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Topic: Persian Kings

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6th century BC

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	PERSIAN LANGUAGE,
		Persian, also known as Farsi, is the most widely spoken member of the Iranian branch of the
		Old Persian is recorded in the southwest in cuneiform inscriptions of the Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty (c.
		Middle Persian has a simpler grammar than Old Persian and was usually written in an ambiguous script with multivalent letters, adopted from Aramaic; it declined after the Arab conquest in the 7th century.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=219007 (750 words)

	Persian Language - ninemsn Encarta
		Persian Language, also known by the contemporary name of Farsi (after the Parsa, or Fars, area of Persia), is the most widely spoken member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Old Persian is recorded in the south-west in cuneiform inscriptions of the Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty (c.
		Middle Persian has a simpler grammar than Old Persian and was usually written in an ambiguous script with multivalent letters, adopted from Aramaic; it declined after the Arab conquest in the 7th century.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558004/Persian_Language.html (553 words)

	Persian Kings
		Cyrus established himself as king of the Medes and the Persians.
		Among his ancestors was the legendary king Achaemenes, the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty.
		The Greek and Persian fleets fought at Salamis, under Themistocles, in 480 B.C. The Greeks won a convincing victory.
	web.mit.edu /persian/www/WWWFILES/MiscellaneousFiles/PersianEmpire.htm (756 words)

	Chapter 13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Further in 2 Kings 17:6, and 18:11, it is said that the king of Assyria, in the time of Hezekiah and Isaiah, settled the captive children of Israel in the cities of Media.
		king, ruling a part of his empire under him, But further, before leaving this subject, let it be remembered, that it is not fair to accuse the Scriptures of making statements about the Medes having conquered Babylon; whereas, as a matter of fact, the Persians did it.
		Ninthly, and lastly, it is assumed, that the author states that the war of the fourth king of Persia against Greece ended “in a triumphant repulse of the attack by the Greek king Alexander the Great” and in the defeat and dethronement of the fourth king.
	home.earthlink.net /~ironmen/wilson/studies_chap13.htm (2401 words)

	Persia & Creation of Judaism; Book 2. How Persia Created Judaism - The Universal God - (CAIS)
		The traditional view is that Cyrus and successive Persian kings of the sixth and fifth centuries BC were being religiously liberal in allowing the Jews to reconstruct their temple and its religion after they had been kindly returned from their exile in Babylon.
		The king (Darius II not Artaxerxes) was concerned that the hill country must be pacified as neighbours and potential allies of the rebellious Egyptians.
		Both saviour and covenant came from the Persians, the saviour was Cyrus and the covenant was with Ahuramazda, the God of Heaven, renamed Yehouah for the Jews, whose representative on earth was the Persian king.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Religions/non-iranian/Judaism/Persian_Judaism/book2/pt8.htm (7536 words)

	Khaleej Times Online - Persian undercurrent in Islamic civilisation
		Persian was the court language of the Mughal empire in India and the national anthem of Pakistan is still pure Persian.
		The king is dead) to the rise of the Shia messianic doctrine and esoteric sects, the impact of Persian culture on Islamic societies was transformational, not cosmetic.
		Persian nationalism was whipped up by Khomeni amid the slaughter of the Shatt al Arab even as Saddam Hussein’s Baathist propagandists demonised the ancient enemy from ‘the mountain of terror’, the high plateau of Elam from where Darius, the Mongols, the Safavids and now the Ayatullah’s armies had descended to seek to conquer historic Mesopotamia.
	www.khaleejtimes.com /DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2005/November/opinion_November80.xml§ion=opinion&col= (1043 words)

	What Medo-Persian Empire?
		(3) The Persians, not the Medes, conquered Babylon.
		Daniel was told that the four beasts were four kings that would arise out of the earth (v:17), and he expressed a desire to "know the truth about the fourth beast" and the ten horns that were on its head and the other horn that came up before which three horns fell (vs:19-20).
		The voice of "the holy one" who interpreted this dream said, as already noted, that the horns on the ram were the kings of Media and Persia (v:20) and that the male goat was the kingdom of Greece, whose notable horn was its first king (v:21).
	www.infidels.org /library/magazines/tsr/2000/2/002what.html (3600 words)

	The Persian Achaemenids
		This is the first file of a group of files on the time covered by the Achaemenid kings of Persia.
		who is stating that it is possible, on rather loose grounds, (a text would be extant, stating that it was usual to use the Egyptian calendar according to the Canon) to denote rather precisely the dates of begin and end of the years of the kings since Cyrus I, albeit in Egyptian years.
		That's why the program Kronos will get the capability of converting a regnal year of one of the kings, being inserted in the Canon Basileion, into other ways of dating, and vice versa, so very precise.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/cplawassist/paper/17000.html (212 words)

