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Topic: Personhood

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	Foetal Personhood
		Personhood is defined by what the entity in question is, and not by the state or actions of some third party.
		If personhood were revocable, perhaps by government fiat or by mental disease, we would all need to be watching our backs, particularly in old age.
		So a declaration of personhood for one entity can depend on the mental state of one or more other people; and a 23-week-old foetus was not a person in 1989, but an identical foetus today is.
	www.gerv.net /writings/foetal-personhood (1304 words)

	Person - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, in the abortion controversy, although the fetus is clearly of the human species, the personhood of the fetus has been challenged and has become a matter of debate.
		Partial personhood is tacitly recognized by law in most cultures as reflected by parental rights and obligations, and in legal treatment of minors, the mentally handicapped, and the comatose.
		Personhood theory has become a pivotal issue in the interdisciplinary field of bioethics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Personhood (2073 words)

	Corporate personhood - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Corporate personhood is a term used to describe the legal fiction used within United States law that a corporation has a limited number or subset of the same constitutional rights as a human being.
		The stronger concept of corporate personhood is sometimes traced to the 1886 U.S. Supreme Court case Santa Clara County v.
		The understanding of corporate personhood in the United States may be changing as a result of developments in bankruptcy law and mass tort litigation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Corporate_personhood (3272 words)

	Akan Philosophy of the Person (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		To conceive of personhood as a continuous property capable of degrees is to confuse conventional notions of status—a highly variable quantity—with the notion of personhood, a constant for all human persons.
		Personhood may reach its full realization in community, but it is not acquired or yet to be achieved as one goes along in society.
		Personhood defined in terms of social achievement and personal relationships aptly serve to establish those networks conducive to creating the flow of information and obligation necessary for the promotion of communal trust.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/akan-person (5036 words)

	Personhood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fetal Life and Abortion: Human Personhood at Conception Scientific, legal and philosophical arguments for the personhood of the unborn child.
		Center For Ethics And Advocacy In Healthcare Envisions a society that preserves and enhances personhood and human dignity in illness and dying.
		Personhood, Human Motivation, and Change Team of psychologists led by William Miller and Harold Delaney working within the Christian Scholars Program to explore a Judeo-Christian perspective on the nature of the human person.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Personhood.html (277 words)

	Corporate personhood
		Corporate personhood is a term to describe United States law that allows corporations to have "inalienable rights" (sometimes called constitutional rights[?]) just like (human) persons.
		The choice of the word "person" in "personhood" arises from the way the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution was worded and from earlier legal usage of the word person.
		Though it is not yet clear who hatched this plan or where the campaign began, the early cases mainly concerned railroads.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/Corporate_personhood.html (3769 words)

	Communion and Personhood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Personhood in the western philosophical and religious tradition, at least since the end of the Middle Ages, has largely been understood in terms of the person as an “individual”, namely, what is commonly called “individualism” (and I use the term not in a pejorative but in a descriptive sense).
		Personhood as relational does not guarantee in any way justice – there are those in relationships of power (usually men, for example, chiefs, “big men” or [possibly polygamous] husbands) and those in relationships of powerlessness (usually women and children or the illegitimately born or the outsider).
		Relational personhood and cultures are also quite vulnerable – to exploiters and abusers, to the global capitalist economy, to sects and cults, to conmen and hucksters – as one enters into the relationship before one understands the nature of what one is in relationship with.
	www.anthroglobe.ca /docs/personhood_communion.htm (10378 words)

	The Santa Clara Blues: Corporate Personhood versus Democracy by William Meyers
		Corporate personhood does not, in itself, cause laws to be written to subsidize the wealthy holders of timber company stock with the income taxes laid on the backs of ordinary wage earners.
		Revoking corporate personhood and 4th Amendment rights for corporations would allow the government to make reasonable inspections to insure worker safety, to insure that toxic substances are not being emitted, and to insure that corporations are operating as allowed by their charters and the law.
		Ending corporate personhood and corporate constitutional rights would result, not in a level playing field, but in a field where We the People have the advantage again, where in any particular issue that is fought out in the public arena, the people are more likely to win than the owners of the corporations.
	www.iiipublishing.com /afd/santaclara.html (8896 words)

	JYI Volume Five Features: Defining Personhood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		However, it can be held that "personhood" is a contemporary concept (philosophical, semantic, and linguistically variable), and not really a part of a scientific progression in itself.
		Personhood may equate to what we call "humanity" as an individual or collective character trait.
		Death is an inevitable boundary that all persons must cross; according to most religions and according to biological feasibility, personhood clearly includes a point of birth and of death.
	www.jyi.org /volumes/volume5/issue6/features/lee.html (1616 words)

