Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire

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	Early Christianity
		This persecution came to an end with the conversion to Christianity of Constantine, the ruler of the western half of the empire, and the subsequent official recognition of Christianity as a legal religion.
		The persecution of the Roman Christians represented the beginning of periods of persecution against the church during which times many Christians would bear witness to their faith through martyrdom.
		Christianity arose some 2000 years ago among the Jewish communities in Palestine at a time when Palestine was occupied by the Roman empire.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/christ/early/earlyessay.html (1143 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: Islamic Beginnings (The Sassanid Empire)
		The Christians in the Sassanid Empire had not previously faced persecution for their religion, since they were mostly Nestorian Christians, a different branch of Christianity than that practiced in the Roman Empire.
		The Arabs were particularly underestimated; the Persians gave more credence to the threat from raiding groups from the east than to the Arabs, possibly due to the Persian victory in southern Arabia that helped the Sassanids maintain control of the Red Sea trading route in the early 6th century.
		The Sassanid Empire was almost constantly at war with the neighbouring Roman Empire to the west; Ardashir's son, Shapur I, even captured the Roman Emperor, Valerian, for a time in 260.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/sassanid.html (925 words)

	Exploring Africa -> Students-> Religion in Africa-> Christianity
		Although the early Christian church suffered persecution at the hands of Roman officials, the fact that Palestine was part of the Roman Empire facilitated the rapid spread of Christianity.
		Recognizing the importance of a sacred text in solidifying their control over Christianity, the Roman faction brought together a collection of writings by early Christians and proclaimed these writings were inspired by God and that they were the true testament of the life and teachings of Jesus.
		Early Christians (followers of Christ) believed that Jesus was divine in that he was the son of God.
	exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu /curriculum/lm14/stu_actfour14.html (4641 words)

	The Great Persecution: Notes
		The Empire was on the verge of collapse and the Christian cult found itself being scapegoated by for Roman misfortunes.
		In fact, until the middle of the third century there was no legalized persecution of Christians.
		After the persecution he became a member of Constantine's court in Gaul, where he participated in the education of Constantine's son, Crispus, which was for naught since Constantine had Crispus executed in 326.
	users.drew.edu /~ddoughty/christianorigins/persecutions/GreatPer.html (4641 words)

	THE PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE (300-438)
		The Persecution of the Jews in the Roman Empire (300-428)
		That individual Jews hated and reviled the Christians there can be no doubt, but there is no evidence that the Jews as a class hated and persecuted the Christians as a class during the early years of the fourth century.
		In Alexandria the Jews are usually represented as being permanently and violently hostile to the orthodox Christians; their participation in the Arian riots of the fourth century during the primacy of Athanasius and his successors is usually quoted as evidence of this.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/seaver/text.html (19237 words)

	Christian History Corner: Iraqi Christians' Path of Persecution - Christianity Today Magazine
		Despite severe Persian Empire persecution, the ancient Mesopotamian Church blossomed during the fourth century while allied with Antioch, which was a major early hub of Christianity in the Roman Empire.
		Persian ruler Chosroes II conquered Constantinople in 605 and by 615 and possessed every major city in the formerly Roman-controlled Middle East.
		In A.D. 410, at the Council of Seleucia, the Persian church declared its separation from Antioch.
	www.christianitytoday.com /ct/2003/109/54.0.html (1410 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Early Christian Inscriptions
		Many a nameless grave among the five million estimated to exist in the Roman catacombs held the remains of early Christians who witnessed to the Faith with their blood.
		While the copious material obtained from the early Christian epitaphs, especially the inscriptions of the Roman (Latin) and the Greek-Oriental groups, is equivalent to a book in stone on the faith and life of our Christian forefathers, the purely literary side of these monuments is not insignificant.
		This, however, is easily explained by recalling the circumstances of burial in the periods of persecution, when Christians must have been contented to save and to give even secret burial to the remains of their martyrs.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08042a.htm (1410 words)

