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Topic: Persian religions

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Zoroastrism

Religious minorities in Iran

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History of Persia

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Iran

	Divine Digest - The Complete Guide to All Religions
		The Founder of Zorastrianism was the Persian Prophet Zorathustra, meaning "He of the golden light".
		Zoraster was the first founder of a world religion to prophesy and end of time and of earthly life.
		Zorastrianism was the State Religion of the Persian Empire 550-330 B.C. Persian Empire included Babylonia, where many Jews lived and Palestine had a great influence on the early beliefs of Judaism.
	www.divinedigest.com /zoras.htm (538 words)

	Persian religions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bábísm, a mid-19th century religion that was a predecessor of the Bahá'í Faith
		Persian Mysticism, a traditional interpretation of existence, life and love with Perso-Islamic Sufism as its practical aspect.
		Proto-Indo-Iranian religions and later Zoroastrian divinities and concepts are believed to have an influence on many of the mythologies and religions of the Central Asia and the middle-East.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_religions (238 words)

	Iranian & Persian Studies
		Persian Studies concentrates upon the literature of New Persian, which includes the poetry and prose produced in Persian in Iran, Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Ottoman Empire from the tenth century to the present day.
		Persian Studies is typically paired with sub-fields such as Arabic, Islamic religion and culture, Indo-Muslim culture, Sufism, linguistics, philosophy, Near Eastern history, Turkish, and the history of art.
		For the general examination in Persian Language and Literature students are expected, in addition to having a general overview of Persian literature, to read extensively in the corpus of one author and to know the literature of one period in depth.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~nelc/iranian_persian.html (798 words)

	The Persians
		Living in the area east of the Mesopotamian region, the Persians were a disparate group of Indo-European tribes, some nomadic, some settled, that were developing their own culture and religion unique from that of the great cities to their west.
		By 486 BC, the Persians would control all of Mesopotamia and, in fact, all of the world from Macedon northeast of Greece to Egypt, from Palestine and the Arabian peninsula across Mesopotamia and all the way to India.
		All of creation, all gods, all religions, and all of human history and experience can be understood as part of this struggle between light and dark, good and evil.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MESO/PERSIANS.HTM (1421 words)

	Religions of Iran: Mithraism, it's Influence on Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Even Persian religious songs in Bible, which foretold Christ's birth and baptism, were not legal and sacred anymore.
		The Roman Empire was in constant conflict with the Persian Empire.
		In the non-martial life, religion was the basis of government and maintaining peace in the society.
	www.iranchamber.com /religions/mithraism_influence_on_christianity.php (1466 words)

	Manichaeism - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Mani (called Manes by the Greeks and Romans) was born near Baghdad, probably of Persian parents; his father may have been a member of the Mandaeans.
		Basic to the religion's doctrine was the conflicting dualism between the realm of God, represented by light and by spiritual enlightenment, and the realm of Satan, symbolized by darkness and by the world of material things.
		The young religion of Islam was also challenged by the Manichean sect in Africa and Asia.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-manichae.html (747 words)

	Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism: VI. Persia
		In the first enthusiasm of their conquests, the Persians extended their dominion as far as the cities of Ionia and the islands of the Ægean Sea, but their power of expansion was broken at the foot of the Acropolis.
		The divinities of the two religions became identified, their legends connected, and the Semitic astrology, the result of long continued scientific observations, superimposed itself on the naturalistic myths of the Persians.
		The Persians conceived of Ahriman as the embodiment of deceit.
	www.sacred-texts.com /cla/orrp/orrp10.htm (6474 words)

	University of Minnesota TC: M
		Religion is universal to the human experience, yet it is often overlooked as a discipline that offers a rich field for studying human values and culture.
		In the early years of the religious school, experts on various religions were "contributed" by their respective religious communities; so the Jewish community offered a Jewish scholar, and the Catholic community sent a priest with an academic specialty to handle Catholic studies.
		As an expert in ancient Persian religions, Malandra is very involved in the Zoroastrian community in North America--made up of those who practice religions of the Magi--though he, himself, belongs to the Jewish faith.
	www1.umn.edu /urelate/m/summer98/window.html (1272 words)

	Backgrounds
		The religion that Paul founded was based on one overwhelming aspect: the death and resurrection of God in the form of Jesus.
		In the first understanding, Jesus of Nazareth is the founder of the religion; in the second, Paul emerges as the first voice in Christianity and the collection of sayings and stories surrounding Jesus of Nazareth are a later accretion.
		The religion would become Hellenized, that is, its theology would be drawn from Greek and mystical religions and these influenced the selection and even content of the stories and sayings attributed to the founder.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CHRIST/BACK.HTM (4715 words)

	Persian deities - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Several important religions and religious movements originated in the cultural continent of Greater Persia.
		Bábísm, a mid-19th century monotheistic religion that was a predecessor of the Bahá'í Faith:
		Divinities in Persian religions and as supernatural beings in later Persian mythology:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Persian_deities (409 words)

