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	Pershing 2 - United States Nuclear Forces
		The initial operational capability for the PERSHING II was achieved when the 56th Field Artillery Brigade received its equipment on 15 December 1983, and deployment of the first PERSHING II battalion was completed in Europe on 30 June 1984.
		The increased range and pinpoint accuracy of the PERSHING II were major factors influencing the Soviet Union's decision to seek the Treaty on Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces in which the United States and the USSR agreed to eliminate an entire class of nuclear missiles.
		The final two PERSHING II missiles and the last launcher were donated to the Smithsonian Institution's Air and Space Museum, which exchanged with the Soviet Union one PERSHING II for an SS-20 missile.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/theater/pershing2.htm (467 words)

	The Cold War Museum - Vietnam Conflict (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In September of 1988, Pershing missiles began to be shipped back to the U.S. By May of 1991, all Pershing II missiles had been eliminated, destroyed by static-firing and then all of the ground support equipment destroyed.
		The Pershing 1 missile system's mobility was dependent on the M 474 tracked vehicle, built on the chassis of an M 113 armored personnel carrier.
		Pershing did receive some un-sought publicity during the period when the Pershing II system was deployed, in the form of a protest movement against what was perceived as an unnecessary build-up of nuclear forces in the west.
	www.coldwar.org /articles/50s/pershing_missiles.php3 (1775 words)

	MGM-31 Pershing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The difference in the Pershing II was to be a new warhead 5-50 kT variable yield) in a manoeuvering vehicle (MARV) with active radar guidance.
		The missiles were withdrawn on October the last of the missiles were destroyed the static burn of their rockets and crushed on May 1991 at Longhorn Texas.
		The Wish by Diane Pershing is a wonderful story of a woman who makes a wish and has it granted with the use of a magical pair of eyeglasses.Gerri Conklin is a self professed klutz.
	www.freeglossary.com /MGM-31_Pershing (883 words)

	MoDNR Missouri Resources-Resources to Explore Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Pershing was recipient of the highest military ranking his country had to offer, general of the armies of the United States; only George Washington shares this title.
		Later that year, Pershing left his military unit to become a professor of military science and tactic at the University of Nebraska, where the Pershing Rifles were formed and became a national organization.
		The Pershing family lived in the house until 1885, when they moved to Lincoln, Neb. In 1952, the Pershing Park Memorial Association purchased and donated the house to the state of Missouri, to be restored and maintained as the Gen. John J. Pershing Boyhood Home State Historic Site.
	www.dnr.state.mo.us /magazine/2000-01_winter/Resources_to_Explore.htm (1549 words)

	Cape Canaveral Rocket and Missile Programs:
		Since the Pershing II was more accurate than the Pershing I and Pershing IA, it was considered capable of causing at least as much damage to a specific target while carrying a smaller weapons payload.
		In addition, the Pershing II was equipped with an advanced, deadly ground-penetrating warhead which could cause considerable damage even to reinforced or underground structures.
		Although the Pershing II represented the first operational IRBM for the U.S. Army since being stripped of the Jupiter missile by the "Wilson Memorandum" in 1956, this capability was to be short-lived.
	www.spaceline.org /rocketsum/pershing-II.html (380 words)

	Translated German Cases \| Institute of Global Law, UCL
		The Appellants object to the installation of Pershing II and Cruise missiles equipped with nuclear warheads in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany.
		The constitutional complaint of the appellants are directed against the government's agreement to install medium-range Per--shing II and Cruise missiles armed with nuclear warheads in the territory of Federal Republic of Germany, in accordance with the resolution passed by the Foreign and Defense Mini-sters of the NATO countries in Brussels on 12 December 1979.
		The appellants do not claim that the purpo-se of stationing Pershing II and Cruise missiles in the ter-ritory of the Federal Republic is to bring about this dangeror to lead to a war of aggression.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /laws/global_law/german-cases/print_bverg.shtml?16dec1983 (3674 words)

	Pershing II - Wikipedia
		Die Pershing II war eine mobile Mittelstreckenrakete der NATO und Nachfolgemodell der Pershing 1A.
		November 1983 die Stationierung der Pershing II, die ausschließlich in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland erfolgte und 1985 abgeschlossen war.
		Die Pershing II wurde nur vom US-Bündnispartner innerhalb der NATO benutzt, die Luftwaffe der Deutschen Bundeswehr behielt weiterhin die Pershing 1A.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pershing_II (378 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Based on the Pershing I and IA missiles, the Pershing II contained technological and operational improvements that resulted in greater range and accuracy.
		Since the Pershing II was so much more accurate than earlier versions, it was considered capable of causing at least as much damage to a specific target while carrying a smaller warhead.
		For this reason, the Pershing II was outfitted with a nuclear device capable of 50 kilotons, compared to the 400 kiloton device carried by the Pershing I. The first Pershing II test launch occurred on July 22, 1982 at Cape Canaveral Air Station's Complex 16.
	www.space.edu /LibraryResearch/swanson/Exhibits/Pershing.htm (245 words)