	The Genealogy of the Persian Kings
		The writers of a former generation were occupied in unraveling and piecing together the varying accounts of these ancient historians without the knowledge of the still more ancient Inscriptions recently discovered, which were caused to be written by the persons concerned in the events recorded.
		§ I. "I am Darius, the great king, the king of kings, the king of Persia, the king of the provinces, the son of Hystaspes, the grandson of Arsames the Achaemenian.
		It must be noted that the confusion which has hitherto been experienced arises from the fact that appellatives have been mistaken for proper names; to say nothing of the confusion arising from their transliteration or translation into other languages.
	www.angelfire.com /nv/TheOliveBranch/append57.html (1369 words)

	History of Iran: The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity
		This essay attempts to discuss the importance of the Persian Gulf and its economic relationship with the province of Fars and East Asia before the eighth century C.E. There were voyages on the Persian Gulf in antiquity as far back as the Sumerian period.
		The Sasanian hold on the Persian Gulf was apparent from the beginning: from the start of the dynasty in the third century CE ports and forts were established on the Persian and Arab side of the Persian Gulf.
		The economic history of the Persian Gulf is yet to be written, but this study hopes to have contributed to the discussion that it was already an important economic center in antiquity.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/persian_gulf_trade_late_antiquity.php (6559 words)

	History of Iran: The Splendor of Persia; The Great Kings (p.1)
		Meanwhile the Persians were living strenuously in their fortified huts or in castles which were usually built on high plateaux.
		Ariaramnes was the first to call himself "King of Kings," a title which Persian sovereigns have continued to employ until the present day, but we do not know how he lost his kingdom to his brother.
		We know that the King was placed on a golden couch and wore his vestments and his tiara, but nearly two hundred years after his death, when Alexander the Great reached Pasargad, he found the body lying on the floor of the tomb, plundered of all the royal ornaments.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/splendor_persia_kings1.php (2753 words)

	Persian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Persian language, also known as Farsi, is the most widely spoken member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages.
		Old Persian is recorded in the southwest in cuneiform inscriptions of the Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty (circa 550-330 BC), notably Darius I and Xerxes I. Old Persian and Avestan have close affinity with Sanskrit, and, like Sanskrit and all ancient Indo-European languages, are highly inflected languages.
		As a whole, we can say that Old Persian was the beginnig of those significant processes which led the language to its modern stage, quite different from the ancient one.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/iran/persian.html (439 words)

	Persian Empire, Persopolis - Crystalinks
		The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran).
		Cyrus rallied the Persians together, and in 550 BC defeated the forces of Astyages, who was then captured by his own nobles and turned over to the triumphant Cyrus, now Shah of the Persian kingdom.
		Xerxes was king of Persia from 486-465 BCE.
	www.crystalinks.com /persia.html (3505 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Military History \| Greco-Persian Wars: Battle of Thermopylae
		Persian expansion had begun in the mid-6th century, when its first shah, or great king, Cyrus, had led a revolt against the dominant Medes.
		One Persian unit was particularly esteemed: a crack fighting force that Herodotus called the Immortals, alleging that any dead, wounded or sick soldier in its ranks was replaced so swiftly that its 10,000-man strength never seemed to diminish.
		The king was then followed by 1,000 noble Persian spearmen with their spears pointed upward, another 1,000 picked cavalry, 10,000 infantry, many with gold or silver ornaments on their spears, and finally 10,000 more horsemen before another gap that separated those fine troops from the ordinary soldiers who brought up the rear.
	www.historynet.com /magazines/military_history/3038411.html (1315 words)

	First Iranian Kings of Persian Poetry at Parsi Khabar
		According to a great number of eminent scholars and highly respected experts in Persian Literature and Poetry, there are many Iranian poets who can be considered as the Titans or the Kings of the Persian Poetry.
		One was Nezamolmolk, who became the Minister (in Persian: Vazir) to the courts of Alp Arslan Seljuk (1063-1072) and his son Malek Shah Seljuk (1072-1092).
		It referred to Mowlana as a famous Persian spiritual leader, thinker and poet who is considered as one of the world’s greatest intellectuals who addressed the humanity as a general body.
	parsikhabar.net /first-iranian-kings-of-persian-poetry (3061 words)

	Bible Study - The Persian Empire
		At its peak, the Persian empire reached from the India to Greece, and from the Caspian Sea to the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea.
		The Persians are believed to have originated in Media, which today corresponds to western Iran and southern Azerbaijan.
		The Persians were Aryans, speaking one of the eastern Indo-European group of languages.
	www.keyway.ca /htm2000/20000227.htm (303 words)

	DanielFailedPropheciesOf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the conventional chronology, the Persian period commenced in the year 539 BCE, the commencement of the building of the Second Temple was in the year 520 BCE, and the entire Persian period spanned the years 539 to 332 BCE." (pp.
		Any suggestion that the Persian or Second Temple periods were longer than the time assigned to them by Seder Olam is also an attack on the accuracy of the traditions of the Talmud and on the accuracy of the accepted Jewish count from creation.
		This "interloper" is overthrown 522-521 BC by Darius I. Daniel's sequence of Persian kings
	www.homestead.com /bibleorigins*net/DanielFailedPropheciesOf.html (2875 words)

