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Topic: Peroxyacetyl Nitrates

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	Peroxyacyl nitrates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Peroxyacyl nitrates, or PANs, are powerful respiratory and eye irritants present in photochemical smog.
		They are formed from a peroxyacid radical and nitrogen dioxide, for example peroxyacetyl nitrate, CH PANs are both toxic and irritating, as they dissolve more readily in water than ozone.
		Free radical reactions catalyzed by ultraviolet light from the sun oxidize unburned hydrocarbons to aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and finally peroxyacids, which combine with nitrogen dioxide to form peroxyacyl nitrates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peroxyacetyl_nitrate (243 words)

	untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is produced by a complex photochemical reaction between hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight.
		Presence of high concentrations of ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate is characterized as photochemical smog.
		Peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN) and other oxidants along with ozone are powerful eye irritants.
	bengu-pc2.njit.edu /trp-chem/air_html/impact.htm (635 words)

	Atmospheric Pollutant Analyser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Ozone and other photochemical oxidants such as peroxyacetyl nitrates and aldehydes are associated with health effects in humans.
		Peroxyacetyl nitrates and aldehydes cause the eye irritation that is characteristic of photochemical pollution.
		Ozone has a greater impact on the respiratory system, where it irritates the mucous membranes of the nose, throat and airways; ninety percent of the ozone inhaled into the lungs is never exhaled.
	www.kingston.ac.uk /~ku05346/atmospheric/o3.htm (345 words)

	JAIC 1993, Volume 32, Number 1, Article 6 (pp. 59 to 79)
		These studies have shown that a number of air pollutants—including ozone, nitrogen dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitric acid, formaldehyde, and chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methyl chloroform and tetrachloro-ethylene—are frequently present in museum air.
		PAN and other peroxyacyl nitrates are mutagens, eye irritants, and phytotoxins (Peak and Belser 1969; Taylor 1969; Stephens 1969; Temple and Taylor 1983; Shepson et al.
		Methyl nitrate was measured along with PAN by EC-GC, and calibration of the EC-GC for methyl nitrate involved the synthesis of pure methyl nitrate and chemiluminescence measurements with a calibrated NOx analyzer.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic32-01-006.html (5020 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Prevention of Significant Deterioration for Nitrogen Oxides
		In some cases, nitrate may be temporarily stored in snow packs from which it is subsequently released in more concentrated form in snowmelt.
		The major cause of visibility impairment in the East is sulfates, not nitrates which account for only 7 to 16 percent of the light extinction in the East.
		However, nitrates in the West are responsible for up to 45 percent of the light extinction.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2005/October/Day-12/a20110.htm (14985 words)

	Nitrogen, oxides of (EHC 188, 1997, 2nd edition)
		Nitrate ion is transported into alveolar type 2 cells acidifying the cell.
		It is emitted to the atmosphere as a trace component from some combustion sources and from the consumption of nitrate by an ubiquitous group of denitrification bacteria that use nitrate as their terminal electron acceptor in the absence of oxygen (Delwiche, 1970; Brezonik, 1972; Keeney, 1973; Focht & Verstraete, 1977).
		2.2.5 Peroxyacetyl nitrate Of the various peroxy nitrates found in ambient air, peroxyacetyl nitrate (CH), or PAN, is found at the highest concentrations.
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/chemical/nitrgoxd/ehc188.htm (13716 words)

	FR Doc 05-3366
		The basic concern is that deposition of nitrates alters the availability of nitrogen to organisms (e.g., algae, fish, submerged vegetation, and amphibian and aquatic vertebrate communities) and causes changes in species composition within the system.
		Nitrate particles are observed as both fine and coarse particles.
		Nitrates account for only 7 to 16 percent of the light extinction in the East, but are responsible for between 4 and 45 percent of the light extinction in the West.
	edocket.access.gpo.gov /2005/05-3366.htm (15516 words)

	nitrates - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "nitrates" is defined.
		Nitrates : Savvy Home Advice Glossary [home, info]
		Phrases that include nitrates: convert into nitrates, organic nitrates, peroxyacetyl nitrates
	www.onelook.com /?w=nitrates (144 words)

	Atmospheric Pollutant Analyser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		PAN and other acyl nitrates are formed by the reactions of peroxy radicals(peroxy radicals initially coming from volatile organic compounds) with NO
		Peroxyacetyl nitrates and aldehydescause the eye irritation that is characteristic of photochemical pollution.
		PAN also has an impact on the respiratory system (although to lesser extent than ozone), where it irritates the mucous membranes of the nose, throat and airways; ymptoms associated with exposure include cough, chest pain, and throat irritation.
	www.kingston.ac.uk /~ku05346/atmospheric/pan.htm (195 words)

