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Topic: Periplasmic space

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Plasma membrane

Bdellovibrio

Lipid bilayer

	Procaryote Cell Walls and Membranes
		The periplasmic space is a volume found between the bacterial plasma membrane and cell wall.
		The substance that occupies the periplasmic space is the periplasm.
		The LPS is found in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane with the Lipid A portion found in the membrane and the O polysaccharide found external to the cell, attached to Lipid A. peptidoglycan.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1080.htm (2927 words)

	Periplasmic space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The periplasmic space is the space seen between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane in the gram-negative bacteria.
		A smaller periplasmic space between the plasma membrane and the peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) may be observed in the gram-positive bacteria.
		Periplasmic space may be filled with a loose network of peptidoglycan and may constitute up to 40% of the total cell volume.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Periplasmic_space (248 words)

	The Scientist : Bacterial protein secretion updated (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		ClyA accumulates in the periplasmic space in overproducing strains, but how it is transported to the membrane surface and released from bacterial cells had been unclear.
		Periplasmic ClyA is kept in monomeric form by a disulphide bond, whereas the relevant cysteine residues are reduced in the protein from the vesicles, which oligomerize to form the large complexes suggested to be the active form of pore assemblies.
		Since the redox status of periplasmic proteins depends on the activity of specific membrane-bound and periplasmic disulphide bond isomerases/oxidases, that ClyA can bypass this thiol-redox pathway suggests that bacteria can sort proteins when forming vesicles, excluding certain periplasmic proteins such as those catalyzing the formation of disulphide bonds.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/21653 (602 words)

	Research Description
		In this arrangement, efflux complexes traverse both, the inner and the outer, membranes and thus facilitate direct passage of the substrate from the cytoplasm or the inner membrane into the external medium.
		Second, the drug efflux from IM occurs without drug accumulation in the periplasmic space suggesting a tight coupling of drug efflux with its subsequent export across the outer membrane.
		It was postulated therefore that the periplasmic component of the complex mediates the coupling between IM transporter and the OM channel.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /Z/Elena.I.Zgurskaya-1/page2.html (450 words)

	Clarkson University School of Science, Potsdam, New York, U.S.A.
		The periplasmic space is simply the space between the two phospholipid bilayers.
		The majority of the proteins in the periplasmic space are transport proteins.
		The isolation of AP from the periplasmic space results in fewer separation steps.
	people.clarkson.edu /~skeelsmc/apisolation.htm (358 words)

	Microbe Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		* Freeze-substitution reveals that the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria is filled with a gel and confirms that lipopolysaccharide resides on the outer face of the outer membrane, while gram-positive cells appear to build new wall in layers from the inside outward, with older material removed from the outer edge.
		Yet, the plasma and outer membranes, the periplasm, and the peptidoglycan layer can be seen, and their overall arrangement is the same as that seen in conventional and freeze-substitutions even though the dimensions are different.
		Subsequently, using frozen hydrated sections, we visualized the periplasmic space as a separate entity that lies between the plasma membrane and the inner face of the wall.
	www.asm.org /microbe/index.asp?bid=43266 (2478 words)

	European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
		Active AB5 structure expressed in periplasmic space was extracted by polymyxine B. The biological activity of the constructed recombinant shiga toxin showed both Vero cell Cytotoxicity and inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis.
		In this study it was shown that for B subunit assembly and secretion to periplasmic space as B5 pentamer homologous leader sequence is not needed.
		Although for biological active holotoxin (AB5) secretion to periplasmic space the presence of homologous leader sequence of gene is essential.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /eccmid16/abstract.asp?id=50550 (351 words)

	The Venus Flytrap of Periplasmic Binding Proteins: An Ancient Protein Module Present in Multiple Drug Receptors
		Located between the inner and outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, periplasmic binding proteins (PBPs) scavenge or sense diverse nutrients in the environment by coupling to transporters or chemotaxis receptors in the inner membrane.
		Comprising a large and rather diverse gene family, or families, the PBPs serve to scavenge or sense nutrients in the environment to mediate substrate transport or induce chemotaxis towards the nutrient source.
		Located in the periplasm between the two outer lipid membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, the PBPs bind a spectrum of substrates and mediate their transport into the cells or initiate chemotaxis by activating flagellar motion.
	www.aapsj.org /view.asp?art=ps010202 (6058 words)