	ORB: Early Christian Doctrine
		The Roman historian, Tacitus, records that persecution under Emperor Nero was due to his blaming the impurity of the Christians in Rome for the burning of that city in 64 CE.
		After securing the boundaries of the empire, Diocletian tried to revive the ancient pagan religion of Rome; he believed that uniting the country under one religion would make it stronger.
		Citizens were required to partake in practice of the state religion; worship of the emperor and of the state-sanctioned gods was a political duty.
	www.the-orb.net /encyclop/religion/early/jcdoctrine.html (4020 words)

	Daily Bible Study - Roman Roads
		Although the early Christians often suffered tremendous persecution from the Romans (see Bible History), the Roman Roads permitted the apostles and many of God's people (particularly those who held Roman citizenship) to travel much more easily, while protected by patrolling Roman troops from detachments who were stationed along the way.
		It's actually quite ironic that the infrastructure of the empire that attempted to destroy Christianity also made possible its spread to the very farthest frontier regions of the then-known world.
		The Roman road system was quite remarkable in its extent - from throughout Britain in the west, to the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers (today Iraq) in the east, and from the Danube River in central Europe to as far south as North Africa.
	www.keyway.ca /htm2002/romeroad.htm (4020 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: Islamic Beginnings (The Sassanid Empire)
		The Christians in the Sassanid Empire had not previously faced persecution for their religion, since they were mostly Nestorian Christians, a different branch of Christianity than that practiced in the Roman Empire.
		Still, the Sassanid Christians were the first to be suspected of political disloyalty whenever the empire came into conflict with the Romans after Constantine's time.
		The Sassanid Empire was almost constantly at war with the neighbouring Roman Empire to the west; Ardashir's son, Shapur I, even captured the Roman Emperor, Valerian, for a time in 260.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/sassanid.html (4020 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: Islamic Beginnings (The Sassanid Empire)
		The Christians in the Sassanid Empire had not previously faced persecution for their religion, since they were mostly Nestorian Christians, a different branch of Christianity than that practiced in the Roman Empire.
		The Sassanid Empire was almost constantly at war with the neighbouring Roman Empire to the west; Ardashir's son, Shapur I, even captured the Roman Emperor, Valerian, for a time in 260.
		For this reason the Sassanid Empire is important to our understanding of Islamic history, because it was instrumental in promoting Persian nationalism, and creating a Persian identity that remained strong even after the Islamic conquest and attempted Arabisation of the region.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/sassanid.html (4020 words)

	Western North African Christianity: A History of the Christian Church in Western North Africa
		The Roman empire fell during Augustine’s episcopate prompting the thoroughly Romanized Augustine to defend Christianity against those who accused the Christians for being responsible for the fall of the Empire.
		Christianity in Western North Africa was predominantly urban, since its evangelists were Latin speakers who for various reasons had come to North Africa from Rome or other parts of the Roman empire, though the church also grew rapidly in the frontier regions of Numidia where there were fewer Romans and more people of Phonecian ancestry.
		North Africa was clearly western in its orientation, while Byzantium was the center of the eastern church.
	www.bethel.edu /~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html (874 words)

	Exploring Africa -> Students-> Religion in Africa-> Christianity
		Although the early Christian church suffered persecution at the hands of Roman officials, the fact that Palestine was part of the Roman Empire facilitated the rapid spread of Christianity.
		Recognizing the importance of a sacred text in solidifying their control over Christianity, the Roman faction brought together a collection of writings by early Christians and proclaimed these writings were inspired by God and that they were the true testament of the life and teachings of Jesus.
		Early Christians (followers of Christ) believed that Jesus was divine in that he was the son of God.
	exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu /curriculum/lm14/stu_actfour14.html (4641 words)

	Book of Revelation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Neo-Ebionites and other Neo-Essenes regard Revelation as a description of the Destruction of The Temple in AD 70 and the subsequent Imperial Roman persecution of Jews and Christians.
		Politically, historicist interpretations apply the symbols of Revelation to the gradual division and collapse of the Roman Empire, the emergence of a divided Europe in the West and a Muslim empire in the East, and the collapse of the Eastern Empire while Europe attempts to reunite and recreate the Roman Empire.
		Preterist interpretations generally identify Jerusalem as the persecutor of the Church, "Babylon", the "Mother of Harlots", etc. They see Armageddon as God's judgment on the Jews, carried out by the Roman army, which is identified as "the beast".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Book_of_Revelation (3665 words)

