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Topic: Perlocutionary

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	Perlocutionary act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A perlocutionary act is any speech act that amounts to persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize something.
		When examining perlocutionary acts, the effect in the hearer or reader is emphasized.
		Unlike illocutionary acts, which stress some linguistic performance, a perlocutionary act's effect is in some sense external to the performance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perlocutionary_act (104 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Perlocutionary aspect appears only after people begin to practise instrumental action in the linguistic interaction (that is strategic action).
		For the purpose of ideal pedagogical speech situation, Young defines a perlocutionary speech act as follows: "Perlocutionary action involves a special class of strategic action ‑ that in which illocutions are employed as a means to ends other than reaching understanding and freely co‑ordinating action plans in the light of validity claims." (Young 1989, 106).
		From this point of view, teaching always remains as a perlocutionary action (in senses 2 and 3), in which the teacher attempts to influence others (Beeinflussung des Gegenspielers), and the teacher’s success can be evaluated by criterion of effectiveness (the validity claim of the instrumental and strategic action).
	www.vusst.hr /ENCYCLOPAEDIA/indoctrination.htm (6150 words)

	[No title]
		Perlocutionary act: the production, by performing an illocutionary act (and thus also a locutionary act), of certain consequential effects on the feelings, thoughts, or actions of the audience, or of the speaker, or of other persons (perhaps with the design, intention, or purpose of producing them).
		Since perlocutionary acts are not conventional in the way that illocutionary acts are, they cannot generally be made explicit in the way that illocutionary acts can.
		Perlocutionary acts, however, are uses of words that go beyond their (semantic or pragmatic) meaning, since they are not entirely governed by conventions.
	www.uni.edu /boedeker/hAustin.doc (885 words)

	Perlocutionary acts
		In contrast to illocutionary acts, if a perlocutionary effect is intended, there is no conventional way for the speaker to guarantee that it will be brought about.
		Perlocutionary effects come about not as a part of linguistic communication, but because of linguistic communication and how it relates to some more general area of human interaction.
		The second type of standard association of intended perlocutionary effect is not the type of illocutionary act performed, as above, but rather with the content of the act itself.
	la_creazione.tripod.com /pragmatics_teaching/id5.html (486 words)

	reen255;tab1134How to Do Things with Assessments: Illocutionary
		Perlocutionary speech acts are speech acts about what has, is or will be.
		In the predominant view of educational assessment it is assumed that the individual to be assessed has a well-defined amount of knowledge, expertise or ability, and the purpose of the assessment task is to elicit evidence regarding the level of this knowledge, expertise or ability (Wiley and Haertel, 1996).
		The perlocutionary content of this speech act is negligible, because, if we are told that someone has a PhD, there are very few inferences that are warranted.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /csme/meas/papers/wiliam.html (3005 words)

	Ethnolinguistic Note 28
		What is sought in perlocutionary translation is an expression to serve as the vehicle of a target-language speech act which will serve the same purposes that the original speech act was intended to serve.
		Of course most authors do not explicitly distinguish perlocutionary from locutionary translation, but it seems clear that in the case of perlocutionary translation, figuring out what the speech act meant means figuring out what the speaker meant--that is, what the speaker's intentions or purposes were.
		We may assume that the objective of perlocutionary translation is to satisfy the purposes of the speaker.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~grace/eln28.html (2544 words)

	ETHNOLINGUISTIC NOTE 26
		In the perlocutionary interpretation, on the other hand, "the translation" should probably be thought of, not as a linguistic expression, but rather as the act of explaining--that is, as a performance, mainly verbal, by the translator.
		We may use the term "perlocutionary translation" to refer to a translation whose aim is to produce some kind of understanding (where "understanding" is to be interpreted broadly enough to include effects that might not ordinarily be thought of as understanding) in an audience rather than to produce a text.
		And it seems apparent from the outset that the successfulness of a communicative transaction is to be judged on the basis of the purposes with which the participants entered the transaction.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~grace/eln26.html (2963 words)

