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Topic: Persian poetry

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Poetry

	Persian literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Persian literature is one of the most extensive literatures of the world with a tradition of over 2000 years.
		Persian has always been good for poetry because of its smooth sounds and soft noises, Persian is a flexible language as words can be easily created at will for use in poetry.
		Persian is known to be the language of the poets, and Persian literature has excelled to become one of the most beautiful.The beauty of Persian literature, and particularly poetry is greatly dependent on its form and music.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_literature (439 words)

	Persian Literature, an English article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Old Persian of the Achaemenian Empire, preserved in a number of cuneiform inscriptions, was an Indo-European tongue with close affinities with Sanskrit and Avestan (the language of the Zoroastrian sacred texts).
		In India, Persian language and poetry became the vogue with the ruling classes, and at the court of the Moghul emperor Akbar Persian was adopted as the official language; spreading thence and fusing later with Hindi, it gave rise to the Urdu tongue.
		Though existing fragments of Persian verse are believed to date from as early as the eighth century A.D., the history of Persian literature proper begins with the lesser dynasties of the ninth and tenth centuries that emerged with the decline of the Caliphate.
	www.iranonline.com /literature/Articles/Persian-literature (2563 words)

	Poetry Daily Prose Feature: Dick Davis, "On Not Translating Hafez" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Here he is helped by Persian grammar and its lack of gender-specific pronouns (the same pronoun means "he," "she," or "it"), but in availing himself of this help he is, as he knows, often fudging the issue, quietly bowdlerizing the texts.
		Persian abstracts the quality isolated by the metaphor (here, thinness) and chooses a vehicle that expresses this quality in extremis (in this case, a hair); the procedure is normal and appropriate in Persian, but a reader used to the concreteness of English metaphor tries to visualize the result, with very uncomfortable consequences.
		But because his poetry is by that fact an endlessly dense tissue of his language’s poetic conventions, he seems by virtue of his very skill to be monolingual, untransferable to a language and poetry which does not share such conventions.
	www.poems.com /essadavi.htm (3432 words)

	Poetry and Music
		The Persian belief in the ability of the arts, and music in particular, to effect the soul is seen in ancient myths pertaining to the creation of the world and humankind.
		Music, poetry, and the related forms of poetic expression, illumination and calligraphy are in themselves and in their aims, a means of catching a glimpse of this perfection.
		Lastly, the rhythmic pattern of poetry, underlies many of the commonly used musical rhythms, and commonly used musical rhythms have served as the foundation for many a poem.
	www.duke.edu /~azomorod/poetry.html (784 words)

	Nizami - the great Azerbaijani poet (by Javid Huseynov)
		He lived in an age of both political instability and intense intellectual activity, which his poems reflect; but little is known about his life, his relations with his patrons, or the precise dates of his works, as the accounts of later biographers are colored by the many legends built up around the poet.
		Poetry in Persian first appeared in the east, where in the tenth and eleventh centuries it flourished at the courts of the Samanids in Bukhara and their successors the Ghazvanids, centred in eastern Iran and Afghanistan.
		By the mid-twelfth century many important poets enjoyed their patronage, and there developed a distinctive "Azerbaijani" style of poetry in Persian which contrasted with "Khurasani" or "Eastern" style in its rhetorical sophistication, its innovative use of metaphor, and its use of technical terminology and Christian imagery.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~javid/azerbaijan/nizami.html (653 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Features: Language, Persian or Farsi
		Persian, the term used for centuries in the West, originated in a region of southern Iran formerly known as Persis.
		Old Persian was spoken until approximately the 3rd century BC and Middle Persian, or Pahlavi, was spoken from the 3rd century BC to the 9th century AD.
		Persian became the lingua franca of the region during the Islamic period.
	www.iranian.com /Features/Dec97/Persian (1032 words)

	The Modern Magazine for Persian Celebrations, Cuisine, Culture & Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Persian poetry is as old as Avesta, the holy book of Zoroastrians, where the first form of poetry has been documented.
		Though existing fragments of Persian poetry are believed to date from as early as the eighth century AD, the history of Persian literature properly begins with the lesser dynasties of the ninth and tenth centuries.
		But some evidences indicate she lived during the same period that Rudaki, the Father of Persian Poetry, was a court poet to the Samanid ruler Nassr II (914-943 AD).
	www.persianmirror.com /community/2005/opinion/opinionMSN.cfm (786 words)

	Poetry in Persian and Iranian Poetry at Best Iran Travel.com
		Persian poetry is as ancient as Avesta (the holy book of Zoroastrians) where first form of poetry is documented.
		Persian language stands apart among all Eastern languages in poetry.
		One of the early forms of poetry was qasida in royal courts.
	www.bestirantravel.com /culture/poetry/poetry.html (537 words)

	Forms of Urdu Poetry
		Some commonly used terms in Urdu poetry are defined in the glossary.
		This type of poetry is considered inferior and generally avoided by reputed poets.
		However, in a literary sense, a nazm is a well organized, logically evolving poem where each individual verse serves the need of the central concept or theme of the poem.
	www.urdupoetry.com /poetryforms.html (838 words)