	The Religions in Iran, Zoroastrism, Persian for beginners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		It took on the spot numerous influences for a gnostic religion both from the Zoroastrism and from the Christianity and the Buddhism in its basis.
		From 763 to 840 it was even state religion at the Uigurian in Central Asia, its influence, however, faded in the course of the increasing Islamization and this religion finally went down completely.
		From the so-called twelve Schiism arose in the 19th century the Babism and from this the Bahai religion which nowadays is spread in the whole world.
	www.muz-online.de /asien/iran2.html (831 words)

	Zoroastrianism
		It is certain that the religion experienced wide growth in the 6th century BCE, a great time of change in the region (Boyce, 39-40).
		As "the good religion," as it is called, Zoroastrianism demands that followers practice a threefold path incorporating good thoughts, good words, and good deeds (Jackson, 194).
		Traditional Zoroastrians believe that religion and ethnicity are inseparable; that one must be born into the faith, and that one must marry within the faith.
	www.meta-religion.com /World_Religions/Zoroastrim/zoroastrism.htm (2111 words)

	JCCC::REL 126 - Religions of the West
		Religions of the West is a detailed examination of the rich and diverse religious traditions that originated in the ancient Near East (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), examples of indigenous traditions of Africa and North America, and examples of "alternative religions" of modern/contemporary Western culture.
		C. Examine and discuss the importance of ritual enactment as a rehearsal of the mythology that is intrinsic to the cultural foundation of a given indigenous tradition.
		B. Describe the content and significance of the “mystery religions” of the 1st century CE cultural milieu.
	www.jccc.net /home/course_outline/spring-2005/REL126 (1581 words)

	Gnosticism (Rexroth)
		The uprooting of religion came when men were able to come and go freely through vast empires that stretched from one end of the ancient world to the other.
		Eventually there were shrines to Persian and Palestinian and Egyptian saviors on the borders of Scotland; religious sculptors and painters who had learned from Praxiteles and Apelles worked in the Gobi Desert and among the recently civilized Japanese.
		By Persian times in Egypt the Ennead of Osiris had come to take the place of the original principal judges of the dead, although the unfortunate soul had to undergo a minor inquisition from dozens of petty deities or demons.
	www.bopsecrets.org /rexroth/essays/gnosticism.htm (4046 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Syncretism
		As regards the Old Testament, the Chanaanite myth, the Egyptian, Old Babylonian, and Persian religions are regarded as the sources of Israelitic religion, the latter itself having developed from Fetichism and Animism into Henotheism and Monotheism.
		It is sought to explain the origin of Christianity from the continuation and development of Jewish ideas and the influx of Brahmanistic, Buddhist, Græco-Roman, and Egyptian religious notions, and from the Stoic and Philonic philosophy; it is held to have received its development and explanation especially.
		That Judaism and Christianity agree with other religions in many of their external forms and ideas, is true ; many religious ideas are common to all mankind.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14383c.htm (1609 words)

	TBK - Mithra: The Pagan Christ Part 4
		In Sumero-Babylonian religion, baptism was used as a rite of exorcism, likewise a concept long pre-dating the Christian era.
		Since the Persians who worshipped Mithra were originally of the same ethnicity as the Indians who revered Mitra, it would be logical to assert that this rite within Mithraism is likewise ancient, possibly dating to early or pre-Vedic times, 1500 years or more before the Christian era.
		The Vedic and Persian religions, of course, were not the only faiths to have as part of their mysteries such psychedelic plant-drugs; intimations are to be detected in Judaism and Christianity as well.
	www.truthbeknown.com /mithra_4.htm (2347 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		It is important from the outset to be clear that this is the main contribution of this volume, a method in which the two religions, Persian Christianity and the Bahá'í Faith, are part of a case-study.
		The third chapter, the symbolic profile of Syriac Christianity, is prefaced by a discussion "Syria symbol theory" dealing with the various terms employed to refer to metaphors, symbols and types, which nuances the discussion of the symbolic profile slightly.
		Like the historical profile of Persian Christianity, the key-figure receives relatively little biographical space, rather the bulk of the profile is devoted to surveying their interaction with their social worlds.
	bahai-library.com /?file=grolin_buck_paradise_paradigm (2323 words)

	Mt.Nemrut National Park, Mt. Nemrud, Mount Nemrut, Adiyaman, Turkey-Adiyamanli.org
		It is surrounded on the west by colossal statues, on the east by a fire altar in the shape of a stepped pyramid, and on the north and south by low walls of orthostats (upright stone slabs) standing on a long, narrow base.
		Inscriptions identify the statues (whose names are given in Greek and Persian on account of the syncretic amalgamation of the Greek and Persian religions) on the eastern terrace from left to right in the following order: Antiochos, the goddess Kommagene, Zeus-Oromasdes (the Graeco-Persian sky-god and supreme deity, and also the largest-sized statue), Apollo-Mithras, and Herakles-Artagnes.
		The slabs with the reliefs of the king's Persian ancestors are set along the southern edge of the western terrace while those of his Macedonian forbears are arranged opposite the monumental statues.
	www.adiyamanli.org /mt_nemrut.htm (1258 words)

	the mystery religions....the prototypes for christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Because the old Roman religion lacked charisma, by the intertestamental years the people of the Empire had already begun seeking alternatives.
		Religion's objective is to free the soul or spirit from the material world which restricts it.
		The mystery religions are distinguished by the desire of their adherents to achieve a closer personaL relationship with God.
	geocities.com /essenecx/mystery_religions_prototype.htm (1409 words)

