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Topic: Perkinsus marinus

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	Perkinsus marinus ("Dermo" Disease) of Oysters
		In vitro propagation of the protozoan Perkinsus marinus, a pathogen of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica.
		Susceptibility of diploid and triploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) and eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791), to Perkinsus marinus.
		Suppression of chemiluminescence of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocytes by the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus.
	www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /sci/shelldis/pages/pmdoy_e.htm (5369 words)

	MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS FOR THE OYSTER PATHOGENS HAPLOSPORIDIUM NELSONI (MSX DISEASE) AND PERKINSUS MARINUS (DERMO ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		marinus in the assayed tissues is representative of the distribution of the parasite throughout the oyster.
		Gauthier, J.D. and Fisher, W.S. Hemolymph assay for diagnosis of Perkinsus marinus in oysters Crassostrea virginica.
		Marsh, A.G., Gauthier, J.D. and Vasta, G.R. semiquantitative PCR assay for assessing Perkinsus marinus infections in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/X4946E/x4946e0i.htm (3470 words)

	Perkinsus marinus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The disease it causes is known as "Dermo", and is characterized by proteolytic degradation of oyster tissues.
		marinus are protozoa, and in particular belong to a group called the alveolates.
		marinus is probably closer to the dinoflagellates, which also appear to have modified polar rings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perkinsus_marinus (183 words)

	Perkinsus of Clams and Cockles
		Infection intensity, prevalence, and histopathology of Perkinsus sp.
		Molecular diagnosis of Perkinsus atlanticus and Pseudoperkinsus tapetis, parasites of the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus).
		In vitro culture of Perkinsus atlanticus, a parasite of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus.
	www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /sci/shelldis/pages/perkincc_e.htm (3952 words)

	[No title]
		Marsh A.G., Gauthier J.D. & Vasta G.R. A semiquantitative PCR assay for assessing Perkinsus marinus infections in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica.
		Robledo J.A.F., Gauthier J.D., Coss, C.A., Wright A.C. & Vasta G.R. Species-specificity and sensitivity of a PCR-based assay for Perkinsus marinus in the eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica: a comparison with the fluid thioglycollate assay.
		Sunila I., hamilton R.M. & Dungan C.F. Ultrastructural characteristics of the in vitro cell cycle of the protozoan pathogen of oysters, Perkinsus marinus.
	www.vims.edu /env/research/shellfish/oie/3.1.5_PER.DOC (1733 words)

	Aquatic Animal Health Code - 2006
		In a country of unknown status for Perkinsus marinus, a zone or compartment where none of the susceptible species is present may be declared free from Perkinsus marinus when basic biosecurity conditions have been met continuously in the zone or compartment for at least the past 3 years.
		However, for declared free zones or compartments in infected countries and in all cases where conditions are not conducive to clinical expression of infection with Perkinsus marinus, targeted surveillance needs to be continued at a level determined by the Competent Authority on the basis of the likelihood of infection.
		from a country, zone or compartment declared free from Perkinsus marinus, the Competent Authority of the importing country should require that the consignment be accompanied by an international aquatic animal health certificate issued by the Competent Authority of the exporting country or a certifying official approved by the importing country.
	www.oie.int /eng/normes/fcode/en_chapitre_2.2.6.htm (1947 words)

	Restoring Oysters To U.S. Coastal Waters: Combatting Disease in the Cell
		Parasitic organisms like Perkinsus marinus (which causes Dermo disease) and Haplosporidium nelsoni (which causes MSX) are, after all, natural constituents of aquatic ecosystems, and some scientists speculate that Perkinsus itself may have been in the Chesapeake Bay long before it began devastating oyster populations in this last decade.
		Muhammad Faisal has been pursuing the role that proteases, enzymes released by Perkinsus marinus, play in suppressing the oyster's defense mechanisms; his aim is to develop a therapeutant, a protease "blocker" that could help the oyster better defend itself.
		marinus is apparently readily recognized by the oyster's hemocytes.
	www.mdsg.umd.edu /oysters/disease/combatting/index.html (2555 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Means and ranges of percentages of (clumped/single) hemocytes of Perkinsus marinus -infected and noninfected Crassostrea virginica from Apalachicola Bay, Florida, USA, treated with the Lathyrus odoratus lectin and Con A at five concentrations.
		As lectins are inhibited by specific sugar residues, it is concluded that the yet to be identified saccharide to which L odoratus lectin is bound on the surface of oyster hemocytes also occurs on the surface of P.
		Hemolymph assay for diagnosis of Perkinsus marinus in oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791).
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc95079 (2137 words)

	Quarantine of oyster shell cultch reduces the abundance of Perkinsus marinus Journal of Shellfisheries Research - Find ...
		Given the detrimental effects of P. marinus on oysters, protocols to minimize its spread via planting of shell are needed.
		One potential risk of using oyster cultch from the Gulf of Mexico for replanting and restoring beds and reefs on the Atlantic Coast is the protozoan oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus, which causes dermo disease in the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791).
		Therefore, the development and use of protocols that minimize the survival or persistence or P. marinus is warranted.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0QPU/is_2_23/ai_n6276399 (958 words)

