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Topic: Periwinkle (mollusc)

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	Periwinkles
		Periwinkles must be the most known of “snail like” molluscs found on Cornish shores.
		Flat periwinkles live on the middle to lower shore and are prone to desiccation hence are found in moist conditions under seaweed and rocks.
		The small periwinkle breeds at spring tides, as these are the only times that they are covered by the sea, a necessity for their eggs to be dispersed.
	www.pznow.co.uk /marine/periwinkles.html (437 words)

	Littorina Laboratory Exercise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-31)
		The typical mollusc has a calcareous shell, muscular foot, head with mouth and sense organs, and a visceral mass containing most of the gut, the heart, gonads, and kidney.
		Molluscs arose in the sea and most remain there but molluscs have also colonized freshwater and terrestrial habitats.
		Littoraria irrorata (formerly Littorina irrorata), the marsh periwinkle, is common in the Spartina salt marshes of the southeastern United States (photo at www.jaxshells.org/litor.htm).
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/310littorinaLab.html (5002 words)

	Mollusca (BMLSS Information)
		Jim Hall discovered the curious lamellarid mollusc called Lamellaria perspicua on a bare boulder on the extreme lower shore (on a spring tide) of Lydstep beach, 3 miles from Tenby, SW Wales.
		This large gastropod mollusc is expected to find a home in Guernsey Public Aquarium at St. Peter Port.
		This is the first known record of the mollusc from this area.
	www.glaucus.org.uk /molluscs.htm (922 words)

	Homer News Online - News
		Periwinkles are small herbivorous snails with drab-colored, fat and roundish shells about three-fourths inch in height.
		Periwinkles are survivors — they need only wet their gills occasionally, can tolerate relatively low salinities and can last for long periods of time without food.
		In fact, Sitka periwinkles and pulmonate snails (Siphonaria thersites) are the most abundant grazing invertebrates in the upper intertidal zone of Kachemak Bay’s rocky beaches.
	www.homernews.com /stories/120805/news_1208new016.shtml (573 words)

	Uamh An Ard Achadh (High Pasture Cave)
		Edible periwinkles (Littorina littorea) are found on rocks, stones and seaweed on the middle and lower shores, its shell may be up to 2.5-cm high.
		Rough periwinkle (Littorina saxatilis) is found on rocks and stones, cracks and crevices on the upper and middle shore, it feeds on seaweed.
		It is likely that the marine molluscs recovered at High Pasture Cave were originally gathered as foodstuff; shellfish of various types have been used for nutrition and there is considerable regional variation in the uses of shellfish as food throughout the Scottish islands.
	www.high-pasture-cave.org /index.php/the_work/article/specialist_report_2004_marine_mollusc (895 words)

	Oceanlink \| marine sciences education and fun
		Molluscs are one of the largest animal phylums, with between 50000-110000 species!
		Octopus, squid, snails, nudibranchs, and bivalves are all molluscs.
		Most molluscs also have a muscular "foot" that is used for locomotion.
	oceanlink.island.net /oinfo/intertidal/mollusca.html (375 words)

	type_Document_Title_here
		This radula is common to many molluscs and is similar to a mini chainsaw--having rows and rows of sharp, hooked teeth for scraping.
		This is no problem for a mollusc that continues to produce new rows of radular teeth its entire life--dropping off the old dull ones at the end of the scraper.
		Rarely do periwinkles encounter predators because they are so high, but if they fall down off their high and dry perch, they may be eaten by sea stars, crabs, or sea anemones.
	www.biosbcc.net /ocean/flspl.htm (1490 words)

	Maritime Coastal Mollusc Harvesting Guide
		Among the favourites are many varieties of coastal molluscs harvested from the kilometres of beaches and rocky coastline.
		Periwinkles may be picked by hand near low water, where larger animals can be found.
		Environment Canada conducts sanitary and bacteriological water quality surveys of coastal mollusc growing areas to determine whether the water in the areas are suitable for harvesting.
	www.ns.ec.gc.ca /epb/sfish/mmguide/mmguide.html (1889 words)

	Periwinkle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Two related genera of plants in the family Apocynaceae: Periwinkle (Vinca) and Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus).
		Periwinkle, a light, dull shade of blue, from the flower colour of Vinca.
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Periwinkle (129 words)