	Export of Colicins
		Considering these cells are killed by the addition of colicin, the transfer of colicin through the cytoplasmic membrane must occur in such a way that colicin is prevented from interacting with its target on the cytoplasmic membrane.
		This means that colicin is not permitted in its free form in the periplasmic space, since it would lead to cell death.
		It appears that during export, these colicins are absent from the periplasmic space where they would be able to insert into the cytoplasmic membrane.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~cjackman/Export.html (387 words)

	[No title]
		Native complement protein C9 is a soluble glycoprotein devoid of cellular toxicity; yet when it enters the periplasmic space of an E.coli cell it is converted from a protoxin to a toxin.
		Both, C9 shocked into the periplasmic space and C9 synthesized by expression from a plasmid and targeted to the periplasm via a signal sequence are toxic to the host cell.
		The toxic effects of plasmid-derived C9 were not caused simply by overexpressing a foreign gene because expression of C9 localized to the cytoplasm was not toxic.
	www.lycos.com /info/toxin--proteins.html?page=2 (702 words)

	Molecular Aspects of Complement-mediated Bacterial Killing. PERIPLASMIC CONVERSION OF C9 FROM A PROTOXIN TO A TOXIN -- ...
		PERIPLASMIC CONVERSION OF C9 FROM A PROTOXIN TO A TOXIN -- Wang et al.
		PERIPLASMIC CONVERSION OF C9 FROM A PROTOXIN TO A TOXIN
		Periplasmic shock fluid of BL21(DE3) cells expressing C9[1-144] (lane 2), signal-sequenceless C9 (lane 3), and full-length C9 (lane 4) were assayed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting for the presence of C9.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/275/7/4687 (4091 words)

	Chapter 6
		Concentration of solute in the periplasmic space will typically be even lower than in solution, so permeases must be able to transport when external concentration is very low.
		Periplasmic concentrations of solutes maintained at low level by binding proteins and by active transport systems.
		M binding constants), and are free in the periplasm.
	www.bmb.psu.edu /courses/micro401/Ch6Nts.htm (1723 words)

	Cell Wall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The periplasmic space refers to a gap that exists between the cell membrane and the outer membrane that is clearly visible in electron micrographs of
		periplasmic space in GM -- bacteria, and is contained in the cell wall layer of GM+ bacteria.
		These chemorecptorm proteins may be located in the perisplamic space or the plasma membrane.
	www.uta.edu /biology/badon/classnotes/3444/lecture4.htm (1964 words)

	The Prototype Bacterial Cell
		The space between the inner and outer membranes is known as the periplasmic space.
		Gram positive bacteria lack a periplasmic space; instead they secrete exoenzymes and perform extracellular digestion.
		Binding proteins in the periplasmic space or cell membrane bind food sources (such as sugars and amino acids) causing methylation of other cell membrane proteins which in turn affect the movement of the cell by flagella.
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /fox/protype.htm (1344 words)

	WUSTL Pediatrics :: Research :: Investigators :: Hunstad Lab :: Projects
		UPEC and other Gram-negative pathogens have evolved a number of systems to sense and deal with stress in the periplasm, which may result from environmental conditions (temperature, pH, osmolarity, etc.) or from internal conditions (e.g., misfolded protein in the periplasmic space).
		General periplasmic folding factors include the peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases), three related families of proteins in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that catalyze the cis-trans conversion of peptidyl proline bonds.
		We have recently demonstrated that in UPEC, SurA is required for the expression of type 1 pili, adhesive organelles that are critical for attachment to bladder epithelial cells and establishment of cystitis.
	peds.wustl.edu /research/labs/Hunstad_David_A/research.html (640 words)

	PeriPreps™ Periplasting Kit (for periplasmic proteins), EPICENTRE® Biotechnologies
		The presence of a signal sequence is important for export of certain proteins into the Escherichia coli periplasmic space.
		coli cells, permitting rapid extraction of proteins from the periplasmic space.
		One milliliter of culture was used to prepare, in duplicate, the periplasmic fraction (Lanes 2 and 3), the spheroplasmic fraction (Lanes 4 and 5), and the whole cell protein (Lanes 6 and 7) using the PeriPreps Kit.
	www.epibio.com /item.asp?ID=327&CatID=8&SubCatID=170 (361 words)

	InterPro: IPR001638 Bacterial extracellular solute-binding protein, family 3
		The latter are thought to bind the substrate in the vicinity of the inner membrane, and to transfer it to a complex of inner membrane proteins for concentration into the cytoplasm.
		In Gram-positive bacteria which are surrounded by a single membrane and have therefore no periplasmic region, the equivalent proteins are bound to the membrane via an N-terminal lipid anchor.
		On the basis of sequence similarities, the vast majority of these solute-binding proteins can be grouped [ 1 ] into eight families or clusters, which generally correlate with the nature of the solute bound.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR001638 (3103 words)

