
	Where results make sense

Topic: Persian alphabet

Related Topics

Arabic alphabet

Persian grammar

Latin alphabet

Persian language

Brahmic family

Urdu Language

Abugida

Farsi language

Arabic calligraphy

Devanagari

Cushitic languages

Hindi

Hindi language

Bengali language

Bengali script

In the News (Sat 28 Nov 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Persian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prior to British colonization, Persian was also widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the official court language under the Mughal emperors.
		Persian or its dialects have official-language status in the countries of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.
		Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_language (1560 words)

	Persian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Persian (فارسی), (local name in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan: Fârsi), Pârsi (older local name, but still used by some speakers), Tajik (a Central Asian dialect) or Dari (Another local name in Tajikistan, Afghanistan), is a language spoken in Iran,Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain.
		Persian, the more widely used and official name of the language in English, is the Hellenized form of the native term Parsi.
		Despite their shared alphabet, however, Persian and Arabic are entirely different languages, from different linguistic families and with different phonology and grammar.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Persian-language.htm (1287 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Persian language @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		PERSIAN LANGUAGE [Persian language] member of the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Indo-Iranian languages).
		The modern form of Persian evolved directly from Middle Persian and may be said to have begun in the 9th or 10th cent.
		AD Modern Persian is the medium of an old and great literature and is written in a modification of the Arabic alphabet.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:Perslang&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (350 words)

	Iranian Scripts: Persian Alphabet
		After the Islamic conquest of the Persian Sassanid Empire in 642 CE, Arabic became the language of government, culture and especially religion.
		The form of Persian spoken in Afghanistan is called Dari, while the form spoken in Tajikistan is known as Tajik and is written with the Cyrillic alphabet.
		Under Mongolian and Turkish rulers, Persian was adopted as the language of government in Turkey, central Asia and India, where it was used for centuries, and until after 1900 in Kashmir.
	www.iranchamber.com /scripts/persian_alphabet.php (231 words)

	Persian Iranian Language (Farsi) at Best Iran Travel.com
		Persian (Farsi) is the national language of Iran.
		Persian is one of the world's oldest languages, a well-recognized tongue as early as the 6th century B.C
		A variety of Persian called Tajik is spoken in the Tajikistan, and is written in the Cyrillic alphabet.
	bestirantravel.com /culture/language.html (310 words)

	Persian Dialects: Tajiki - (CAIS at SOAS)
		Persian Dari (spoken in Afghanistan) is often called Tajik by Russian linguists.
		In 1928, the Roman alphabet was introduced, and used until it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940.
		The classical Persian writers are claimed by Iranians (both the Persians and the Tajiks) as part of their literary and cultural heritage.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/Tajiki.htm (1536 words)

	Perso-Arabic script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally being used for the Arabic language, the Arabic alphabet was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language; see Persian alphabet for the modified variant.
		The alphabet was taken by other languages to become their writing systems.
		In a broader sense, it can refer, among other variants, to the original Arabic alphabet as it used for Arabic, meaning that the original “pure” alphabet falls into the category of Perso-Arabic scripts (you can see such usage of the terms in some technical papers, for example, at 18th International Unicode Conference).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perso-Arabic_script (173 words)

	VirtualTourist.com - azadeh1's Album - My Gallery & Iran
		History Old Persian is attested from the cuneiform inscriptions left by the Achaemenid dynasty (559 to 331 BC.) that ruled the lands known as the Realm of the Aryans (from which comes the name of the modern country Iran) up until the conquest of Alexander the Great.
		Old Persian, by contrast, and its immediate descendant Middle Persian, originated in a province in southwest Iran that was once the center of the Persian Empire -Parsa or Fars-, hence the contemporary Persian name of the language: Farsi.
		Modern Persian, written in a version of the Arabic script (28 letters) except letters marked RED, which are belong to the Persian version (32 letters), and full of words of Arabic origin, appeared during the 9th century.
	members.virtualtourist.com /m/tt/481c1 (1001 words)

	Persian alphabet and pronunciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Persian language has been written with a number of different scripts, including Old Persian Cuneiform, Pahlavi, Aramaic, and Avestan.
		Persian is a member of the Iranian branch of Indo-European languages.
		Persian or Western Farsi (فارسی), is spoken by about 22 million people in central and south central Iran.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/persian.htm (297 words)

	IL&S: Modern Persian Language & Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Persian reached the peak of its greatness in the 16th and 17th centuries when the Mogul kings supported the expansion of Persian literature in India.
		The grammatical structure of modern Persian is very close to that of Dari.
		Persian is written in the Arabic script with 4 additional letters (p, c, g, ž).
	iranianlanguages.com /newiranian/modpersian.htm (369 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Pahlavi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The word originally referred to the language spoken by the Parthians, and later came to be applied to the script used to write Middle Persian, which was derived from the Aramaic alphabet.
		Middle Persian Pahlavi script was derived from Aramaic independently, although Inscriptional MP Pahlvi is quite similar to Inscriptional Parthian Pahlavi.
		The earliest evidence of Middle Persian (MP) Pahlavi writing have reached us from the Parthian period and are used on various pieces of graffiti that have been discovered in the Persepolis complex.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Pahlavi (705 words)