	Authors, Storytellers, and Narrators
		Finally, perlocutionary acts are acts performed by means of the performance of illocutionary acts.
		First, it is implausible to suppose that authors typically perform any illocutionary or perlocutionary acts at all during the writing process for the same reasons it proved implausible to suppose they engage in acts of pretense: there would simply be little point in doing so.
		Moreover, even if a given author were to perform illocutionary and/or perlocutionary acts by means of her inscriptional acts, she could not be supposed to be performing the same kind of illocutionary act on each occasion.
	people.uleth.ca /~peter.alward/papers/Attitudes/speech_acts.htm (7603 words)

	Speech act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Austin distinguishes between illocutionary and perlocutionary speech acts.
		In contrast, perlocutionary speech acts cause actions that are not the same as the speech.
		Both S and H spoke and behaved in a way that we would expect, S performed the perlocutionary act of getting H to turn down the volume.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Speech_act (2108 words)

	Slayage, Number 9: Jenkins and Stuart (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		We begin by examining the nature of different forms of speech acts [4] and how they, but especially perlocutionary acts, are adapted or developed within the silent episode “Hush.” We then look briefly at their overall use within the language games manifested between different pairs of individuals and within distinct groups.
		It has perlocutionary force, for if it did not, the Gentlemen would not be so determined to silence their potential victims.
		Tara’s note to herself as an extension of her mind is a perlocutionary act with a demonstrable perlocutionary force, not just on herself but on us, the readers, as well.
	www.slayage.tv /essays/slayage9/JenkinsStuart.htm (3731 words)

	Speech
		Austin maintained that once “we realize that what we have to study is not the sentence but the issuing of an utterance in a speech situation, there can hardly be any longer a possibility of not seeing that stating is performing an act” (139).
		Speech-act theory and its critiques are often articulated using imagined examples, in which the context of the utterance is erased to make a linguistic point and later added to demonstrate the true complexity of even the simplest statement.
		The very act of speaking (or writing) rhetorically presupposes an intention, and intentions of a certain kind may be found in the illocutionary force of a statement as it affects the propositional content.
	rhetorica.net /speech.htm (1112 words)

	Pornography as a Performative Utterance
		The perlocutionary act is the causal link between the viewing of pornography and the reinforcing of the constriction of sex and gender in ways that institute male dominance.
		The perlocutionary act of pornography, in MacKinnon’s view, is always the reinforcement of the reality of women as sexual objects and the sexual arousal of the performers and the viewers.
		The medium of presentation is the locutionary act, the reiteration of the subordination of women and sexual arousal is the perlocutionary act, and most importantly, assent to, legitimization of, and depiction of the subordination of women is the illocutionary act.
	artsweb.uwaterloo.ca /~pthurley/index/Pornography.htm (3205 words)

	[No title]
		S intends (= “means” in one sense) to perform perlocutionary act a by uttering “p”.
		This is because Grice holds that for S to mean x by uttering “p” is just for S to intend for S’s utterance of “p” to have a particular perlocutionary effect on the hearer.
		And only illocutionary effects, not perlocutionary ones, are governed by conventions.
	www.uni.edu /boedeker/hGriceSearle.doc (439 words)

	HFCL TUTORIAL INTERACTION AND RELATIONSHIPS
		This way of thinking about speech is important because it provides insight into the utility of human communication - namely, that humans use communication as a tool to further their own ends.
		Perlocutionary utterances, on the other hand, do attempt to effect a change.
		As with the others, perlocutionary speech acts are utterances; they include propositions, and they intend interaction with the receiver.
	www.rdillman.com /HFCL/TUTOR/Relation/relate2.html (910 words)