	GulfBase - Parasites of the American Oyster Crassostrea virginica in the Gulf of Mexico
		A fragment of gills and anus were cultured in thioglycolate medium for diagnosis of the protozoan Perkinsus marinus.
		marinus and Nematopsis sp.) and 3 platyhelminthes (Urastoma cyprinae, Proctoeces maculatus and Tylocephalum sp.
		marinus were present in 7 of the 8 localities studied with prevalence values between 70 and 100% and 23 and 100% respectively.
	www.gulfbase.org /project/view.php?pid=potaocvitgom (308 words)

	Lisa M. Ragone Calvo
		Perkinsus marinus distribution and seasonal variation in oysters Crassostrea virginica from Florida, Virginia and New York.
		Characterization of overwintering infections of Perkinsus marinus (Apicomplexa) in Chesapeake Bay oysters.
		Effect of salinity on infection progression and pathogenicity of Perkinsus marinus in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin).
	vertigo.hsrl.rutgers.edu /lisa.html (569 words)

	Perkinsus marinus Extracellular Protease Modulates Survival of Vibrio vulnificus in Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea ...
		Perkinsus marinus Extracellular Protease Modulates Survival of Vibrio vulnificus in Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Hemocytes -- Tall et al.
		Perkinsus marinus Extracellular Protease Modulates Survival of Vibrio vulnificus in Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Hemocytes
		The in vitro effects of the Perkinsus marinus serine protease on the intracellular survival of Vibrio vulnificus in oyster
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/65/9/4261 (1935 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Arachidonic Acid Synthetic Pathways in the Oyster Protozoan Parasite Perkinsus Marinus: ...
		The parasite, Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) is one of the two important protozoan parasites causing severe mortality in the American (eastern) oyster, Crassostrea virginica, on the U.S. east and Gulf coasts since the 1950s.
		The in-depth understanding of the significance of de novo lipid and FA synthesis in P. marinus and its relationship to the parasite's development, life cycle completion, disease transmission and pathogenesis of the host obtained from this study should provide a useful model for development of drugs targeting lipid metabolic pathways.
		These results provide evidence that P. marinus employs the delta-8 rather than the delta-6 metabolic pathway for arachidonic acid synthesis and, by development of specific drugs targeting this metabolic pathway, a useful model for control of this parasite in oysters and, potentially, for control of diseases caused by Perkinsus spp.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=154430 (507 words)

	Perkinsus olseni
		Because some of these parasites cause disease in commercially important shellfish, Perkinsus marinus and Perkinsus olseni/atlanticus are listed in the Aquatic Animal Health Code of the OIE.
		marinus, differences in virulence between isolates were demonstrated, suggesting existence of several strains of this parasite might exist with differences in genetic composition, geographic distribution and virulence.
		Similarly, variability in the pathogenicity of Perkinsus olseni/atlanticus raises questions on the existence of types or strains of the parasite or differences in host responses under different environmental conditions.
	www.ifremer.fr /crlmollusc/page_labo/perkinsus_olseni.htm (332 words)

	infection with perkinsus marinus
		Perkinsus marinus has recently been shown to be closely related to the dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellida)
		The clinical signs of infection with P. marinus are similar to those of infection with other Perkinsus spp (ie occasional pustules in soft tissue, pale digestive gland, poor condition, emaciation, shrinkage of mantle and retarded growth).
		The currently accepted procedures for a conclusive diagnosis of infection with Perkinsus marinus are summarised at http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/fmanual/A_00041.htm
	www.disease-watch.com /documents/CD/index/html/mp045per.htm (511 words)

	Restoring Oysters To U.S. Coastal Waters: New Tools for Diagnosing Disease
		To analyze for the presence of P. marinus by PCR, DNA is first extracted from the oyster's mantle, rectal tissues or oyster hemocytes, the disease-fighting blood cells in the circulating fluid (hemolymph) -- this initial extract contains a mix of DNA from both oyster and parasite.
		marinus DNA segment millions of times, thus raising the concentration of the target DNA segment in the sample to detectable levels on agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide.
		marinus cell extracts, and the promise of rapid, precise and easily-conducted immunoassays for Dermo disease.
	www.mdsg.umd.edu /oysters/disease/tools/index.html (1278 words)

	Immunomodulation of Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea virginica cellular defense mechanisms by Perkinsus marinus ...
		To better understand which cellular defense mechanisms impart resistance to P. marinus, resistant (Crassostrea gigas) and susceptible (Crassostrea virginica) oyster species were challenged by an experimental infection with P. marinus and their cellular responses were quantified and compared.
		Also, while in vitro P. marinus infection suppresses hemocyte apoptosis in both species, C. gigas appeared to overcome that suppression faster than C. virginica upon in vivo infection, suggesting that hemocyte apoptosis may be an effective oyster defense response against P. marinus infection.
		Apoptosis may be a defense mechanism if P. marinus infected oyster cells terminate infections with intracellular pathogens resistant to ROI destruction by initiating their own death (cell suicide) for later removal by other phagocytic cells, as is the case with other protozoan parasites (Luder et al.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0QPU/is_2_24/ai_n15384489 (889 words)