	Persian Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Persian is derived from Indo-Iranian, one of the branches of the Indo-European languages.
		Persian morphology is affixal, consisting of a few prefixes and mostly suffixes.
		Determining phrase boundaries is difficult since Persian is a verb final language but there are no markers or cases to distinguish the Subject or the Objects in a sentence (with the exception of the specific object marker râ).
	crl.nmsu.edu /shiraz/ling/introduction.html (2250 words)

	Persian Language & Literature
		From early Persian Language to revolutionary poets of 20th century.
		The greatest Persian poet, author of the Shahnameh (The Epic of Kings).
		One of the masters of contemporary Persian poetry.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/literature.php (383 words)

	Easy Persian Books 98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A course in everyday written and spoken Persian, or Farsi, for those with no prior experience with the language, which is spoken all over the Middle East.
		Persian Handwriting (book and interactive CD set) is designed to introduce the Persian script to students whose native languages are written in the Latin alphabet.
		Attar was a Persian Sufi of the 12th century and his masterpiece is The Conference of the Birds, an epic allegory of the seeker's journey to God
	www.easypersian.com /persian/W98/books_98.htm (908 words)

	Kurdish language, alphabet and pronunciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In Turkey Kurdish is written with the Latin alphabet and in parts of the former Soviet Union it is written with the Cyrillic alphabet.
		The alphabet labelled Latin 1 is known as Yekgirtú, and the one labelled Latin 2 is known as Latin Kurmanjî.
		The Cyrillic alphabet is known as Cyrillic Kurmanjí and the Arabic alphabet is known as Soraní.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/kurdish.htm (253 words)

	[No title]
		Only such characteristic properties of Persian are further discussed, however, whose behaviour in the Persian sentence structure should be realised or considered grammatically or typographically in the translation system.
		The presentation of Persian draws on examples and details of description from the rich and relevant literature on the subject in Persian, German and English.
		This structure is processed further in order to generate the respective Persian constituent structure of the sentence: this constituent structure should depict all the word-forms of the sentence or all syntactic relations in an explicit way.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~apl2c/Persian/NLP/93-Mehrjerdian (1305 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Web sparks revolution in Persian
		Persian speakers across the world are increasingly turning to the internet as an outlet of expression.
		The Persian language is not unstructured; however the way we use it is not structured.
		The Persian language has experienced a decline for several centuries, but in the past few decades it has witnessed a revival.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/3686267.stm (681 words)

	PERSIAN
		Enables students with a degree of proficiency in spoken Persian to read and write, to translate rudimentary texts, and to conceptualize the use of the formal style of composition.
		For students with a degree of proficiency in spoken Persian.
		Focuses on the Shahnameh of Firdawsi: explores the ancient legends that gave rise to it and follows the fortunes of epic poetry after Firdawsi, touching on the rise, development, and decline of romance in classical Persian literature.
	www.washington.edu /students/crscat/persian.html (590 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Opinion, Persian script should not be replaced by Latin variety
		Among some Persian speakers, there is a negative attitude concerning the Arabic-Islamic invasions, which contributes to the opinion that the Arabic+4 script should be changed.
		Whatever one's opinion of the invasions, the Pahlavi-Sassanid alphabet, was, fortunately or unfortunately, lost to the Arabic script, because this language and its alphabet were used in the Qur'an, the Islamic holy book.
		The art of Persian calligraphy would be lost and remembered simply as historical artifact by generations to come.
	www.iranian.com /Opinion/Jan99/Persian (1195 words)

	Eenjoori Beneveeseem
		Migrants to a new country, regardless of origin and alphabet, eventually lose ties to their roots as succeeding generations are born and become a part of the society of their new host country.
		Moreover, the very fact that Farsi survives intact, albeit with the Arabic alphabet, is proof to both the halfhearted nature of the Arab campaign as well as the resilience, strength, and sophisticated nature of the culture of the natives of Fars.
		Persian is mixed with Arabic, and the Latin alphabet may diminish Persian language's splendor by Latin's inability to cater to the Arabic portion of Persian.
	www.iranian.com /Feb97/Opinion/Language/Language.shtml (5954 words)

	IPA2 Tutorial - PAGE 6 - Some Rules and Items (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In Persian, we also have such determiners but there are two forms of usage: formal and informal.
		This "i" sound was originally "êw" in Middle Persian (Pahlavi) (meaning: a/an/one) and it came after the words to show usually indefiniteness (rôt êw= a river).
		In colloquial Persian, "ra" is changed to "ro" (after a vowel-ending word) and "'o" [apostrophe "o"] (after a consonant-ending word).
	www.persiandirect.com /projects/ipa2/ipa2_tutor6.htm (728 words)