	Mollusc population size distribution monitoring: Fall 2001 mid-marsh and creekbank infaunal and epifaunal mollusc size ...
		The molluscs were returned to the lab, fixed in fomalin, transferred to and preserved in ethanol, measured and counted (count data is reported separately).
		All molluscs within randomly placed, small quadrats at four plots in the mid and creekbank marshes at each of the permanent monitoring sites were collected by hand.
		Molluscs were returned to the lab, preserved and each individual was measured to the nearest 0.1mm.
	gce-lter.marsci.uga.edu /lter/asp/db/send_eml.asp?accession=INV-GCEM-0301b (2204 words)

	Journal of Civil Engineering, JKUAT - Vol. 8 (2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-31)
		The suitability of the shells from periwinkle, a small gastropod sea snail (mollusc), for use as partial replacement of granite in concrete was investigated.
		The bulk density of the periwinkle shells was found to be 1353kg/m3 while that for granite was 2644kg/m3.
		It could be concluded from this study that periwinkle shells could be used as partial replacement for granite in normal construction works especially in places where granite is in short supply and periwinkle shells are readily available.
	www.ajol.info /viewarticle.php?id=7870 (243 words)

	DOC TITLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-31)
		The most prominent specie is the periwinkle, Littorina africana, a tiny snail which gives his name to the zone.
		The periwinkle is still dependent on the sea for reproduction.
		These animals are the most highly developed molluscs where the shell is much reduced and the foot is divided into eight (octopus) or ten (squid) suckered tentacles.
	www.wcape.school.za /subject/biology/marine/intro.htm (2034 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Periwinkle (mollusc)
		They have a visceral mass, radula, foot, and a distinct head.
		The most well-known species is Littorina littorea, known as the common or edible periwinkle, or winkle.
		Periwinkles are abundant on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Periwinkle_(mollusc) (74 words)

	DOC TITLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-31)
		Periwinkle (Littorina africana): Herbivorous gastropod, feeding when rocks are wet on minute fl algae and lichen growing in crevices.
		Fuzzy Chiton (Acanthochiton garnoti): Herbivorous mollusc feeding on algae and sponges.
		Uses radula and chemical secretion to bore small hole in shells of other molluscs whose bodies are then dissolved and absorbed.
	www.wcape.school.za /subject/biology/marine/mollusc.htm (521 words)

	:: Discovery Channel CA ::
		But this is the first time that a mollusc has been seen practicing agriculture.
		The marsh periwinkle makes its home on the grasses that grow in the coastal marshes along the east coast of North America.
		And when the snails chew up the grass, they aren't actually having dinner - they're preparing it to be "planted" with their preferred food, a type of fungus.
	www.exn.ca /Stories/2003/12/02/51.asp?t=dp (712 words)

	California Tidepools: Splash Zone
		This radula is common to many molluscs and is similar to a mini chainsaw - having rows and rows of sharp, hooked teeth for scraping.
		This is no problem for a mollusc that continues to produce new rows of radular teeth its entire life - dropping off the old dull ones at the end of the radula.
		Lacking an operculum, (like the periwinkles use to avoid dessication), these fingernail limpets have a neat trick to avoid desiccation.
	www.biosbcc.net /ocean/marinesci/03ecology/tpspl.htm (1409 words)

	Periwinkle - TheBestLinks.com - Blue, Plant, Shell, Mollusc, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-31)
		Periwinkle - TheBestLinks.com - Blue, Plant, Shell, Mollusc,...
		Periwinkle, Blue, Plant, Shell, Mollusc, Garden, Spiral, Wreath, Apocynaceae...
		This is a disambiguation page, i.e., a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Periwinkle.html (162 words)

	Freezing and anoxia stresses induce expression of metallothionein in the foot muscle and hepatopancreas of the marine ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-31)
		of the mollusc MT family is the presence of a conserved C-terminal
		Boutet, I., Tanguy, A., Auffret, M., Riso, R. and Moraga, D. Immunochemical quantification of metallothioneins in marine molluscs: characterization of a metal exposure bioindicator.
		Langston, W. J., Bebianno, M. and Zhou, M. A comparison of metal-binding proteins and cadmium metabolism in the marine molluscs Littorina littorea (Gastropoda), Mytilus edulis and Macoma balthica (Bivalvia).
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/206/14/2517 (4809 words)