	All That Smog - Background
		These activities, along with slashing-and-burning of trees and agricultural organic wastes, led to large emissions of two major primary pollutants, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (Gow and Pidwirny).
		Interacting with sunlight, primary pollutants form various hazardous chemicals known as secondary pollutants-namely peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN) and ground-level (tropospheric) ozone (ibid.).
		Given stable weather conditions with low winds, a temperature inversion-in the form of a highly-pressurized air settling upon the cooler air beneath it-can lead to a buildup in the concentration of ground-level ozone.
	are.berkeley.edu /courses/EEP101/spring03/AllThatSmog/back.html (1119 words)

	Catalytic water wash - Patent 4314902
		While nitric oxide itself is not toxic, in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, it participates in chemical reactions to produce nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides.
		Moreover, if moisture is present, nitrous and nitric acids are formed and, with sunlight, ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrates are produced, all of which are toxic to both animal and plant life.
		It has been found, however, that when gasoline was subjected to the treatment process of this invention before combustion, nitrogen oxide exhaust emissions decreased, as shown by the table which follows, in a range between 42% and 9% depending upon the brand of gasoline treated.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4314902.html (4404 words)

	Session 1: The Professional Transcriber
		It aggravates chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis, and can cause serious health problems for people in weakened health and the elderly.
		Peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN) and other oxidants that accompany ozone are powerful eye irritants.
		Exposure for 6-7 hours or more reduces lung function significantly in healthy people during periods of even moderate exercise.
	www.brl.org /transcribers/session01/s1write.html (1043 words)

	Explorations in Environmental Science
		As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms, such as fish.
		A group of air-polluting chemical compounds found in photochemical smog; they are produced by the action of sunlight on oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and ozone.
		Peroxyacetyl nitrates are usually known by their acronym, PAN.
	www.shodor.org /succeed/enviro/glossary.html (5391 words)

	Peroxyacyl nitrates Summary
		The peroxyacyl nitrates are formed when ozone reacts with hydrocarbons such as those found in unburned petroleum.
		The peroyxacyl nitrates attack plants, causing spotting and discoloration of leaves, destruction of flowers, reduction in fruit production and seed formation, and death of the plant.
		Cardiac and respiratory conditions, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis, may result from long-term exposure to the peroxyacyl nitrates.
	www.bookrags.com /Peroxyacyl_nitrates (332 words)

	Eddy covariance fluxes of peroxyacetyl nitrates (PANs) and NOy to a coniferous forest
		Eddy covariance fluxes of peroxyacetyl nitrates (PANs) and NOy to a coniferous forest
		We employed a fast response thermal dissociation-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (TD-CIMS) system to measure eddy covariance fluxes of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) and peroxymethacryloyl nitrate (MPAN).
		Keywords: peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN); deposition; eddy covariance; coniferous forests.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2006/2005JD006631.shtml (504 words)

	AEPNC - AGRI ETHANOL PRODUCTS LLC
		Oxygenates are added to gasoline to increase the level of oxygen available for the combustion process.
		The result is a more complete combustion of the fuel, reducing the emissions of poisonous carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons (which cause smog) and other pollutants such as peroxyacetyl nitrates that irritate the eyes and burn the lungs.
		Oxygenated gasoline was first used for environmental reasons in isolated regional programs in the United States in 1988.
	www.aepnc.com /product_01.html (1484 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The percentage contribution of organic N to total N loading varies from site to site and with measurement methodology but is consistently around a third of the total N load with a median value of 30% (Standard Deviation of 16%).
		There are no indications that AON is a proportionally greater contributor to N deposition in unpolluted environments and there are not strong correlations between fluxes of nitrate and AON or ammonium and AON.
		The reduced and bacterially-related forms of AON do not appear to play an important role in the overall flux of AON to the surface of the earth; however both dust and oxidized organic N species such as peroxyacetyl nitrates may be important.
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/esa2000/abstracts/JAS-3-59-6.html (362 words)

	Surprising news from ACD on Houston’s ozone problem
		This process is hard to document in action, so chemists often measure byproducts and then work their way backward through the chain of events.
		Among the byproducts is a set of organic nitrates referred to as PANs (peroxyacetyl nitrates).
		ACD’s Andy Weinheimer and Frank Flocke, using an instrument that measures and separates out the different kinds of PANs, found that the highest ozone levels were colocated with high levels of PANs formed through hydrocarbons that came from industrial rather than biogenic sources.
	www.ucar.edu /communications/staffnotes/0203/acd.html (1247 words)

	Measurement of peroxyacetyl nitrate
		Measurement of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN)
		The instrument is based on capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection.
		Based on chromatograms that were taken in very clean air we estimate an in-flight limit of detection (for all 3 species) that is better than 5 pptv.
	www-gte.larc.nasa.gov /trace/TP_Flocke_Instrument.htm (506 words)