	5. The Persian Calendar
		The origin of the Persian calendar can be traced back to the 11th century when a group of astronomers (including the well-known poet Omar Khayyam) created what is known as the Jalaali calendar.
		Since the Persian year is defined by the astronomical vernal equinox, the answer is simply: Leap years are years in which there are 366 days between two Persian new year's days.
		However, basing the Persian calendar purely on an astronomical observation of the vernal equinox is rejected by many, and a few mathematical rules for determining the length of the year have been suggested.
	www.tondering.dk /claus/cal/node6.html (572 words)

	IRAN: An Introduction -- Alphabet
		There are numerous dialects of Persian language, such as Dari, Gilaki, etc. The standard and modern Farsi is spoken in today's Iran.
		Arabic alphabet belongs to the group of Semitic scripts in which the consonants are actually written and vowels are placed in between the lines.
		Arabic script is derived from the Aramic Nabataean alphabet and has 28 letters derived from 18 shapes, distinguished by one (10 cases) or two dots (3 cases) placed above or below the letter or three dots place above the letter only (2 cases).
	www.enel.ucalgary.ca /People/far/hobbies/iran/alphabet.html (467 words)

	Plan for a new Persian ISO-8859-X standard character-set.
		Why I am asking this, is that the Persian characters relatively are more than many other languages, and the character shapes are differ regarding their position in the word.
		I can decrease the number of shapes of some of alphabet (That their shapes are similar) for the normal computer text writing, and for DTP we can make DTP packages use special engines for the several shapes for art related materials.
		Persian DTP packages, use their own engine and then with the help of calligrapher, make the best shape for that letter in the word.
	www.pooyesh.com /palapal/isofarsiplan.html (891 words)

	Langact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As we mentioned earlier, the Persian alphabet contains 32 letters and that it is not always possible a Persian letter which corresponds to an English letter (especially since there are only 26 letters in the English alphabet -- they don't match up).
		If the name of the Persian letter is longer than two letters, it means you can use it as a sound (ie: "Che" represents english sound "ch" as in Chelsea and "Shin" represents "sh" as in Sean).
		Notice there is no "O" in the Persian alphabet but the "o" in "Bob" sounds like "aw" -- which we can find in the Persian alphabet.
	www.educ.uvic.ca /faculty/sockenden/edb363/99summer/assignments/iran/Langact.html (246 words)

	Persian with Rumi
		Ulfat’s edition known also as Isfahan manuscript is an inferior work of the well-known Persian scholar “Badi’ al-Zaman Furozanfar” consists of 1983 Ruba’iyat, which currently considered as the most authentic and reliable edition of Rumi’s Diwan.
		However, both Ulfat and Furozanfar include all the quatrains, which were in the earlier manuscripts, and modern scholars believe some of them were falsely attributed to Rumi and composed by the earlier poets.
		The readers should note that since the base of translation in this site is Arberry’s work, therefore the Persian transliteration and the numbers referred to the quatrains are from Isfahan edition, which in some part differ from Furozanfar edition.
	www.khamush.com /persian (300 words)

	The Persian Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Persian language (or called Farsi by speakers) has a rich history going back many thousands of years and containing many volumes of stories, history, poetry, and scientific works.
		The letters se, sin, and sad are all pronounced like "s" in Persian, but "sin" is used the most frequently.
		So, the word "ú" in Persian meaning he or she, has to be written with an alef.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Academy/9594/farsi.html (466 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Islamic conquest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Later (2nd century B.C), Parthians used a changed version of Old Persian alphabet, which they called "Pahlavi" or "Pahlavani" meaning "heroic" and called themselves "Pahlavans" meaning heros; this language played a significant role in recovering Iranian mythology after it was destroyed by Alexander.
		It is obvious that the Arabic alphabet was developed from the Persian (Pahlavi) alphabet but the origin of both of them and also Greek and Latin alphabets was the Phoenician alphabet.
		Ottomans, Qarakhanids, Timurids, Seljuks used arabic alphabet but in the way of Persian as far as I know and that is why no arab could read what we wrote, on the other hand, you guys understood most of the things.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=1582&PN=1 (1825 words)

	UniPers: The Vision
		Of-course the idea of introducing a new Latin-based alphabet for Persian goes back over 100 years to scholars like Akhunzadeh, and much later to Sadegh Hedayat and others.
		But a few years ago, a revolution took place that again brought the issue of the Persian alphabet to the forefront.
		Finally, UniPers is created to bring the Persian language out of the dark ages and into the modern world where it deserves to enjoy a high status.
	www.unipers.com /vision.htm (433 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)