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Topic: Permafrost

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	Yukon Geological Survey- Permafrost Summary
		Permafrost may be well over 300 m thick in the more westerly, unglaciated portions of the Yukon Coastal Plain (Rampton 1982), but it thins rapidly to the south, and is usually absent beneath glacial ice and lakes.
		Permafrost in uplands of central and southern Yukon is a result of short, cool summers, for in winter the ground is protected by a thick snow cover.
		Water may be injected into near-surface permafrost in autumn (Pollard and French 1984), and the growth of ice wedges by snowmelt infiltrating winter thermal contraction cracks, also contributes to high ice contents in the uppermost 10 m of the ground (Pollard and French 1980).
	www.geology.gov.yk.ca /publications/summaries/permafrost.html (1377 words)

	SOTC: Permafrost
		Permafrost underlies 12 to 18 percent of the exposed land surface in the Northern Hemisphere.
		Permafrost occurs as far north as 84°N in northern Greenland, and as far south as 26°N in the Himalayas.
		The IPA map shows the distribution of permafrost and ground ice for the continental land masses, areas of mountain and plateau permafrost, sub-sea and relict permafrost, relative abundance of ice wedges, massive ice bodies and pingos, and for ranges of permafrost temperature and thickness (Brown et al.
	nsidc.org /sotc/permafrost.html (890 words)

	Permafrost - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Overlying permafrost is a the layer of ground called the active layer that seasonally thaws during the summer.
		Measurement of the depth and extent of permafrost may be an indicator of global warming as recent years (1998 and 2001) have seen record thawing of permafrost in Alaska and Siberia.
		Building on permafrost is difficult due to the heat of the building (or pipeline) melting the permafrost and sinking downwards.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Permafrost (1059 words)

	Climate Change Impacts on the US: Alaska. Educational Resources
		Thawing of permafrost, retreat and thinning of sea ice, and reduction of the river and lake-ice seasons are underway and are projected to continue.
		Permafrost is a frozen layer of soil of variable depth found beneath Earth's surface in frigid regions.
		For example, to prevent thawing of permafrost from transport of heated oil in the Trans-Alaska pipeline, 400 miles of pipeline were elevated on thermosyphon piles (to keep the ground frozen), at an additional cost of $800 million.
	www.usgcrp.gov /usgcrp/nacc/education/alaska/ak-edu-3.htm (2580 words)

	Moon Miners' Manifesto: Permafrost on Mars
		Permafrost is the soil condition that manifests itself in "tundra" type no-root or shallow-root vegetation.
		Permafrost could have formed in adjacent areas not covered by standing water through the lateral spread of ground water, and in still other areas if subject to seasonal rainfall.
		On Earth, (a) permafrost renders the land agriculturally unproductive, although tundra lichens and other vegetation is sufficient to maintain a large wildlife population of caribou, rabbits, and other hardy arctic fauna.
	www.asi.org /adb/06/09/03/02/093/permafrost.html (1155 words)

	Most of Arctic's Near-Surface Permafrost may Thaw by 2100 - News Release
		Permafrost is typically characterized by an active surface layer, extending anywhere from a few centimeters to several meters deep, which thaws during the summer and refreezes during the winter.
		Deeper permafrost has not thawed since the last ice age, over 10,000 years ago, and will be largely unaffected by global warming in the coming century, says Lawrence.
		Shown are areas with near-surface permafrost in the CCSM simulations for 1980-1999 (light blue) and 2080-2099 (dark blue).
	www.ucar.edu /news/releases/2005/permafrost.shtml (850 words)

	Permafrost
		Permafrost is not defined by soil moisture content, overlying snow cover, or location; it's defined solely by temperature.
		Understanding permafrost is not only important to civil engineering and architecture, it's also a crucial part of studying global change and protecting the environment in cold regions.
		Permafrost, which is a solid structure of frozen soil, can be an ideal terrain on which to build.
	www.solcomhouse.com /Permafrost.htm (778 words)

	Permafrost in Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		In Interior and Western Alaska, the permafrost is often less than 100 feet thick and the thawed layer on top may be as much as several feet in depth.
		Of particular importance in the north is the ground ice often found in permafrost.
		Since the ice had been exposed to the warmth of summer, the permafrost began melting, and of course, the road began dipping in places, while deep sinkholes formed in others.
	fairbanks-alaska.com /permafrost.htm (801 words)

	Newton's Apple Teacher's Guides: Permafrost (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Permafrost underlies an estimated 20%-25% of the world's land surface; it occurs in more than 50% of Russia and Canada, 82% of Alaska, 20% of China, and probably all of Antarctica.
		Permafrost in northern Siberia is 1,600 meters, (5,250 feet) thick and it is 650 meters (2,100 feet) thick in northern Alaska.
		Permafrost's capacity to preserve plants and animals for centuries gives scientists a window into the past to help them assess how rapidly greenhouse pollutants may be warming the Earth.
	www.ktca.org /newtons/11/prmfrost.html (1220 words)