	Pershing
		The new missile was named Pershing II, and in May 1978, flight tests of the new RV on existing Pershing Ia rocket stages took place.
		Pershing II was now intended as a counter to the SS-20, and its range requirement was more than doubled, to 1600+ km (1000+ miles).
		However, the Pershing II missile was fully compatible with existing Pershing Ia ground equipment, and even the launchers could be modified to handle the new missile.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/pershing.htm (4639 words)

	MGM-31 Pershing -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The MGM-31 Pershing was a solid-fueled two-stage inertially guided medium range (A missile that is guided in the first part of its flight but falls freely as it approaches target) ballistic missile used by the (additional info and facts about U.S. Army) U.S. Army's Missile Command.
		The W-85 warheads used in the missiles were removed, modified, and reused in (additional info and facts about B61) B61 (A bomb that falls because of gravity and is not guided to a target) gravity bombs.
		A Pershing II is now on display in the (additional info and facts about Smithsonian) Smithsonian's (additional info and facts about National Air and Space Museum) National Air and Space Museum.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mg/mgm-31_pershing2.htm (714 words)

	White Sands Missile Range Missile Park
		Pershing II This two-stage, surface-to-surface missile is sometimes credited with helping to win the Cold War.
		It was so accurate it was capable of being fired from Boise, Idaho and hitting an area the size of this missile display.
		The Pershing is on its Erector / Launcher which could be towed by a tractor.
	www.wsmr-history.org /PershingII.htm (90 words)

	Cape Canaveral LC16
		The site was subsequently reassigned to the U.S. Army, and it supported 79 Pershing 1A and 49 Pershing II ballistic missile launches between 7 May 1974 and 22 March 1988.
		Titan II flight N-11, the eighth in a series being conducted by the Air Force to develop the weapon system, was launched from Cape Canaveral.
		Titan II flight N-20, the 19th in the series of Air Force research and development flights, was launched from Cape Canaveral.
	www.astronautix.com /sites/capllc16.htm (2325 words)

	MGM 31 Pershing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The MGM-31 Pershing was a solid-fueled two-stage inertially guided medium range ballistic missile used by the U.S. Army 's Missile Command.
		The contract to develop the replacement also went to Martin Marietta.The main difference in the Pershing II was to be a new warhead (W-85, 5-50 kT variable yield) in a manoeuvering reentryvehicle (MARV) with active radar guidance.
		The missileswere withdrawn on October 1988; the last of the missiles were destroyed by the static burn of their rockets and subsequentlycrushed on May 1991 at Longhorn, Texas.
	www.therfcc.org /mgm-31-pershing-39832.html (576 words)

	About DTRA: Historical Documents - On-Site Inspections Under the Intermediate -Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Pershing II was a modern, highly accurate, ground-based intermediate-range ballistic missile with a maximum range of 1,800 kilometers.
		The Pershing II was mobile; it was carried on and fired from a missile erector launcher towed by a large tractor truck.
		The Pershing II succeeded the Pershing I and IA missiles, two earlier tactical missile systems that had been based with U.S. Army forces in West Germany.
	www.dtra.mil /about/media/historical_documents/books/infbook/ch3.cfm (826 words)

	George Finley's Commemorative Prints
		PERSHING II The Pershing II weapons system was deployed in Germany until its inactivation in 1988 under the terms of the Intermediate Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty.
		Pershing was a major factor in countering the Soviet tactical nuclear capability.
		This picture, depicting the last exercise, commemorates the role Pershing II and its crews played in ushering in a new era in Europe.
	www.militaryart.com /commem.html (292 words)

	THE PERSHING WEAPON SYSTEM AND ITS ELIMINATION
		Responsibility for PERSHING project management was placed under the direction of the newly established MICOM Weapon Systems Management Directorate on August 27, 1989.
		In accordance with INF Treaty provisions, all of the U.S. Air Force's Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCMs) and the U.S. Army's tactical PERSHING II missile stages, launchers, trainers, and deployed reentry vehicles had to be eliminated by May 31, 1991.
		A total of 234 PERSHING II missiles and 169 PERSHING la missiles were covered by the treaty.
	www.redstone.army.mil /history/systems/pershing/welcome.html (2281 words)

	PERSHING TO PLOWSHARES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On December 12, 1986 on the 7th anniversary of the NATO decision to deploy the Cruise and the Pershing
		II in Europe, Heike Huschauer, a member of the city council of Neuss, West Germany; Suzanne Mauch-Fritz, a social worker from Stuttgart; Wolfgang Sternstein
		They hammered on the crane that maneuvers the missile and on the generator that operates the launcher, and poured blood on the rig.
	www.plowsharesactions.org /webpages/PERSHINGTOPLOWSHARES.htm (342 words)

	Software Dioxide: A CMM Level II at First Attempt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is one of the very few organizations to have achieved a CMM Level II in its first assessment conducted by an independent auditor.
		The Pershing Technology Group, which includes almost 800 application development associates, was assessed at CMM Level II less than 12 months after formally seeking this prestigious designation.
		Based on the criteria outlined by SEI, a CMM Level II assessment affirms that an organization's application development efforts follow structured, reliable, and repeatable processes that enable them to ensure the quality of their application development initiatives.
	www.softwaredioxide.com /Channels/PrintView.asp?id=6670 (279 words)