	Supplementation of Perkinsus marinus Cultures with Host Plasma or Tissue Homogenate Enhances Their Infectivity -- ...
		Perkinsus marinus is a protozoan parasite of the eastern oyster
		Analysis of the effects of Perkinsus marinus proteases on plasma proteins of the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas).
		A determination of in vivo growth rates for Perkinsus marinus, a parasite of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791).
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/1/421 (5405 words)

	Dr. David Bushek
		Geographic distribution of Perkinsus marinus genetic strains along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the USA, Marine Biology, 139: 1047-1055.
		Perkinsus marinus and its potential use to reduce transmission via shellfish effluents.
		Response of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, to in vitro cultured Perkinsus marinus and the early fate of parasites delivered via three dosing methods.
	vertigo.hsrl.rutgers.edu /bushek.html (602 words)

	Oxford Lab Abstracts
		Abstrast: The protozoan oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus is classified in the phylum Apicomplexa, although molecular-genetic and ultrastructural evidence increasingly concur on its closer phylogenetic relationship with the dinoflage11ates.
		A sequence similarity of> 98.9% was calculated among ribosomal RNA sequences of the two isolates of this study and the published sequences of Perkinsus marinus from the American eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and Perkinsus sp.
		Abstract: Because the in vitro cell cycle of the apicomplexan oyster pathogen Perkinsus marinus generates cell populations heterogeneous for size and typified by aggregation, both turbidimetric and counting methods for determining population densities and proliferation rates are inaccurate or cumbersome.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /fisheries/oxford/publications/abstracts.html (10018 words)

	Inter Research » DAO » v28 » n1 » p61-68
		Disease processes of the parasite Perkinsus marinus in eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica: minimum dose for infection initiation, and interaction of temperature, salinity and infective cell dose
		Experiments were conducted to: (1) test the response of oysters to different doses of the oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus and to 2 stages, meronts or prezoosporangia; and (2) investigate the synergistic effects of temperature, salinity and infective cell concentration on P.
		Reduced condition index was observed in moderately to heavily infected oysters and in oysters at 25°C. Key words: Oyster ·; Crassostrea virginica · Oyster parasite · Oyster disease · Perkinsus marinus · Temperature · Salinity
	www.int-res.com /abstracts/dao/v28/n1/p61-68 (307 words)

	THE NEED FOR MOLECULAR TOOLS IN THE STUDY OF MOLLUSC PATHOGENS - P.M. HINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		This paper gives a brief overview of the areas in which molecular tools are needed to overcome problems associated with these diseases, and considers the needs of the Asian region.
		Perkinsus olseni shows similarities to Perkinsus atlanticus (Hamaguchi et al., 1998), but Perkinsus marinus also shows similarities to P.
		Perkinsus atlanticus from Ruditapes philippinarum and Ruditapes decussatus around Spain and Portugal, are closely related to P.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/X4946E/x4946e0g.htm (1542 words)

	Empiricist - Feature Science Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		The protozoans Dermo (Perkinsus marinus) and MSX (Haplosporidium nelsoni) have ravaged oyster populations throughout the Chesapeake Bay (Andrews, 1988; Andrews and Ray, 1988; Burreson et al., 1994).
		Perkinsus cultures were established from infested oysters collected from the Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico.
		marinus at the conclusion of the a2 M experiments was near 100%; there was not a statistically significant difference in the viability of a2 M-treated P.
	biology.nebrwesleyan.edu /empiricist/Research/Ecology/Sellers,Clay/Sellers96.html (2977 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: The Effectiveness of N-Halamine Disinfectant Compounds on Perkinsus Marinus, a Parasite of ...
		These compounds have the potential to be used in oyster hatcheries to disinfect the incoming water as well as preventing the spread of the parasite throughout the hatchery.
		Technical Abstract: The pathogenic protozoan Perkinsus marinus (Mackin, Owen and Collier) is the cause of extensive mortalities in Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, populations along both the Gulf and East Coasts of the United States.
		These studies strongly suggest that the chemical compounds DC and MC can be used to disinfect seawater allowing the production of specific pathogen-free stock in oyster hatcheries, as well as having the potential to prevent the spread of these parasites from contaminated oysters to uninfected oysters.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=142429 (355 words)

	Gulf Ecology Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		A colorimetric microbicidal assay was adapted, optimized and applied in experiments to characterize the in vitro capacity of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocytes to kill cultured isolates of Perkinsus marinus, a protozoan parasite causing a highly destructive disease of oysters in U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastal waters.
		In vitro challenges showed that hemocytes from two geographically distinct oyster stocks (Florida and Rhode Island) were able to reduce viable P. marinus cells by 25% to 90%, depending on the P. marinus isolate.
		Application of this technique demonstrated the in vitro capacity of hemocytes to kill cultured P. marinus, but does not necessarily reflect their ability under natural conditions where the disease is widespread.
	www.epa.gov /GED/publica/c0181.htm (243 words)

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