	Geoindicator: Frozen ground activity
		In permafrost and other cryogenic (periglacial) areas and in temperate regions where there is extensive seasonal freezing and thawing of soils, a wide range of processes lead to a variety of surface expressions, many of which have profound effects on human structures and settlements, as well as on ecosystems.
		Permafrost terrains are characterized by a wide range of slow downslope movements involving creep, such as rock glaciers and gelifluction, and by more rapid landslides and snow avalanches [see slope failure].
		It is estimated that nearly 1/4 of the world's terrestrial carbon is tied up in dead organic mater in the active layer and in permafrost: long-term climate warming would facilitate decomposition and drying, releasing huge quantities of methane and CO [see wetlands extent, structure and hydrology].
	www.gcrio.org /geo/frozen.html (1416 words)

	How rapidly is permafrost changing - Romanovsky
		The long-term records of the near-surface permafrost temperature, obtained from different parts of the permafrost zone in northern regions, show a significant warming trend during the last 30 years (Table 1).
		While the increase in permafrost temperatures may change many of its physical properties that can have some negative effects on infrastructure, the major threshold occurs when permafrost starts to thaw from its top down.
		Oberman, N.G. and G.G. Mazhitova, Permafrost dynamics in the north-east of European Russia at the end of the 20th century.
	www.arctic.noaa.gov /essay_romanovsky.html (1966 words)

	LiveScience.com - Surprising Side Effects of Global Warming
		There is "widespread evidence" that global warming is responsible for the observed changes in seasonally frozen soil and permafrost, said Frederick Nelson, a geographer at the University of Delaware.
		During 2003, the warmest summer on record in the Alps, the slushy active layer of the permafrost moved down from its long-term average depth of 15 feet (4.5 meters) to 29 feet (9 meters).
		The seasonally thawed layer breaks away from the permafrost underneath due to rapid thawing of ice lenses in the soil.
	www.livescience.com /forcesofnature/041222_permafrost.html (1073 words)

	Mountain concern - climate-change - 04 January 2001 - New Scientist
		The permafrost that holds together the slopes of some of Europe's highest mountain ranges is melting, threatening resorts and villages with deadly landslides.
		Harris is co-ordinating a group called Permafrost and Climate in Europe (PACE), which is conducting a Europe-wide monitoring of permafrost in mountain peaks.
		Permafrost is a layer of earth of a few inches below the surface that is normally permanently frozen.
	www.newscientist.com /channel/earth/climate-change/dn295 (268 words)

	2.6 Million Years of Climate Change
		Permafrost has shaped and defined much of the Beringian landscape of the past and present.
		In regions of permafrost, plant roots can only reach down as far as the permanently frozen layer, limiting their growth.
		Permafrost also shapes the land surface into large and small formations such as pingos, polygons and the sorted circles in front of you.
	www.beringia.com /climate/content/permafrost.shtml (340 words)

	Permafrost
		Cold permafrost — Remains below 30° F, and which may be as low as 10° F as on the North Slope; tolerates introduction of considerable heat without thawing.
		Below-ground pipeline, conventional burial — Where either unfrozen or thaw-stable permafrost were encountered the pipeline was buried in the conventional manner with no special provisions for permafrost.
		Below-ground pipeline, special burial — Where thaw-unstable permafrost was encountered, but where the pipeline had to be buried for highway, animal crossings, or avoidance of rockslides and avalanches, protection of the permafrost from heat of the pipeline was provided by insulation around the pipeline.
	www.alyeska-pipe.com /Pipelinefacts/Permafrost.html (586 words)

	The Atlas of Canada - Permafrost (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Permafrost occurs when the ground remains at or below a temperature of 0oC for a minimum period of two...
		Almost all of the soil moisture in permafrost occurs in the form of ground ice, which in turn occurs in several different forms.
		Permafrost and ground ice have had significant effects on the economic development of the North.
	atlas.nrcan.gc.ca /site/english/maps/environment/land/permafrost (124 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Microbes survive deep permafrost
		Permafrost covers about one fifth of the world's land surface and is frozen over most of Alaska, Northern Canada and Siberia, from depths of a few centimetres to 300m (1,000ft).
		Long considered a major carbon sink, recent evidence suggests that the permafrost is thawing as global temperatures rise.
		If the activity of these bacteria was incorporated into models of climate change prediction, the permafrost may take on the role of a source of greenhouse gases rather than a sink.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4287579.stm (743 words)