	Letter: Fetal Personhood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This law thus grants "personhood" to these life forms in violation of the 14th Amendment that defines citizens as "persons born" and violates the First Amendment that prohibits legislation of any theological/religious doctrine where fetal personhood theology is rejected by other religious faiths, which is now imposed upon all Americans.
		The fetal personhood law establishes "fetal rights" that are placed in conflict with "maternal rights," which creates a state of warfare between mother and her unborn life.
		States will pass more draconian laws of "fetal personhood" that will permit the state to seize the pregnant woman to protect "fetal rights" that are being "endangered" and violated by the mother, analogous to the state seizing a child from the mother under the child endangerment statutes.
	www.violence.de /prescott/letters/Fetal_Personhood.html (214 words)

	Fundamental Personhood Teaching Goals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Personhood as used here is the underlying mental perspective, mental skills, and knowledge a person has and uses.
		The Fundamental Personhood curriculum is designed to strengthen the child's mind to become better attuned with what should be his (enlightened!) self interests.
		The student skills theme in Personhood Building is a set of lessons designed to help students understand the importance of these tools, to impart them to the students, provide opportunity to practice them, and encourage them to use them in school and elsewhere.
	home.earthlink.net /~bmgei/educate/docs/fperson/t_goals.htm (615 words)

	To Restore Democracy, Abolish Corporate Personhood
		The court argument that corporations used to gain personhood was that corporations constituted persons under the Fourteenth Amendment—the 1868 measure whose aim was to ensure full personhood to the freed slaves.
		And the critics warn that if protecting corporate speech and personhood helps corporations continue to amass power until democracy is made irrelevant, free speech for citizens will then be only a hollow right, to be honored at the whim of the undemocratic authorities—along with all other human freedoms.
		Personhood and the WTO treaty do magnify the power of corporations, but the people still have the power of the vote, and the votes of citizens can still overrule the wishes of money.
	www.peacehost.net /PacifistNation/restoredemocracy.htm (6737 words)

	Personhood
		Philosophically, personhood is generally defined by some list of essential properties by which we recognize a human being as a person.
		The second way of defining personhood is more theologically oriented and entails some relational interpretation of what it means to be a person.
		In this sense, personhood is often conceived of in terms of one’s ability to have relationships with other human beings and the special relationship human beings have with God.
	www.ascensionhealth.org /ethics/public/issues/personhood.asp (333 words)

	Human Personhood Begins at Conception by Peter Kreeft
		First, the personhood of the fetus is clearly the crucial issue for abortion, for if the fetus is not a person, abortion is not the deliberate killing of an innocent person; if it is, it is. All other aspects of the abortion controversy are relative to this one; e.g.
		Whenever personhood is defined functionally, the dividing line between persons and non-persons will be based on a decision by those in power, a decision of will.
		To use the unclear, not-universally-accepted, hard-to-measure functionalist concept of personhood to decide the sharply controversial issue of who is a person and who may be killed, is to try to clarify the obscure by the more obscure, obscuram per obscurius.
	www.peterkreeft.com /topics-more/personhood.htm (5166 words)

	John Barresi: Papers: 'On Becoming a Person' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is not to defend a philosophical account of personhood intended to be applicable to any sort of potential person (e.g., robots), and to be used for such projects as normative ethical theorizing.
		Until we understand better the material ground for our own personhood, it seems to me to be an unwarranted assumption to suppose that any functional criterion of personhood that we might try to use, that excluded our material base, will succeed in capturing all that is essential to human personhood.
		As we shall see, one of the outcomes of this investigation of evolutionary origins of human personhood, is the hypothesis that certain forms of self-consciousness of a human kind may have preceded the evolution of verbal language.
	jbarresi.psychology.dal.ca /Papers/beperson.html (9507 words)

	lifeissues.net \| "Fetal 'personhood': getting the facts straight"
		Some argued for "immediate personhood", i.e., at fertilization there is present a human being who is necessarily and simultaneously a human person.
		The question of when "personhood" begins is central to all of the issues in ethics and bioethics.
		The good news is that the position of those Christians who believe in the inalienable dignity and personhood of the pre-born child - at all of his or her growing stages - is indeed based on quite solid scientific and philosophical grounds!
	www.lifeissues.net /writers/irv/irv_65fetalpersonhood1.html (3858 words)

	Peter Kreeft -- Personhood Begins At Conception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fourth, it seems to be an obvious mistake for the pro-lifer to claim that personhood begins abruptly, at conception, for personhood develops gradually, as a matter of degree.
		Whenever personhood is defined functionally, the dividing line between persons and non-persons will be based on a decision by those in power, a decision of will.
		To use the unclear, not universally accepted, hard-to-measure functionalist concept of personhood to decide the sharply controversial issue of who is a person and who may be killed is to try to clarify the obsure by the more obscure, obscuram per obscurius.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /SFL/peter_kreeft_--_personhood_begins_at_conception.htm (5084 words)