	The Roman Empire
		First, religion, philosophy, science, and psychology all come from the same human roots: We have a strong desire, even need, to understand the nature of the universe, our place in that universe, and the meaning of our lives.
		Within the Persian pantheon, Mithra was “the judger of souls” and “the protector,” and was considered the representative of Ahura-Mazda on earth.
		Gnosticism overall was heavily influenced by Persian religions (Zoroastrianism, Mithraism) and by Platonic philosophy.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/romanempire.html (4680 words)

	Paradise and Paradigm: Key Symbols in Persian Christianity and the Bahá'í Faith by Andrew Rippin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In doing so, he forges a methodology designed to compare distinct religions while arguing, on the basis of their historical commonality, that the differences between the two convey the unique insights of each faith into the human situation.
		Even though Persian did not achieve the status of a liturgical language of the church, it is clear that, in this formative period of the multiple identities of Christianity, the Roman and Persian empires represented the most significant loci of power and religious development.
		The aim of Buck's work, then, is to compare the world-views of two religions which may be thought to have some historical and cultural connections and to determine the extent to which the symbolic idioms in which the religious world is described by the two religions are similar and different.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/utq/711/paradigm24.html (578 words)

	22 Discussions about Zoroastrianism and religion, views, critics, opinions, questions and answers, at ...
		It is true however that they have, apparently, borrowed heavily from Persian religions, mostly from the Institutionalized Latter Zoroastrian Religion, that followed the founder, starting several centuries after his demise.
		Still, when very major doctrines of a religion, that claims divine inspiration as its origin, are proven to belong originally to another religion, it is a major blow to its credibility and claims.
		I do feel that Zoroastrianism is/was an avante-garde religion (in the sense that it (among many other things) fully recognizes human freewill), and that WHEN I do choose to follow a religion, Zoroastrianism will be the first one I think of.
	www.zoroastrianism.cc /discussions_22.html (2913 words)

	Religion in ancient Persia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Their religion as very close to nature and their worship was often done outside on top of a mountain, led by
		He was considered to be a reformer of the ancient Persian religion, which was the sole domain of the aristocratic military families.
		Persian religion did not believe in reincarnation and
	members.tripod.com /historel/orient/08perse.htm (953 words)

	Religions
		Mirza Ali Muhammad of Shìrìz, Persia (now Iran), was the founder of Babism and he formed the principles of this religion on May 23, 1844.
		The Baha'i faith is a creed that aims towards racial and religious harmony, the equality of the sexes, an international auxiliary language, a universal education, a universal faith based on the essence of the great religions, and a universal representative government.
		All religions have a common origin, despite differences and thus should not be discriminated against.
	www.tamilstar.com /religions/bahai.shtml (968 words)

	Adherents.com
		Mithra was a Persian sun god who had slain the cosmic bull whose blood was the source of all life.
		The destruction of the Persian Empire by Alexander was a precondition for the spread of the Mithraic Mysteries as far as Rome...
		The god was particularly important in the old polytheistic religion of the Persians between the 8th and 6th centuries BC and again in the Roman Empire in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.
	www.adherents.com /Na/Na_454.html (3492 words)

	A Hindu Call for Religious Pluralism
		Pluralism in religions does not require that we reduce all religions to a common mold in which their distinctions disappear into an amorphous unity.
		It certainly doesn't mean that we have to practice all religions or bow down to all their leaders as great and holy.
		Pluralism in religions does not mean that we have to believe in or accept all religions as true, regardless of what they teach.
	www.dharmacentral.com /articles/plural.htm (2658 words)

	Amazon.com: The Green Sea of Heaven: Fifty Ghazals from the Diwan of Hafiz (Library of Persian: Text and Contexts in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Amazon.com: The Green Sea of Heaven: Fifty Ghazals from the Diwan of Hafiz (Library of Persian: Text and Contexts in Persian Religions and Spirituality) (Library of...
		The Green Sea of Heaven: Fifty Ghazals from the Diwan of Hafiz (Library of Persian: Text and Contexts in Persian Religions and Spirituality) (Library of...
		The genderless Persian pronoun leaves an interesting ambiguity that you can't duplicate in English, but by calling God "She," Elizabeth T. Gray is well within the authenticity of the Sufi poetic tradition.
	www.amazon.com /Green-Sea-Heaven-Religions-Spirituality/dp/1883991064 (1096 words)

	Iranian Music Bibliography
		Studies the history of Persian music, focusses on the epoch of Abassid in Baghdad ninth and tenth centuries.
		Hafiz, the greatest Persian poet whom has being consider as musician, his poems and his philosophy respect the music and musician.
		Describes the history and the nature of Persian poetry and language in the era of post Arab invasion in the region of the Sind and Pinjab.
	www.shayda.net /bibliography.html (3462 words)

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