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Topic: Persian Immortals

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	Persian Immortals
		The Persian Immortals were a Persian elite Royal Guard regiment during the Persian Wars.
		Immortals participated in the battles of Marathon and Thermopylae and were in the Persian occupation troops in Greece in 479 BC under Mardonius.
		Immortals are the Persian special unit in Civilization III, Civilization IV and Rise of Nations.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/persian_immortals.html (338 words)

	Immortals
		The 'Immortals', is the Greek term for the elite of the Persian army.
		Although the Immortals are portrayed carrying bow and spear, it is thought that their battle formation was a mixed formation of archers, spearman and shield bearers, rather than a body a soldiers each armed identically.
		Persian Immortals in 1971 marching in a military parade in Tehran, celebrating the 2500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian empire.
	members.ozemail.com.au /~ancientpersia/P_immortal.html (895 words)

	A Brief History of Persian Empire
		Faced with the Persian revolt and the betrayal of the aristocracy, Astyages was captured, and the royal city of Ecbatana had to submit to Cyrus, according to Ctesias because Cyrus the Great threatened to torture his daughter Amytis, whom Cyrus later married.
		Business went on without much change under Persian rule, but the Jews were allowed to return to their homeland under generous conditions that allowed them to take the precious utensils that had been stolen from their temple a half century before by the Babylonians.
		This and news of the Persian defeat at the island of Mycale caused the imperial army to retire from Europe.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/brief_history_of_persian_empire.htm (7531 words)

	A Brief History of Persian Empire
		Faced with the Persian revolt and the betrayal of the aristocracy, Astyages was captured, and the royal city of Ecbatana had to submit to Cyrus, according to Ctesias because Cyrus threatened to torture his daughter Amytis, whom Cyrus later married.
		Business went on without much change under Persian rule, but the Jews were allowed to return to their homeland under generous conditions that allowed them to take the precious utensils that had been stolen from their temple a half century before by the Babylonians.
		This and news of the Persian defeat at the island of Mycale caused the imperial army to retire from Europe.
	www.parstimes.com /library/brief_history_of_persian_empire.html (7498 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Graeco-Persian Wars: The Combatants
		Old Persian was instituted as the official language of the Persian Empire, and was used on official inscriptions and Royal decrees, but it was Aramaic that was the most widely-spoken language.
		The Persian army was made up mostly of light troops of varying types, nearly all of which were in large numbers (the population of the Empire was immense, both due to sheer land area and relatively dense populations in some regions).
		Persian Cavalry was the elite force of the army, and of a high quality.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A9836698 (2429 words)

	Persian Immortals - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Herodotus tells that Immortals were heavy infantry lead by Hydarnes that was kept constantly in strength of exactly 10,000 men — every killed, seriously wounded or sick member was immediately replaced with a new one, maintaining the cohesion of the unit.
		Immortals participated in the battles of Marathon and Thermopylae and were in the Persian occupation troops in Greece in 479 BC under Mardonius.
		The title of "Immortals" was revived under the Byzantine Empire, under the Emperor Michael VII (1071–1081).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_Immortals (488 words)

	Civilization III: Civ of the Week
		The Immortals were the elite corps of the Persian army, as well as the king's personal bodyguards, and only those of Persian or Medic descent were allowed to serve.
		Immortals also carried lightweight wicker "shields" that could deflect arrows, but they were of little use in melee combat against more heavily armored and better equipped forces.
		Ironically, they were called Immortals because they would often perish quickly in combat, only to be immediately replaced by fresh troops, giving the illusion that their forces never dropped in strength.
	www.civ3.com /en/civoftheweek.cfm?civ=Persians (843 words)

	Battle of Marathon
		All Persians except the javelin and sling skirmishers are assumed to have bows.
		Persians with large rectangular shields were classified as heavy infantry, and ten stands of these were Immortals.
		Persians holding bows, slings, or javelins were treated as skirmishers, all the rest were regular infantry.
	www.juniorgeneral.org /greece/marathon.html (762 words)

	The Persian 'Immortals'
		This corps was known as the Immortals, because it was invariably kept up to strength; if a man was killed or fell sick, the vacancy he left was at once filled, so that the total strength of the corps was never less -and never more- than ten thousand.
		Of all the troops in Persian army, the native Persians were not only the best but also the most magnificently equipped; their dress and armor I have mentioned already, but I should add that every man glittered with the gold which he carried about his person in unlimited quantity.
		However, the Immortals made a detour and were able to attack the Greeks in the rear.
	www.livius.org /ia-in/immortals/immortals.html (414 words)