	Pfam 21.0 : FlaA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Periplasmic flagella are the organelles of spirochete mobility, and are structurally different from the flagella of other motile bacteria.
		They reside inside the cell within the periplasmic space, and confer mobility in viscous gel-like media such connective tissue [1].
		They reside inside the cell within the periplasmic space, and confer mobility in viscous gel-like media such as connective tissue PUBMED:2194955.
	pfam.janelia.org /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=FlaA (169 words)

	Pfam 21.0 : HdeA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		HdeA is a single domain alpha-helical protein localised in the periplasmic space.
		HdeA is one of the most abundant proteins found in the periplasmic space of E. coli, where it is one of a network of proteins that confer an acid resistance phenotype essential for the pathogenesis of enteric bacteria PUBMED:12694615.
		HdeA is thought to act as a chaperone, functioning to prevent the aggregation of periplasmic proteins denatured under acidic conditions.
	pfam.janelia.org /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=HdeA (247 words)

	Borrelia burgdorferi periplasmic flagella have both skeletal and motility functions -- Motaleb et al. 97 (20): 10899 -- ...
		cylinder, and it resides within the periplasmic space (2).
		The periplasmic flagella of spirochetes have been shown to influence cell morphology, but the results with B.
		The interaction of the periplasmic flagella with the peptidoglycan is complex.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/20/10899 (3757 words)

	Microbiology: Bacterial Physiology and Mycology
		PERIPLASMIC SPACE: That area between plasma membrane and peptidoglycan sheath.
		PERIPLASMIC SPACE (or OUTSIDE MEMBRANE): The NAM-NAG Disaccharide is attached to the growing glycan chain.
		CHITIN SYNTHASE: The cell wall is located outside of the cell membrane, and there is a periplasmic space in between the wall and cell membrane.
	us.share.geocities.com /doctor_uae/micro2.htm (7447 words)

	Introduction.1996
		Possess an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide and a periplasmic space between the outer and inner membranes.
		It also contains binding proteins involved in the uptake of amino acids, sugars, etc. When gram-negative cells contain plasmids specifying antibiotic resistance the enzymes which break down antibiotics are located in the periplasmic space, e.g.
		The osmotic pressure of the periplasmic space cannot be maintained with simple sugars or inorganic ions as these are too small to be retained by the OM.
	www.science.siu.edu /microbiology/micr425/425Notes/01-Introduction.html (2191 words)

	Granular Layer in the Periplasmic Space of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Fine Structures of Enterococcus gallinarum and ...
		Granular Layer in the Periplasmic Space of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Fine Structures of Enterococcus gallinarum and Streptococcus gordonii Septa Revealed by Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Vitreous Sections -- Zuber et al.
		Granular Layer in the Periplasmic Space of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Fine Structures of Enterococcus gallinarum and Streptococcus gordonii Septa Revealed by Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Vitreous Sections
		of a periplasmic space between the plasma membrane and the thick
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/188/18/6652 (311 words)

	An Electrostatic Mechanism Closely Reproducing Observed Behavior in the Bacterial Flagellar Motor -- Walz and Caplan 78 ...
		We define positive proton flow to be directed from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm.
		to be equal in the periplasmic space and in the suspending
		spacing of all channels in the particle ring exists.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/78/2/626 (4379 words)

	Expression of Active Human Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in Escherichia coli -- Qiu et al. 64 (12): 4891 -- Applied ...
		DsbA, the primary catalyst of cysteine oxidation in the periplasmic
		The folding of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor in the Escherichia coli periplasm.
		Reduction of the periplasmic disulfide bond isomerase, DsbC, occurs by passage of electrons from cytoplasmic thioredoxin.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/64/12/4891 (4509 words)

	[1] Prokaryotic Cells
		Bacteria may be divided into two groups, on the basis of their cell wall structures and the response to Gram stain: Gram-negative and Gram-positive.
		In Gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is composed of three layers: (1) the periplasmic space which is an open area located outside the plasma membrane, (2) a thin layer of peptidoglycan external to the periplasmic space, and (3) the outer membrane surrounding the peptidoglycan.
		The Gram-positive bacteria do not have the periplasmic space and outer membrane, but have a thicker peptidoglycan layer.
	www.web-books.com /MoBio/Free/Ch1A1.htm (305 words)

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