	Speech Acts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The bartender intends to be performing the perlocutionary acts of causing the patrons to believe that the bar is about to close and of getting them to want and to order one last drink.
		Speech acts, being perlocutionary as well as illocutionary, generally have some ulterior purpose, but they are distinguished primarily by their illocutionary type, such as asserting, requesting, promising and apologizing, which in turn are distinguished by the type of attitude expressed.
		The perlocutionary act is a matter of trying to get the hearer to form some correlative attitude and in some cases to act in a certain way.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~kbach/spchacts.html (4418 words)

	Hausarbeiten.de: Conditions for Employees` Pursuit of Power by the Use of Language - Hausarbeit. Seminararbeiten, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The first level relates to the environment in which an individual is situated, the second one to the individual′s skills with regard to an effective use of language, and the third one to the perlocutionary response of other persons over whom he or she seeks to gain power.
		The more similar the common background and the tacit understanding of the power-seeker and his or her addressees, the more they are likely to speak "the same language" in terms of the match between intent and response.
		The requirement of a "correct" perlocutionary response is mainly dealt with from the standpoint of potentially lacking homogeneity.
	www.hausarbeiten.de /faecher/hausarbeit/bwe/20687.html (9172 words)

	Peter Suber, "Review of Mason, Philosophical Rhetoric"
		By limiting his discussion of metaphor, analogy, and irony to their perlocutionary effects, however, and in a few more direct statements (xiii, 152), Mason leaves the false impression that these tropes have pragmatic but no cognitive function, or perlocutionary but no locutionary effects.
		But it is certainly true that they have a perlocutionary side that has not been sufficiently explored in the study of philosophical writing.
		The book is marred by the inconsistencies noted, superficial readings in the case studies, delay in defining key notions (none of "perlocutionary" until 36 or of "rhetoric" until 52), and the frequent difficulty he creates for the reader in distinguishing his voice from his many personae.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/writing/mason.htm (2025 words)

	Levels of Intentionality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		It will often be possible to regard a program not written in Elephant as though it were by regarding its inputs as questions and requests and its outputs as promises, etc. This is the Elephant analog of Newell's (1982) logic level or my (1979a) about ascribing mental qualities to machines.
		The same sentence may serve as both, but the conditions for successful perlocutionary acts don't just involve what the speaker says; the involve its effect on the hearer.
		by its inputs and outputs, whereas the correctness of an air traffic control program is essentially perlocutionary, because stating the full correctness of the latter involves stating that it prevents the airplanes from colliding.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/elephant/node9.html (862 words)

	The Advocate - September 2005 Index
		A second type of performative is what Austin calls perlocutionary ¨ utterances that force something to happen as a result of their having been uttered.
		For example, the injuriousness effect of uttering "nigger" is not inherent to the word itself; instead, the word conjures a history of racially motivated violence, degradation and exclusion, and it has therefore been associated with these significations.
		The connection between perlocutionary utterances and their effects can be changed.
	web.gc.cuny.edu /advocate/SEP05ISSUE/html/Sep05_hate_skinner.htm (2316 words)

	The Pragmatics of HCI: User Actions as Click Acts
		and a perlocutionary act, which is the effect of the illocution on the hearer (Saeed 212).
		Since the perlocutionary effect is of less interest to linguists, the illocutionary act is often meant when referring to speech acts (Saeed 212; Yule 49).
		It can be concluded that the locutionary act is the same as the perlocutionary act in most cases; if a user selects the operation "Cut" from the menu, only a system error could prevent the system from cutting the desired object.
	tom.alby.de /magisterarbeit/node44.html (785 words)

	Speech Act Theory
		Perlocutionary acts: bring about or achieve something, e.g.
		Two types of locutionary act are utterance acts, where something is said (or a sound is made) and which may not have any meaning, and propositional acts, where a particular reference is made.
		(note: acts are sometimes also called utterances - thus a perlocutionary act is the same a perlocutionary utterance).
	changingminds.org /explanations/theories/speect_act.htm (373 words)