	Persian Dancing: An exquisite art
		Persian classical dance is very similar to the Tehrani-style recreational dance, but the execution is more refined and sophisticated, so as to be suitable for presentation to an audience.
		The subtle movements and facial gestures and interaction with the audience that are the hallmarks of the Persian style do not translate well to the 25th row of a large theater.
		She provides an example that Persian classical dance is not a dead art, frozen in time and endlessly repeated, but one that is both rich in heritage, and capable of adapting and incorporating elements from outside its tradition.
	home.earthlink.net /~rcfriend/exquis.htm (1805 words)

	Classical Persian Poetry and Poets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Poetry occupies an important place in the heart and minds of Iranians.
		If not for his immense contribution to the salvage and saving of the Persian heritage and history, he shall always remain the true hero of Iranians for his life long labour to guard and preserve the Persian language.
		Persian literature is rich with masterpieces such as Saadi's Bustan and Golestan, Hafez's Divan Hafiz, Nezami's Khamseh and Masnavi Molavi.
	www.oznet.net /iran/poetryin.htm (426 words)

	Nima Yushij
		He came to the scene of change at a time when all the conservative efforts of the Neo-classicists, Revivalists and others had failed to free Persian poetry from the long decadence which was, to a great extent, the result of the ruling power of prosody over subject matter.
		The quantitative metres in Persian verse are numerous and they have equal possibilities for being broken and used in making lines of different lengths in a poem; but classical forms did not allow this.
		Lines became the phrases and sentences, and beyts (or stanzas) became the paragraphs of a poem, and the pattern of rhymes in each paragraph of a poem was especially decided and arranged for that paragraph by the poet.
	www.farhangsara.com /nimayushij.htm (1433 words)

	Persian Painting
		His poetry type is Ghazal or amorous poetry, and it is a traditional style.
		Nima created a new style in Persian poetry and is called as “The father of modern Persian poetry” (Alexandrian, 1996).
		Persian painting has taken some aspects of Chinese or other areas’ paintings, but kept its major.
	www.geocities.com /jabalashi/homepage.html (395 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		His interest began to shift decisively away from Urdu poetry to Persian during the 1820's, and he soon abandoned writing in Urdu almost altogether, except whenever a new edition of his works was forthcoming and he was inclined to make changes, deletions, or additions to his already existing opus.
		There was no love lost between Ghalib himself and Zauq, the king's tutor in the writing of poetry; and if their mutual dislike was not often openly expressed, it was a matter of prudence only.
		So, when reading his poetry it must be remembered that it is the poetry of more than usually vulnerable existence.
	www.cs.wisc.edu /~navin/india/songs/ghalib/intro.g (2231 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In his six-volume 'A History of Ottoman Poetry’, published in the early twentieth century, the British Orientalist E.J.W. Gibb refers to "its pre-eminence over earlier times" and explains that "at no time, even in Turkey, was greater encouragement given to poetry than during the reign of this Sultan."
		These Divans contain his poetry in Turkish with a sprinkling of verses in Persian (he is known to have written a few poems in Arabic as well).
		His poetry may well be the most reliable source we can tap to gain an insight into Sultan Süleyman’s complex personality.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm (1128 words)

	[No title]
		Although his claim as one of the greatest (if not the greatest) Urdu poet of this century is undisputed, his Persian poetry has also been placed "on the backburner", so to say.
		Apart from the fact that the appeal of his poetry is not all that univer- sal, another contributory factor has been the decline of Persian as a language in India.
		Either the sound change in Persian is > so recent that it took place after it had ceased to be a living and > spoken language in India, or it is the manifestation of a well-known > phenomenon in languages transported to new geographical locations.
	www.urdustan.com /alup/zabaan01-02.txt (1036 words)

	Persian Language & Literature
		Language of the Armies (Urdu: A Derivative of Persian and Avestan)
		The greatest Persian poet, author of the Shahnameh (The Epic of Kings).
		One of the masters of contemporary Persian poetry.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/literature.php (383 words)

	Modern Persian Poetry By Mahmud Kianush
		He had the opportunity to view poetry from a different angle, but he failed to acquire a deep understanding and adequate knowledge of the thematic and technical nature of Persian poetry.
		In his poetry this music" with a mixture of colloquial and literary language, sounds like a deliberate accompaniment of the lyre of lyricism with the drum of epic.
		The most notable feature in his poetry is mysticism, a blend of Sufism, Zen-Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, through which the poet invites man to turn away form his evil ways, regaining the innocence of a child in nature.
	www.art-arena.com /book.htm (2374 words)

	KashmirToday Poetry - Ghani Kashmiri
		Even during his lifetime his fame transcended the borders of India and he was acknowledged in Iran as one of the great masters of persian poetry.
		In India he exerted a great influence on the development of persian and urdu poetry and the great urdu poet Mirza Ghalib translated more than 40 of his couplets into urdu.
		Mirza Ali Saib, a famous persian poet of Iran, unable to understand the meaning of a famous verse - in which Ghani had intermingled both Persian and Kashmiri words - travelled all the way to Kashmir to meet him.
	www.kashmirnetwork.com /today/poetry/ghani.html (316 words)