	549 B.C.
		The Persian heavy cavalry, charging in on the Armenian forces, was at a slight disadvantage as they had no light cavalry to help screen their approach and allow them to charge unmolested, but it proved to be of little impact.
		While the Persians were able to apprehend a significant number of the Ionian agents, who had run out of funding to maintain their cover while abroad, it is believed that a handful managed to escape into Armenia and out of the reach of Persia's agents.
		Persian officials arrested the captured men from the convoy and are believed to have interviewed them 'strenuously', so it seems likely that they at least know what it was the Ionians were after.
	www.geocities.com /cradleciv/549.htm (6592 words)

	Nap Nuts Singapore Wargamers Wargames
		The Persian army comprising 900 cavalrymen, 4400 infantry and 150 chariots.
		On the right the Persian cavalry mount an attack but are cleared away by the 2 units of Greek peltasts.
		In the center the Sacred Band continue to advance under fire and are charged by the Persian Guard cavalry in the flank.
	www.napnuts.com /wab_19jan02.htm (274 words)

	HELLAS:NET - Warfare
		Only those who had Persian or Medic ancestors were allowed to become an Immortal as they had another important function: in times of peace formed they the bodyguard of the high king.
		One of the main weapons of an Immortal were the short bow which was of little use against the heavy armoured Greek hoplites.
		Nevertheless were the Immortals extremely important on the battlefield, and during the battle of Plataea they only retreated after their leader Mardonius was killed.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/warfare/army/p_immort.html (562 words)

	Nap Nuts Singapore Wargamers Wargames
		The Numidian LC are routed by the Persian Cavalry who then flee from a charge of the Spanish Scutarii from their hilltop position.
		The Persian entire battle line wheels to face the flanking move, reducing the efficiency of their archery for a critical turn or two.
		On the left, Persian archery kill the crew and mahout of the elephant, which stampedes to the left away from the sparabara wall, eventually hitting the scythed chariots in the flank and routing them.
	napnuts.tripod.com /wab_26jan.htm (947 words)

	OAFE - NECA 300: Immortal review
		This is actually why they were called immortals; it was a term used by Herodotus to refer to their numbers, not their invulnerability, and was probably not used among the Persians.
		In Frank Miller's graphic novel, the Immortals are ferocious soliders clad in triangular metal armor with masks that cleverly mimic the Greek theatrical symbol of tragedy.
		The only vaguely "Persian" looking element of the figure's outfit is the turban, while the rest seems to draw more inspiration from Japanese samurai (particularly in the armor) and ninja (the arm and leg wrappings).
	www.oafe.net /monkey/neca300imm.php (773 words)

	The Battle of Marathon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Persians carried short spears, but their most fearsome weapon was the composite bow.
		The Athenians were afraid that the Persians planned on leaving a force to contain them while the remainder of the Persian army sailed around the southern peninsula to attack Athens on the western shore.
		The Persians were somewhat surprised by this, thinking the Athenians mad for giving up the high ground and engaging an army four times its size.
	www.greglondon.com /hunger/battleofmarathon.htm (1741 words)

	Persia: Persian Immortals :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games
		The Persian Immortals formed the elite core of the Persian army in times of war and the royal guard in times of peace in Achaemenid Persia.
		The Immortals always numbered 10,000 men and where called the Immortals because when one was wounded, killed, or sick another man with the same training would take the downed or sick man’s place.
		Early on the Persian Immortals wore a long colorful white robe with iron and gold scales sewn on, baggy trousers, and bright purple and violet head-cloth that covered their head and neck.
	wildfiregames.com /0ad/page.php?p=1586 (668 words)

	Why the Immortals may not have fought at Plataea
		The Immortals presence at the battle of Plataea is based on Herodotus' description of Mardonius selecting troops for his army while in Thessaly.
		Considering the likelihood of the Immortals being part of the 60,000 picked troops under Artabazus' command, there is the possiblility that they were the ones who were caught by the rising waters.
		As with their flank march at Thermopylae, the Immortals were likely to be the ones to lead the march around the city.
	members.ozemail.com.au /~ancientpersia/immortals.html (1044 words)

	Greek-Persian wars - Encyclopedia.com
		The Persians then landed in Attica but after a defeat at MARATHON they were forced to withdraw to Persia.
		A small Greek army and a large Greek fleet were positioned respectively at THERMOPYLAE and Artemisium, but despite vigorous fighting on land and sea the Greeks were forced to withdraw to the Isthmus of Corinth.
		The Greeks were eventually successful, the Spartans and their Tegean allies ensuring victory when they overcame the élite Immortals (the Persian royal bodyguards) and killed Mardonius.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O48-GreekPersianwars.html (866 words)