	Decius, Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Early in 251, a few months before Decius's death, the persecution of Christians ceased.
		Before Decius's reign, persecution of the Christians in the empire had been sporadic and local, but about the beginning of January 250 he issued an edict ordering all citizens to perform a religious sacrifice in the presence of commissioners.
		Decius provided the model for a more thorough persecution of Christians, which began in 303 under Diocletian's reign.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9029704 (3665 words)

	Anno Domini - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Like the other inhabitants of the Roman Empire, early Christians used one of several methods to indicate a specific year — and it was not uncommon for more than one to be used in the same document.
		Era of Martyrs, which numbered years from the accession of Diocletian in 284, who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians.
		His successors followed his practice until the memory of the Roman Republic faded (late in the
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anno_Domini (3665 words)

	Egypt, ancient: history - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Egypt, ancient: history
		); the brief conquest by Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra (later 3rd century); and the persecution of Christians under the emperors Septimius Severus, Decius, and Diocletian (late 2nd–early 4th centuries
		After the fall of Rome in 476, Egypt remained part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
		The temple of Serapis at Alexandria was the scene of a bloody conflict between the Christian mob and the adherents of the older gods, but finally it was converted into a church for the use of the Christians.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Egypt,+ancient:+history (7569 words)

	St Andrew Orthodox Christian Church - History of the Orthodox Church
		Until the eighth century, Muslims denied Antioch a patriarch, and Roman Orthodox Christians were accused of supporting the Roman Emperors; an excuse used at many times to carry on persecution against them.
		The most famous writings debating early Islam were those of Saint John of Damascus (+754), Theodore Abu Qurra (740 - 825), George of Antioch (thirteenth century monk in Saint Symeon's monastery of the Admirable Mountain near Antioch), and Abdullah Ben Al Fadl of Antioch (+ 1052).
		Many Christian churches were converted into mosques; the greatest of these are the Grand Umayyad Mosque in Damascus (previously the Roman Orthodox Saint John the Baptist Cathedral), the Great Mosque in Aleppo and Al Halawiah Qur'anic School (previously the Roman Orthodox Grand Cathedral of the Theotokus), and many others.
	www.saintandrew.net /abram/history.htm (7569 words)

	Archaeology of Early Christianity: A History @ CenturyOne Bookstore
		The important light archaeology sheds on the art, architecture, and social world of Christians in the Roman Empire becomes clear.
		And he demonstrates how archaeology decisively corrects and modifies text-based scholarly consensus on the mission of Christianity in the Roman Empire.
		Among his many publications are The Early Church, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church, and the Rise of Christianity, his monumental account of the social, institutional, and doctrinal history of early Christianity.
	www.centuryone.com /3117-X.html (7569 words)

	Cup from the Water Newton treasure
		This cup is part of a hoard of silver vessels and plaques which forms the earliest group of Christian liturgical silver yet found in the Roman Empire.
		The treasure may have been hidden in response to specific persecution of Christians or to more general political instability.
		It was discovered in a recently ploughed field at Water Newton, Cambridgeshire, the Roman town of Durobrivae, in February 1975.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /compass/ixbin/goto?id=OBJ1476 (7569 words)

	The role of the Roman Catholic Church in the Shoah (Nazi Holocaust)
		From 315 CE, (when the Roman Empire extended freedom of religion to Christians) to 395 (when Christianity had become the state religion) Christians were able to initiate programs of discrimination and oppression against Jews.
		During this period, there were dozens of other instances of persecution of Jews by the church, including exiling Jews from cities, dioceses and entire countries; destruction of synagogues; denial of the right to own land or to hold office; and their reduction to serfdom and slavery.
		Circa 30 CE, the primitive Christian movement was one of about two dozen different Jewish religious/political movements, along with the Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes, Zealots, followers of John the Baptist, etc. The immediate followers of Jeshua of Nazareth (Jesus Christ) looked upon themselves as a reform movement within Judaism.
	www.religioustolerance.org /vat_hol12.htm (7569 words)