	W85
		By the early 1970s it was apparent that the 400kT warhead of the Pershing Ia effectively precluded use as a tactical missile, since by that time almost all strategic missiles had warheads with lower yields.
		The new Pershing II was designed with a lower yield warhead and a high-accuracy maneuvering reentry vehicle (MARV) with active radar terminal guidance.
		The range of the Pershing II was more than doubled, to 1600+ km (1000+ miles), and new rocket motors were developed by Hercules, using high-energy fuels and light-weight casings made of Kevlar.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/systems/w85.htm (245 words)

	Pershing II Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
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	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/Pershing_II (826 words)

	Virginia Air&Space Center
		• The Pershing II's Soviet counterpart SS-20 was almost 20 feet taller, could go three times as far and dispatch three separate warheads.
		• The Pershing II and Soviet SS-20 have been eliminated under the terms of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF).
		• The Pershing II is considered the most accurate and deadly of the missiles banned by the INF Treaty.
	www.vasc.org /exhibits/aircraft/pershing.html (101 words)

	Martin Marietta MGM-31 Pershing
		The MGM-31 Pershing was the first and only solid-fueled MRBM (Medium Range Ballistic Missile) deployed by the U.S. Army.
		In early 1965, the DOD issued a requirement for a QRA (Quick Reaction Alert) Pershing missile system, with the intention to replace the USAF's CGM//MGM-13 Mace missiles by the MGM-31.
		In the early 1970s, the 400 kT warhead of the Pershing Ia had become a problem, because it effectively excluded the use of the MGM-31 in its intended role of a tactical missile (except for the few LGM-25C Titan IIs, all strategic missiles of the time had less powerful warheads!).
	www.designation-systems.net /dusrm/m-31.html (1278 words)

	Cape Canaveral
		As Delta II launches continued over the next decade, Pad 17B was modified in 1997 to support a new, more powerful launch vehicle - the Delta III.
		In all, 92 Minuteman I, II and III missiles were launched from the complexes between 1 February 1961 and 15 December 1970.
		The crew of Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H. White II, and Roger B. Chaffee, was killed in a fire while testing their capsule on the pad on 27 January 1967, still weeks away from launch.
	www.astronautix.com /sites/capveral.htm (7849 words)

	TRADOC Reg 10-8, Field Artillery Missile Evaluation Group (FAMSEG) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Principal functions are to provide liaison among the General Staff, USAFAS, missile commanders, technical agencies, contractor representatives, and other supporting agencies on USAFACFS missile matters and to act on requirements from off-post agencies and action type correspondence from higher headquarters.
		Specific functions of the PERSHING Division are to-- (1) Plan, coordinate, and conduct the PERSHING II and PERSHING 1a A-O firing programs.
		II (SRD) PERSHING Ia Artillery Ordnance (A-O) Firing Plan U.S. Army LANCE Artillery Firing Plan [Back to Contents] GLOSSARY EXPLANATION OF TERMS Annual service practice (ASP) The LANCE annual service practice (ASP) firing program is a DA program of the LANCE missile system conducted by FAMSEG.
	www-tradoc.army.mil /tpubs/regs/r10-8.htm (1498 words)

	MGM-31 Pershing Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
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	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/MGM-31_Pershing (831 words)

	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1970 a landmark treaty with West Germany was signed (ratified in 1972) confirming existing boundaries in Europe (notably the eastern border of East Germany) and also renouncing the use of force to settle disputes.
		The United States’ response to the invasion was swift; it shelved the second SALT agreement, suspended grain shipments, and led a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics.
		The U.S. and European governments, despite domestic opposition, placed new intermediate range Pershing II missiles in Europe, and a staunch anti-Communist, Ronald Reagan, was elected President of the United States.
	www.bartleby.com /65/un/UnionSov.html (5286 words)

	About DTRA: Historical Documents - On-Site Inspections Under the Intermediate -Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		All were grouped into three major weapons systems: the Pershing II (234) and Pershing IA (169) owned and operated by the U.S. Army, and the BGM-109 GLCMs (443) of the U.S. Air Force.
		In the United States, the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant in Marshall, Texas, would eliminate all Pershing IA and a portion of the Pershing II missile stages.
		The Pueblo Depot Activity in Pueblo, Colorado, was the site for eliminating the other portion of the Pershing II missiles and selected Pershing II launchers.
	www.dtra.mil /about/media/historical_documents/books/infbook/ch6.cfm (650 words)

	Chapter 6 - INF Elimination Inspections
		For the United States, every Pershing IA missile, training missile stage, and launcher had to be destroyed by November 30, 1989.
		Both the Pershing II and the GLCMs had been deployed in Western Europe in U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force combat units.
		On April 16, at Hausen, the U.S. Army eliminated the final Pershing II launcher as a Soviet inspection team led by Colonel V.V. Yevdokimov monitored the destruction.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/inf/infbook/ch6b.html (911 words)

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