	Great Northern Audio -Permafrost, MN
		PERMAFROST is an unincorporated (and entirely concocted) town on the logging road, off the gravel road, off the county road from Big Falls, in Koochiching County, Minnesota, on Dinner Creek.
		PERMAFROST, the audio serial is thirteen three-minute episodes in the life of the people who live and work in the town.
		Below are the castmembers of Permafrost, MN According to the Minnesota DNR, among the 10,001 lakes in Minnesota are:
	www.greatnorthernaudio.com /gnrt/permafrost.html (487 words)

	The Living Edens: Activities for the Classroom - Permawhat?
		Permafrost freezes solid in winter but warm surface temperatures in summer melt the upper layer resulting in a soft, wet, spongy environment.
		While permafrost is freezing, have students construct a small clay house with toothpicks as corner supports so that structure will rest on permafrost.
		Record the temperature of the surface of the permafrost as it melts.
	www.pbs.org /edens/denali/permawht.htm (640 words)

	1A1 Description
		The Permafrost Tunnel is situated near the valley floor of Goldstream Creek, ten miles north of Fairbanks, Alaska.
		Permafrost distribution in Fairbanks is not continuous, but excellent reconnaissance allowed tunnel excavation entirely within frozen ground on the north slope of Hill 456 near Fox, Alaska.
		Special emphasis was given to tunnel behavior in permafrost, including deformation, natural air flow, feasible types of ventilation and thermal regime.
	www.crrel.usace.army.mil /permafrosttunnel/1a1_Description.htm (249 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Earth's permafrost starts to squelch
		The permafrost melt is accelerating throughout the world's cold regions, scientists reported at the recent Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco.
		Scientists reported an increased frequency in landslides in the soil-based permafrost of Canada, and an increased instability and slope failures in mountainous regions, such as the Alps, where ice is locked in bedrock.
		With the exception of Russia and its long history of permafrost monitoring, global records are insufficient - often too brief or scattered - to determine the precise extent of ice loss, said Dr Nelson.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/4120755.stm (1086 words)

	ESA - Mars Express - Water at Martian south pole
		Permafrost is water ice, mixed into the soil of Mars, and frozen to the hardness of solid rock by the low Martian temperatures.
		The third part was unexpected and encompasses the vast permafrost fields that stretch for tens of kilometres away from the scarps.
		The OMEGA observations were made between 18 January and 11 February this year, when it was late summer for the Martian southern hemisphere and temperatures would be at their highest.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMYKEX5WRD_0.html (576 words)

	Permafrost Keep -- EQ Atlas
		Permafrost Keep is an ancient ice giant castle that has fallen into ruin, buried in the glaciers that are slowly claiming the northlands.
		Permafrost Keep is similar to other goblin dungeons in that there are always a large number of goblins either standing or wandering around anyplace that you are.
		It should be noted that one of the two dragons on Antonica resides in the depths of Permafrost.
	www.eqatlas.com /permafrost.html (714 words)

	Permafrost
		Permafrost research at the Geological Survey of Canada is driven by client needs, including those of the federal, provincial and territorial governments, industry and the general public.
		permafrost hydrogeology and the behaviour of contaminants in frozen soils, and
		GSC's permafrost research integrates geological mapping, process studies, geotechnical investigations, geophysical and geothermal surveys, laboratory studies (through the GSC-Ottawa/Carleton Geocryology Facility), and numerical/GIS modelling.
	gsc.nrcan.gc.ca /permafrost/index_e.php (132 words)

	Climate warning as Siberia melts - earth - 11 August 2005 - New Scientist
		An area stretching for a million square kilometres across the permafrost of western Siberia is turning into a mass of shallow lakes as the ground melts, according to Russian researchers just back from the region.
		Then as the permafrost begins to melt, water collects on the surface, forming ponds that are prevented from draining away by the frozen bog beneath.
		An international research partnership known as the Global Carbon Project earlier this year identified melting permafrost as a major source of feedbacks that could accelerate climate change by releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=mg18725124.500 (699 words)

	Permafrost (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Reading for Volume 27 Permafrost contests is open.
		Entries to Permafrost's fiction contest must be sent individually (one story per submission) and should include a SASE and the $10 fee.
		All entrants will receive a year's subscription to Permafrost and are eligible for publication, but only the first-place winner gets the hundred bucks.
	www.uaf.edu /english/permafrost/contest.html (173 words)

	Search for life on Mars will start in Siberia
		Their object is to investigate the microorganisms in the permafrost - permanently frozen soil - and to establish morphological characteristics and chemical biomarkers by which these microbes can be recognized.
		Hoover said three types of life forms are found in permafrost: active ones that eke out a living, forms in suspended anabiosis until things get better, and the ones that simply gave up and died.
		The ecosystems of the ice and permafrost should provide clues to the potential for life in the permafrost or ice caps of Mars, comets, and on the ice-covered moons of Jupiter (Europa, Ganymede, Callisto) and Saturn (Miranda, Titan), among others.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast27may99_1.htm (1424 words)

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