	300 Spartans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the way of their formation: standing armies - Persian "Immortals" and Satrap armies, then mercenaries – bowmen and dart throwers, and finally both Persians and Greeks have militia (civil guardsmen).
		"Immortals" are multi-class, they can be heavy and they can be light infantry at the request of the Persian player.
		Persians have two commanders, each of which can have three detachments in the composition of his army.
	www.gauntletinternational.com /300Spartans.htm (1365 words)

	Persian Months, origin of the names
		The names of the 12 Persian months are taken from the ancient Zoroastrian texts and the origins are deeply rooted in their belief system.
		She is identified by the Greeks as Demeter and in Armenia is known as Spendaramet.
		Mar (marg in modern Persian) means death, ‘a’ at the beginning of any word changes the meaning into the opposite.
	www.iranonline.com /festivals/Persian-months/index.html (1008 words)

	The East of India Company - Persians and Allies
		In September 490 BC the heavily armored Greek army with it's long spears met the lightly armored army of Persia with its archers and short swords.
		It was the first time the Greeks had bested the Persians on land, and "their victory endowed the Greeks with a faith in their destiny which was to endure for three centuries.
		Persian Immortal Reserves - Imperial Standard and Unit Signifier; with guards.
	www.eastofindia.com /persians.htm (298 words)

	Nap Nuts Singapore Wargamers Wargames
		The Persian army comprising 900 cavalrymen, 4400 infantry and 150 chariots.
		On the right the Persian cavalry mount an attack but are cleared away by the 2 units of Greek peltasts.
		In the center the Sacred Band continue to advance under fire and are charged by the Persian Guard cavalry in the flank.
	napnuts.tripod.com /wab_19jan02.htm (274 words)

	[No title]
		The Persians, armed with arrows and short spears, could not break through the long spears of the Greek phalanx, nor were their lightly armoured men a match for the superior armour, weaponry and discipline of the Greek hoplites.
		The Persians had control of the Aegean Sea and all of Greece as far south as Attica; the Spartans prepared to defend the Isthmus of Corinth and the Peloponnese, while Xerxes sacked Athens, whose inhabitants had already fled to Salamis Island.
		The remaining Persian army, left under the charge of Mardonius, was defeated in the Battle of Plataea by a combined Greek army again led by the Spartans, under the regent Pausanias.
	www.strategypage.com /militaryforums/512-31113.aspx (2844 words)

	Ethics of Greek Politics and Wars 500-360 BC by Sanderson Beck
		After the Persian emperor Cyrus had defeated Lydian king Croesus and taken over Sardis about 544 BC, he appointed the Persian Tabalus to govern Sardis and entrusted its treasury to the Lydian Pactyes, who raised a revolt that had to be put down.
		Persian invasion was coming again the Athenians recalled all these men who had been ostracized for ten years, probably because it would be safer to have them in Athens.
		Persian satraps in western Asia, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, saw the opportunity to regain some of the lost Persian empire by offering to support financially revolts in Chios and Lesbos; so they sent envoys to Sparta and agreed on the treaty of Miletus that acknowledged Persian sovereignty over its former territories.
	www.san.beck.org /EC19-GreekWars.html (19828 words)

	Persians :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games
		The momentous Persian Wars soon erupted and the Persians were defeated multiple times by the united Hellenic cause.
		However the Persians would still become involved in Greek affairs, though their role was reduced to that of little more then political meddling.
		Persian Architecture: The Persians were renowned for their ability as builders; to represent this the Persians' buildings have more hit points.
	www.wildfiregames.com /0ad/page.php?p=6360 (590 words)

	Civilization III Fanatics' Center: Civilizations: The Persians
		Although Darius consolidated and added to the conquests of his predecessors, it was as an administrator that he made his greatest contribution to Persian history.
		Xerses (486-465 BC), son and successor of Darius I, was determined to continue the Persian conquest of the west and is best known for his massive invasion of Greece from across the Hellespont in 480 BC, a campaign marked by the battles of Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea.
		Although successful in the pacification of Egypt and suppression of a Babylon revolt, his defeat by the allied Greek city-states spelled the beginning of the decline of the Persian Empire.
	www.civfanatics.com /civ3/civilizations/persians.php (899 words)

	Ancient Persian Antiquities For Sale:BuyOnLineNow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Persians were originally a Medic tribe which settled in Persia, on the eastern side of the Persian Gulf.
		The elite of the Persian Army were the famous Persian Immortals, a 10,000 strong unit of professional soldiers armed with a spear, a sword and a bow.
		Tactics were simple: Persian commanders simply overran the enemy with massive amounts of infantry and cavalry, while from the rear they would rain arrows down upon the foes in massive volleys.
	www.time-line.co.uk /x8088.html (2199 words)

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