	JS Online: Mystic's poetry of love finds favor in the West (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		But the land's most enduring cultural export to the West may be the ecstatic, passionate poetry of Jalalu'ddin Rumi, a 13th-century Islamic mystic.
		Rumi was born into a family of Persian theologians in what is now the small town of Balkh, in northern Afghanistan.
		In the Islamic world, Rumi's poetry is considered by many to be second in depth, mystery and holiness only to the Qur'an, Harvey writes in his book.
	www.jsonline.com /enter/books/nov01/rumi04110201.asp (1384 words)

	PERSIAN
		Enables students with a degree of proficiency in spoken Persian to read and write, to translate rudimentary texts, and to conceptualize the use of the formal style of composition.
		Development of poetry and prose after Iran felt and absorbed the impact of Western cultures.
		Focuses on the Shahnameh of Firdawsi: explores the ancient legends that gave rise to it and follows the fortunes of epic poetry after Firdawsi, touching on the rise, development, and decline of romance in classical Persian literature.
	www.washington.edu /students/crscat/persian.html (590 words)

	Jami on Divine Love and the image of wine
		Whenever classical Persian poetry is discussed, the subject of the symbolism and meaning of its images is bound to arise.
		So when 'Iraqi or Jami speak in their poetry about the creatures of the world, one of which is wine, we must remember the underpinnings of their thought.
		Anyone who takes the trouble to read the prose works and study the lives of such authors will never doubt that for them the metaphysics they speak of is the pivot of all their thought and experience and has nothing to do with mental acrobatics and philosophical wordplay.
	www.ibnarabisociety.org /articles/jamiwine.html (4773 words)

	Easy Persian - Free Online Farsi Language Lessons, MP3 Music, and Chat!
		Persian has a broader meaning and could be used for all Iran-related items (such as Persian cat, Persian rug / carpet, Persian literature, Persian Gulf, and so on) while Farsi fails to do so.
		In short, Persian language is the official language in Iran.
		Easy Persian is a totally Free source for you if you are looking for comprehensive Online lessons to learn Persian or Farsi as spoken in Iran.
	www.easypersian.com (922 words)

	Godserver Alternative Health and Spiritual Directory:Spirituality: Poetry
		CHRIST AND CHRISTIANITY IN PERSIAN POETRY - HISTORY, INFLUENCES AND EXAMPLES - by H. CHRIST AND CHRISTIANITY IN PERSIAN POETRY - HISTORY, INFLUENCES AND EXAMPLES - by H. Dehqani-Tafti.
		Is it not a philosopher's professional duty to remain in the heaven of metaphysics, the only enduring empyrean, from which he sees in reverse the changing clouds and the diverse atmospheres of the plains?
		The legendary tale of Mahabharata has become symbolic of the conquest of death and of the perfecting of human life on earth.
	www.godserver.com /poetry.shtml (645 words)

	Life of Rumi
		His love and his bereavement for the death of Shams found their expression in a surge of music, dance and lyric poems, `Divani Shamsi Tabrizi'.
		Rumi is the author of six volume didactic epic work, the `Mathnawi', called as the 'Koran in Persian' by Jami, and discourses, `Fihi ma Fihi', written to introduce his disciples into metaphysics.
		The words and even syllables of the poetry are connected to the musical sentences.
	www.khamush.com /life.html (1587 words)

	The Seattle Times: Arts & Entertainment: The way of the ney: Musician pursues passion for Persian music
		Born and raised in Isfahan, Iran, one of two centers of Persian classical music (the other is Tehran), Omoumi, 61, studied with Hassan Kassa'i, the world's greatest ney player, and wound up teaching at Iran's National Conservatory himself.
		Persian classical music is organized into seven systems, called dastgah, within which there are 150 melodic patterns, with different "atmospheres." Performers memorize melodies and scales, but improvise their own variations.
		Omoumi also is developing a DVD to explain the complexities of Persian music, drawing on architectural analogies, such as comparing musical intervals to the heights of buildings.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/artsentertainment/2002281442_hossein20.html (1195 words)

	The Literary Legacy of Classical Arabic Poetry
		Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych is fascinated by the functional aspects of poetry.
		While the notion of functional poetry may seem contradictory to many of us, for Stetkevych, the Ruth N. Halls Associate Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, it has been a continuing topic of critical analysis.
		Her second book, The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual (Cornell University Press, 1993), explores the oldest Arabic poems in light of the work of anthropologists, historians of religion, and classical scholars on ritual and sacrificial patterns in literature.
	www.indiana.edu /%7Ercapub/v17n3/p7.html (1603 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Poetry was an Ottoman passion - not only for men but also for women.
		From the 15th century until the end of the Empire in 1922, they produced a considerable number of polished verses, vying with the best of their male counterparts, and often achieving prominence.
		Zeyneb, who died in 1474, was a cultivated lady: She knew Arabic and Persian in addition to Turkish, and wrote many poems in Persian as well.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/Nov-Dec/N21.htm (715 words)

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