	Persian Gulf Online
		The Persians made themselves important in world history with the establishment of the Achaemenid Empire in the sixth century B.C.E. Their rise and center of power was from the province of Fars (Pars/ Persis) in the southwestern region of the Iranian plateau.
		From the beginning of the Sasanian period, Persian merchants and official missions visited China.54 We know of a Sasanian official called by the Chinese word sa-pao, who was stationed in Si-nan where the temples of the celestial god of fire was established.55 The Romans, in search of silk, reluctantly took to the sea.
		It is interesting in itself that many of the bullae and seal finds derive from the province of Fars, and their placement around the empire with the name of one of the cities or districts of Fars should persuade us of the economic importance of this province.
	www.persiangulfonline.org /research/oldtrade.htm (5336 words)

	Persian Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Wars between the Greeks and Persians lasted throughout the period of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty (549-330 BC), although the term Persian Wars refers more specifically to the wars of Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes I, which ended in 478 BC.
		The Persians then installed friendly tyrants, and peace was maintained until the reign (521-486) of Darius, when the Ionian towns again rebelled.
		Although Athens was burned, the Greeks decisively defeated the Persian fleet at Salamis.
	library.thinkquest.org /17709/wars/persian.htm (440 words)

	THE RAIN / THE GENEALOGY OF THE PERSIAN KINGS.
		THE RAIN / THE GENEALOGY OF THE PERSIAN KINGS.
		It must be noted that the confusion which has hitherto been experienced arises from the fact that appellatives have been mistaken for proper names; to say nothing of the confusion arising from their transliteration or translation into other languages.
		the great king, the mighty king, king of Tintir (Babylon), king of Sumir, and Akkad, king of the regions of the earth, the son of C
	www.therain.org /appendixes/app57.html (1262 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Achaemenid dynasty, 550â“330 BC Achaemenes, founder of the dynasty, king of Persia.
		Cyrus I of Anshan, son of Teispes, king of Anshan 640â“580.
		Ariaramnes of Persia, son of Teispes, king of Persia.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Persian_Kings (1218 words)

	Persian Kings in the Bible - Iran in the Bible - Cyrus Charter of Human Rights - Cyrus the Great - Cambysses, Darius ...
		King Cyrus is called by God to serve Him
		The main hall has the inscription, "I am Darius, great king, king of kings, kingof alnds -- who constructed this palace." Darius was a good organizer of his kingdom.
		Cyrus the Great (580-529 BC) (known as Kourosh in Persian; Kouros in Greek; Kores in Hebrew) was the first Achaemenian Emperor and founder of Iran, who issued a decree on his aims and policies, later hailed as his charter of the rights of nations.
	www.farsinet.com /iranbibl/kings.html (603 words)

	Canon of Kings Information
		The Canon of Kings was a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers as a convenient means to date astronomical phenomena, such as eclipses.
		Thus, it lists Kings of Babylon from 747 BC until the fall of Babylon to the Persians in 539 BC, and then Persian kings from 538 to 332 BC.
		At this point, the Canon was taken up by Greek astronomers in Alexandria, and lists the Macedonian kings from 331 to 305 BC, the Ptolemies from 304 BC to 30 BC, and the Roman Emperors from 29 BC to 160 AD.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Canon_of_Kings (293 words)

	The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 B.C.) \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Achaemenid Persian empire was the largest that the ancient world had seen, extending from Anatolia and Egypt across western Asia to northern India and Central Asia.
		It took the Persians four years to crush the rebellion, although an attack against mainland Greece was repulsed at Marathon in 490 B.C. Darius' son Xerxes (r.
		However, the Greeks won a victory against the Persian navy in the straits of Salamis in 479 B.C. It is possible that at this point a serious revolt broke out in the strategically crucial province of Babylonia.
	www.metmuseum.org /TOAH/hd/acha/hd_acha.htm (1046 words)

	Persian arts music and miniature paintings books
		The Persian garden's inspirational role has, however, extended far beyond the land of its origin; its precepts have exerted a profound influence on garden design around the world.
		The Art of Persian Music demonstrates how the classical music of Iran is as fine, subtle, and beautiful as a Persian carpet, and yet for the most part it has remained unknown in the West.
		Mage's three-volume Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings is illustrated with details from hundreds of Persian miniature paintings from the 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.
	www.mage.com /artbooks.html (239 words)

	Culture Persian Journal Cultural Persian Journal Culture Archaeological History Latest Archaeology cutlural history ...
		In this poetry Chain of Homelands (in Persian: Zanjeereh-e-Sarzameenhaa) the contributing composers are Golrokhsaar Saffi, Pirayeh Yaghmaii, Vida Farhoudi, Homaira Nek-hat, and Manouchehr Saadat Noury.
		One was Nezamolmolk, who became the Minister (in Persian: Vazir) to the courts of Alp Arslan Seljuk (1063-1072) and his son Malek Shah Seljuk (1072-1092).
		Persian Journal is an online magazine of Iran's current events and Iranian culture featuring news, in-depth analysis and investigative reporting as well as opinions and commentary from a network of exclusive Iranian columnists and bloggers.
	www.iranian.ws /iran_news/publish/culture.shtml (1023 words)

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