	[No title]
		Information on peroxyacetyl nitrate (pan) and peroxylpropionyl nitrate (ppn) Grosjean, E., D. Grosjean, M.P. Fraser, and G.R. Cass (1996) “Air Quality Model Evaluation Data for organics.
		Peroxyacetyl Nitrate and Peroxypropionyl Nitrate in Los Angeles Air,” Environmental Science & Technology, 30, 2704-2714.
		Williams E.L. Grosjean, and D. Grosjean (1993) “Ambient Levels of the Peroxyacetyl Nitrates PAN, PPN and MPAN in Atlanta, Georgia,” Journal of the Air Waste Management Association, 42: 805-809.
	www.arb.ca.gov /fuels/gasoline/ethanol/ethfate/EthRef.doc (933 words)

	Atmospheric Pollutant Analyser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		As the sunlight becomes intense later in the day, nitrogen dioxide is broken down and its by-products form increasing concentrations of ozone.
		At the same time, some of the nitrogen dioxide can react with volatile organic compounds to produce toxic chemicals such as peroxyacetyl nitrate.
		Below are the outlines of the processes required for the formation of the two most dominant toxic components: ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
	www.kingston.ac.uk /~ku05346/atmospheric/smog.htm (501 words)

	CE-CERT: Continuing Measurements of NOy, Nitric Acid, NO2, and PAN in the South Coast Air Basin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The total concentration of reactive oxidized nitrogen-containing compounds is generally referred to as NOy.
		In an urban atmosphere, NOy consists primarily of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), peroxyacetyl nitrates (PacNs, primarily peroxyacetyl nitrate [PAN] and peroxy propionyl nitrate [PPN]), nitric acid (HNO3), particulate nitrate, and nitrous acid (HONO), roughly in that order of abundance.
		In this project, CE-CERT is measuring NOy and nitric acid at sites in Riverside and Azusa, CA, to collect continuous data averaged over one-hour periods.
	www.cert.ucr.edu /research/project.asp?project=192 (183 words)

	APPENDIX 16: EXERCISE & AIR POLLUTION
		However, breathing polluted air may be somewhat inescapable in some urban areas.
		Environmental pollutants include hydrocarbons, oxidants, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, peroxyacetyl nitrates and others.
		Any or all of these can cause bronchial irritation, excessive mucus production, decreased efficiency of the bronchial cilia (hairlike structures) that move and filter mucus, and decreased resistance to respiratory-tract infections.
	www.healthse.com /injuries/injuries106.php (298 words)

	IGAC \| PEACAMPOT and PEACAMPOT II campaigns
		Meyrahn, H., J. Hahn, G. Helas, P. Warneck, and S.A. Penkett, Cryogenic sampling and analysis of peroxyacetyl nitrate in the atmosphere, in: B. Versino and G. Angeletti (eds.), Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants, pp.
		Singh, H. and L.J. Salas, Peroxyacetyl nitrate in the free troposphere, Nature, 302, 326-328, 1983.
		Watanabe, I., M. Nakan-ishi, J. Tomita, S. Hatake-yama, K. Murano, H. Mukai, and H. Bandow, Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrates in urban/remote sites and the lower troposphere around Japan, Environ.
	www.igac.noaa.gov /newsletter/20/peacampot.php (1532 words)

	Hydraulic binder and cement compositions containing photocatalyst particles - Patent 6409821
		Neither inorganic pollutants are to be excluded such as the nitrogen oxides NO.sub.X which with the photocatalyst according to the present invention can be oxidized to nitrates.
		The photocatalytic action of titanium dioxide is well known in the art, as it is known that TiO.sub.2 particles may adhere to inorganic substrates such as cement.
		A high concentration of these oxides with respect to the average quantity of the same in a not polluted area is due to the presence of movable sources (vehicles) and stationary sources and can originate acid rains or organic compounds such as peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN) being irritating for eyes and phytoxic from plants.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6409821.html (5386 words)

	University of Houston College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide, peroxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and peroxyacetyl nitrates (PANs) in remote unpolluted areas in order to determine undisturbed atmospheric background conditions, (2) the investigation of disturbances of the unpolluted atmosphere through complex anthropogenic source regions (e.g.
		Kourtidis K. A., Fabian P., Zerefos C., Rappenglück B. (1993): Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) and PAN/ozone ratio measurements at three sites in Germany, Tellus, 45, 442-457
		Rappenglück B., Kourtidis K., Fabian P. (1993): Measurements of ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in Munich, Atmos.
	nsm.uh.edu /faculty.php?155622-961-5=brappeng (1248 words)

	Welcome to the Clean Air Act Information Network
		Other oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxyacyl nitrates, also have been observed, but in lower and less certain concentrations.
		The purpose of this revised criteria document, therefore, is to summarize the pertinent information contained in the previous O3 criteria document and to critically evaluate and assess the more recent scientific data associated with exposure to O3 and, to a lesser extent, to H2O2 and the peroxyacyl nitrates, particularly peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).
		It should be noted that the atmospheric chemical processes involved in the photooxidation of certain higher molecular weight VOCs and in the formation of O3 also can lead to the formation of particulate-phase organic compounds.
	envinfo.com /caain/nonattainment/0746ch01.html (3418 words)

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