the battle of Amphipolis and the retreat of Ramphias from Thessaly, both sides ceased to prosecute the war and turned their attention to peace.
	gutenkarte.org /place/7142/13341 (332 words)

	Sparta Essays
		This essay is focused on the role that physical education and activity played in the two most powerful city-states in Ancient Greece - Athens and Sparta.
		Spartan Political System and the Roles of Spartiates, Perioeci and Helots.
		Descriptions of the Spartan political system and also the roles of the three classes in the ancient civilization-Spartiates, Perioeci and Helots.
	www.bookrags.com /essay/Sparta (284 words)

	Spartan Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		The Spartiate served in the army and was the only person who enjoyed the full political and legal rights of the state.
		Below the Spartiates wer the perioeci, or "dwellers around or about." These were foreign people who served as a kind of buffer population between the Spartans and the helots.
		Most of the trade and commerce carried out in Sparta were performed by the perioeci.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /AncGreece/spartan_society.htm (0 words)

	5-sparta
		The aristocracy of some of these conquered villages was admitted to that of Sparta (i.e., given citizenship).
		The remaining free men remain attached to their own cities and became perioeci ('those who dwell around').
		The older bronze age "folk" probably remained in the same dependent status (helots) they had in the bronze age; in the historical period this was akin to serfdom.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~klio/gr/05-sparta.htm (1407 words)

	Ancient Greece: Sparta
		The Spartiate served in the army and was the only person who enjoyed the full political and legal rights of the state.
		Below the Spartiates wer the perioeci, or "dwellers around or about." These were foreign people who served as a kind of buffer population between the Spartans and the helots.
		Most of the trade and commerce carried out in Sparta were performed by the perioeci.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/GREECE/SPARTA.HTM (1602 words)

	Politics Book 2 Part 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Hence Minos acquired the empire of the sea, subduing some of the islands and colonizing others; at last he invaded Sicily, where he died near Camicus.
		The Helots are the husbandmen of the one, the Perioeci of the other, and both Cretans and Lacedaemonians have common meals, which were anciently called by the Lacedaemonians not 'phiditia' but 'andria'; and the Cretans have the same word, the use of which proves that the common meals originally came from Crete.
		Further, the two constitutions are similar; for the office of the Ephors is the same as that of the Cretan Cosmi, the only difference being that whereas the Ephors are five, the Cosmi are ten in number.
	www.aristoteles-heute.de /SeinBewegtBelebtBewusst/Politics/Part0210.htm (886 words)

	Kings of Argolis
		Removed all the Cynurians of military age, alleging as a reason that freebooters from the Cynurian territory were harrying
		War against the Argives for annexing the Cynurian territory which they themselves had captured, and were causing revolts among their subjects the Perioeci.
		Perioeci, and sold the inhabitants into slavery, suspecting them of Arcadian sympathies.
	dspace.dial.pipex.com /prod/dialspace/town/pipexdsl/t/atmb12/agamemnon/myths/bible/Argolis.htm (161 words)

	Alsherok: Major Cities of the Land
		An ancient town of halflings, Bywater has existed side by side with the elves for centuries, and more recently, has been part of both the Graecian Confederation and the later Graecian Empire.
		It is the easternmost town in the empire, and is the gateway, through Fortress Perioeci, to the blasted ruins of Midgaard and beyond them, Maldoth and the east.
		To the north, a road leads to Fortress Palaestras, which guards the northeast border of the Empire from attack by orcs.
	www.alsherok.net /cities.htm (895 words)

	New Page 36 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Known as the "Perioeci" (Those who dwell around about), they eventfully lived in eighty or so towns and villages.
		These were "called" poleis from which the perioeci gained their local political rights.
		They would never gain political participation in the Spartan polis.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /westcivi/new_page_36.htm (0 words)

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