	Aphraates - Bishop -Welcome to The Crossroads Initiative
		Ironically, at the time that the Roman emperor had finally legalized Christianity, St. Aphraates found himself within the boundaries of the Persian empire which undertook in his lifetime a fierce persecution of Christians.
		Aphraates lived during the early 4th century and was the first of the Syriac Church fathers.
		This means that he wrote, not in Greek like the New Testament authors and nearly all of the Church fathers before him, but in a dialect of the Aramaic language that was the native tongue of Jesus and the apostles.
	www.crossroadsinitiative.com /library_author/94/Aphraates___Bishop.html (7569 words)

	Albania and the Byzantine Empire
		During the persecution of the Christians there were also Illyrian martyrs; forty of them gave the name to the beautiful southern Albanian town of Saranda, which means „forty“.
		The Roman emperor Constantine the Great, who turned Christianity into the official state religion, was one of several Illyrian emperors.
		The fact that the Albanian bishops supportet the point of view of Rome made Byzantine emperor Leo III detach the Albanian regions from the Pope two years later and put it under the authority of the Patriarch of Constantinople.
	www.shqiponja.de /english/albania/byzantine.htm (495 words)

	List Of Early Imperial Roman Consuls [Definition]
		[click for more] T. Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio II, M. Flavius Aper II Events A systematic persecution of Christians begins in Rome under Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
		Caesar Vespasianus Titus Flavius Vespasianus (December 30, CE 39–September 13, 81) ruled the Roman Empire from 79 to 81....
		He was founder of the Flavian dynasty and acceded the throne in the end of the Year of the four emperors....
	www.wikimirror.com /List_of_Early_Imperial_Roman_Consuls (495 words)

	Daqin Pagoda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Daqin is the name for the Roman Empire in the Chinese language of the time.
		Persecution of Christians in China led to the abandonment of Daqin in about 845.
		Daqin Pagoda(大秦塔) in Zhouzhi, Shaanxi Province, China is the remnant of the earliest surviving Christian church in China.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Daqin_Pagoda (259 words)

	Encyclopedia: Setif massacre
		Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for their religious faith, such as during the persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire.
		Massacres in this sense do not typically apply to combatants, except figuratively, although the deliberate mass killings of prisoners of war are often considered massacres.
		Massacre has a number of meanings, but most commonly refers to individual events of deliberate and direct mass killing, especially of noncombatant civilians or other innocents that would qualify as war crimes or atrocities.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Setif-massacre (919 words)

	Martyr - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for their convictions or religious faith, such as during the persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire.
		A famous person widely regarded as a martyr - indeed, an archetypal martyr for the Shia - is Husayn bin Ali, who died at the hands of the forces of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid I at Karbala.
		The first martyr in Islam was the old woman Sumayyah bint Khabbab[1], the first Muslim to die at the hands of the polytheists of Mecca (specifically, Abu Jahl).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Martyr (1165 words)

	Gospel of Mark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The general theory is that Mark is a Hellenistic gospel, written primarily for an audience of Greek-speaking residents of the Roman Empire.
		It’s postulated that this is because of the persecution of Christians; thus, Mark’s Gospel encourages believers to stand firm (13:13) in the face of troubles.
		Mark is possibly the easiest gospel recognizable as an artistic creation of a particular culture of people at a particular period in the ancient world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gospel_of_Mark (3304 words)

	Christianbook.com - Product Detail Page
		The Rise of Christianity is a fabulous reference work which covers vast topics in the area of early church history including Jewish origins, initial expansions, opposing cults, persecution, inner division, and many others.
		It discusses everything from Jews and Christians to Christianity and the Roman Empire to Constantine and Chalcedon to Justinian and the Byzantine Achievement.
		The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders Religion,
	www.christianbook.com /Christian/Books/product?item_no=11931 (3304 words)

	The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod - Christian Cyclopedia
		After the Roman persecutions (see Persecution of Christians), a confessor was a Christian noted for virtuous life.
		Early Christian saints were martyrs (see Martyr), honored in their community and soon elsewhere.
		Christian usage included the blessing of salt for various uses, e.g.
	www.lcms.org /ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=S&t2=a (3304 words)

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