	GRASP \| Issues \| Is GRASP "Hierarchical
		Thus, legal personhood will be incremental (that is, one class of plaintiffs at a time) -- as long as we're involved in the legal system of rights that prevails at present.
		We’d be equally amenable to a case on personhood for burros or bats.
		Surely primate personhood isn’t a more problematically “hierarchical” means of incremental change than the removal of hens from battery cages to sheds -- an intervention that Francione has in certain circumstances approved.
	www.personhood.org /hierarchical (3536 words)

	personhood
		At the heart of a biblical notion of personhood is the belief that humans beings are the imago dei, the image of God (Gen 1:26-27, James 3:9).
		Our personhood is developed and renewed by the work of the Holy Spirit upon us.
		Such an understanding of personhood offers us a vision of human dignity, community, freedom, responsible stewardship, human rights, and redemptive renewal, as well as a warning against human self-deception, corruption, dehumanization, and claims of autonomy.
	www.dbu.edu /mitchell/personho.htm (1438 words)

	John Murphy For Congress - - Corporate Personhood
		Quite simply "corporate personhood" is the legal fiction turned science-fiction that US corporations have the same protections under the United States Constitution as do human beings.
		Corporate personhood in fact came about as a result of either deceit or accident on the part of a law clerk in 1886.
		Although there is no legally sustainable basis for "corporate personhood", sustained it will have to be, for years or decades or even longer: corporations will fight the attack bitterly, but we now know corporate personhood has utterly no basis in law.
	www.johnmurphyforcongress.org /corporate.htm (999 words)

	Sufficient Scruples » Personhood
		“Personhood” is simply the term used by moral philosophers to reflect this distinction between moral categories; “moral persons” are those who are subject to the obligations and protections of the moral law, and “non-persons”; are those who are not.
		This capacity-based view of personhood populates the moral community with those prepared to accept, and able to benefit from, the moral obligations and protections “personhood” entails, and excludes those who cannot.
		And because self-awareness and the conscious experience of one’s own interests is required to appreciate and benefit from moral treatment, personhood, on this view, requires a certain degree of cognitive capacity, related to the mental processes involved in consciousness, awareness of self and other, and the experience of benefits and harms.
	sufficientscruples.com /blog/personhood (3390 words)

	AAMC Reporter - 'Personhood' Redefined: Animal Rights Strategy Gets at the Essence
		If the "personhood" movement gathers momentum and results in more stringent animal research laws, research facilities will be subject to an increased number of lawsuits, says Trull.
		The animal personhood movement has the support of some legal luminaries, including Harvard law professor Lawrence Tribe, who argued for Al Gore in the Supreme Court case against George W. Bush, and civil rights and celebrity lawyer Alan Dershowitz.
		At the root of the animal personhood philosophy are questions that likely cannot be answered empirically.
	www.aamc.org /newsroom/reporter/oct03/animalrights.htm (1758 words)

	We MUST Deny Corporate "Personhood" Rights or We CANNOT Have Democracy! Corporations Have Simply TOO Much ...
		Corporations were given "personhood" and what they have done with that "personhood" as a whole cannot justify the gross enormity of their crimes against democracy, the environment, human lives, and human rights.
		You are stating that businesses having personhood equal to the status of a natural born person is necessary for them to meet demand, but that logic doesn't follow.
		Limiting the personhood status of businesses would not be the death blow you claim it to be by a long shot.
	www.progressiveu.org /190000-we-must-deny-corporate-personhood-rights-or-we-cannot-have-democracy-corporations-have-simply-too-much-power (2378 words)

	CBHD: Abortion, Bioethics and Personhood - Francis J. Beckwith
		Thus for the pro-life advocate to propose that non-pro-life women should be forbidden from having abortions, on the basis that individual human personhood begins at conception or at least sometime before birth, is, according to the Court, a violation of the rights of non-pro-life women.
		Although functional definitions of personhood may tell us some conditions that are sufficient to say that a being is a person, they are not adequate in revealing to us all the conditions that are sufficient for a particular being to be called a person.
		but what is important to understand is that personhood criteria are riddled with serious problems and that the prolife advocate has been given no compelling reason to abandon her belief that the unborn are full-fledged members of the human community.
	www.cbhd.org /resources/bioethics/beckwith_2001-11-19.htm (4277 words)

	living on both ends - an exploration of best and worst: motherhood and personhood
		Personhood and motherhood are two separate issues, and my walking away from a power struggle needed to be looked at on two levels.
		As a parent, my responsibility to God consists of training up my children in the way they should go, not breaking their spirit through control, manipulation, or domination, but lovingly, firmly, and gently inviting them to be who they were created to be.
		When I am the one who disrupts the parent-child relationship with my disrespect of his personhood, it is my responsibility to acknowledge my actions, ask forgiveness, turn from what provoked my irresponsible and unloving behavior, and re-establish relationship.
	bestandworst.typepad.com /bestandworst/2004/06/motherhood_and_.html (1585 words)

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