	Elocution and illocutionary and perlocutionary and allocution and allocation
		Elocution and illocutionary and perlocutionary and allocution and allocation
		Linguists, as you might well believe, have buried themselves in the technical distinctions between performatives and constantatives, and between illocutionary and perlocutionary utterances, but I am really on my way to allocution so these others are just going to have to wait.
		The word allocution is derived from two Latin words, "ad" meaning "to" and "loquor" meaning "to speak," and it referred in classical times to a special address given by a military commander to his troops before or during a great battle in order to encourage them.
	www.drbilllong.com /MoreWords/AllocutionI.html (776 words)

	Effect of Construal Communality
		The question investigated here is whether persons who perceive the perlocutionary force of item responses as other people do provide more predictive responses to items than people with idiosyncratic perceptions of the perlocutionary force of items.
		To ascertain that the measured perlocutionary force of the items reflected the HPI scoring keys, mean profile ratings for items on the five HPI scales were computed and compared.
		If we can accept the idea that personality test-takers might consider the perlocutionary force of their item responses, this does not, of course, mean they will necessarily choose responses that are consistent with their established reputations.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/j/5/j5j/papers/construal.html (6273 words)

	performative
		Gould believes that Austin’s motivation for decoupling the performative from the true/false dichotomy was that he wanted to locate in language those regions in which we might find (or fail to find) relations to the world and its inhabitants, or to locate what Jacques Derrida regards as the “difference of force,” Gould reminds us.
		The perlocutionary act, on the other hand, is “what we bring about or achieve by saying something, such as convincing, persuading, deterring, and even, say, surprising or misleading” (p.
		The latter, on the other hand, is that sort of thing that Austin calls the perlocutionary force or effect of the utterance.
	www.bgsu.edu /cconline/Thomas/performative.html (633 words)

	Rhetorica: Press-Politics Journal: Using "facts" and "liberal" in the same sentence...
		Austin created this formula to describe the illocutionary act: F(p) in which F is the illocutionary force of a statement and p is the propositional content.
		The proposition is false because facts cannot possess and ideology or be biased except in the context of their perlocutionary effect.
		I would agree with this except you leave out the illocutionary act, which means you leave out intention and its context (although that may not be your intention).
	rhetorica.net /archives/003743.html (2474 words)

	Comments on "Meaning as Use" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Although in the normal case these all happen simultaneously, they can be distinguished in thought.
		perlocutionary acts involve some effect on the hearer that the utterance has
		illocutionary act is a means to the perlocutionary act, not conversely
	www.cs.ualberta.ca /~jeffp/phil417/SpeechActs.html (309 words)

	Salvatore Attardo's Abstracts Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Locutionary and perlocutionary cooperation: The perlocutionary cooperative principle
		This paper presents an argument for distinguishing between locutionary and perlocutionary cooperation, applying to linguistic and extra-linguistic goals, respectively.
		A principle governing perlocutionary cooperation is proposed and arguments for its usefulness and presented.
	cc.ysu.edu /~sattardo/abstr4.html (81 words)

	Glossary-n
		Although the two terms sound nearly identical, periphrasis is different from paraphrasis, which is the use of paraphrase.
		Perlocutionary force refers to the impact or effect an utterance has upon its recipient, for example, whether what is said or written persuades, frightens, ridicules, or amuses.
		A translation should attempt to convey to its audience the same impact that the source text had upon its audience.
	www.geocities.com /bible_translation/glossn.htm (1838 words)

	Language theory, Cognitive semantics and Pragmatics course, Linguistics,Gothenburg University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		What is the difference between illocutionary acts, perlocutionary acts and locutionary acts?
		Give 5 examples of perlocutionary verbs in Swedish or another language.
		Are they different in meaning and contextual application than the corresponding English perlocutionary verbs?
	www.ling.gu.se /~biljana/st1-97/questions2.html (112 words)

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