	Man and Mollusc
		Some are considered delicacies such as oysters and escargot while others such as the clams and mussels of fresh water ponds and streams are less likely to be consumed due to taste, but none-the-less are very edible.
		Terrestrial molluscs (the ones that live on land, i.e..) are also eaten.
		Dyes made from molluscs were used to beautify clothing and other items made from cloth.
	www.manandmollusc.net /beginners_uses/beginners_uses-print.html (5718 words)

	Wildlife - Flat Periwinkle
		A rounded, almost spherical mollusc with a smooth, shiny shell.
		Colour extremely variable but commonly bright yellow or reddish brown.
		Often numerous at mid-tide level on rocky shores around Britain and Ireland.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/wildlife/molluscs_flat_periwinkle.html (49 words)

	Glossary-A Study on Snail Movement
		Littorinid – of the littoral zone or otherwise known as the upper intertidal because many of the periwinkle species are so adapted to the environment and thus abundant here
		Mollusc - organisms with a soft body protected by a calcium carbonate shell.
		The basic body plan of a mollusc includes soft tissue surrounded by a mantle which produces the shell, a Radula, and a muscular foot for movement.
	www.clarku.edu /departments/biology/biol201/2004/kbrown/Glossary.cfm (422 words)

	Mollusca Lecture 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-31)
		Fig 1 Layers of the typical mollusc shell.
		Fig 2 Cross section of the generalized mollusc showing the mantle cavity and gills.
		Fig 10.46 Pattern of blood flow in the periwinkle, Littorina (Ruppert/Barnes, 1994).
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/310mollusca2Lec.html (851 words)

	HMS Student Papers 1964 - Proteolytic enzymes of the digestive gland of the prosobranch mollusc Littorina planaxis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-31)
		Abstract: This paper describes an in vitro analysis and partial characterization of the proteolytic enzymes of the digestive gland of Littorina planaxis, a prosobranch mollusc.
		The few studies which have been conducted on the digestive enzymes of marine gastropods have revealed no proteinases in the salivary glands of the herbivorous prosobranchs (Freter and Graham, 1962).
		The present studies have been confied to the digestive gland, although the esophagus also merits study.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/miller/student_papers/1964_16.html (168 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Littorina littorea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-31)
		Jackson (2002) states that Littorina littorea, "Is the largest British periwinkle, with the shell reaching a maximum height of 52 mm.
		The shell is sharply conical with a pointed apex and surface sculpturing.
		Principal sources: Littorina littorea: Common periwinkle (Jackson, 2002).
	issg.appfa.auckland.ac.nz /database/species/ecology.asp?si=400&fr=1&sts= (630 words)

	MCI: Goals
		Despite the potential richness of this material studies on interactions between internal defense system (IDS) of molluscan hosts and trematode parthenogenetic (intramolluscan) generations have been concentrated in a relatively narrow field.
		Because of necessity to introduce new models, taxonomically distant from “pulmonate” systems, we study marine species of molluscs and trematodes.
		Some of them being an intermediate hosts of trematodes infecting periwinkle Littorina littorea (Prosobranchia) are used to screen modification of the specific parasite tactic in different molluscs.
	www.angelfire.com /sc/gorbushin/mcigroup.html (214 words)

	Hitherby Dragons: At The Academy
		"A periwinkle could twinkle better if it had a spine," Lady Wells points out.
		For the record, being a mollusc is quite hard work.
		It may be unrewarding, but as a squid you can supply your own ink, which may be used for writing stern letters of complaint to the management.
	rebecca.hitherby.com /archives/000321.php (219 words)

	Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences - Vol. 9, No. 4 (2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-31)
		This research was to conduct a chemical test to ascertain the percentage content and suitability of periwinkle shell wastes for glass industry.
		Results of the study show that periwinkle shells contain a high percentage (38.4%) of calcium oxide (Ca0).
		Key words: Periwinkle shells, calcium oxide, mollusc, glass industry.
	www.ajol.info /viewarticle.php?id=6881 (159 words)

	Carbohydrate Mimicry
		At the same time, the presence of similar carbohydrate determinants on the surface of hemocytes of L.
		The established similarity in composition of glycocalyx of hemocytes of the mollusc and the trematode parthenitae is, most likely, a result of coevolution of the parasite and the host and is of the adaptive nature.
		Use of the mechanism of the carbohydrate mimicry by parthenitae of this species allows them to avoid attacking by effector cells of the internal defense system of the mollusc-host.
	www.angelfire.com /sc/gorbushin/mimicry.html (144 words)

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