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Topic: Peruvian bark

	Peruvian Bark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Peruvian Bark is the bark of one of several evergreen trees and was used from the early 17th century until the mid 19th century as a drug to treat chills and fevers, including those resulting from malaria.
		The bark comes from any species of the R. Rubiaceae Cinchona evergreen, and the effective ingredient was Quinine.
		In the early days of use, the inner and outer bark were both collected, dried, and ground to a powder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peruvian_Bark (202 words)

	US Dispensatory, 1918: Cinchona, Peruvian Bark, Yellow Peruvian Bark. Cinchona Rubra, Red Cinchona. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Hooper says that renewed bark is always of greater value than the mossed, and mossed than the natural, so long as the trees are under twenty years old, for it has been found that after that time the bark ceases to thicken, and the alkaloids remain stationary or even decrease.
		The bark of the trunk, and sometimes of the branches when very large, is cut into two-foot lengths, and each length removed in a single piece, which in drying rolls up to form a quill.
		The bark or the roots, branches, and dead or dry trunks must be removed by chipping, scraping, or shaving, commonly the latter.
	www.ibiblio.org /herbmed/eclectic/usdisp/cinchona.html (7924 words)

	cook
		Spurious barks are frequently introduced as Calisaya; but they lack materially in the density, shortness of fiber, brittle fracture, and intense bitterness which belong to the quilled variety of the true article.
		Sometimes the bark incites purging, especially if the bowels and liver have not been put into good condition before its use; in which case, after attending to the biliary organs, the bark should be combined with some hamamelis.
		A hydro-alcoholic extract is prepared by first macerating a pound of the bark in alcohol, and treating it by percolation till four pints of alcohol have been used; then continuing percolation with water till six pints have passed; bringing the two liquids to the consistence of honey, then mixing them and completing the evaporation.
	medherb.com /cook/html/CINCHONA.htm (5596 words)

	JMISC #47: Pages from a Doctor's Manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But there is a preparation of Peruvian bark, not long since introduced, called the sulphate of quinine, which is still more valuable than the bark itself, inasmuch as it operates more quickly, with greater certainty, and in a smaller compass, than the latter.
		In England, the bark is now universally allowed to be a powerful and permanent tonic, superior to all other remedies in counteracting the diseased actions of intermittent fever, and of eminent utility in restoring strength and vigour to the human frame, when weakened by hectic, remittent, or typhus fever periodical pains.
		This is a new preparation of Peruvian Bark, which concentrates in a small compass, all the virtues of the powder of that celebrated substance, and is, therefore, generally resorted to by medical men on account of the smallness of the dose necessary, and the gret ease with which it sits on the stomach.
	www.earlyrepublic.net /jm980203.htm (4094 words)

	I-daksh - The Indian Expert
		Regarding the question of medicinal effect of Peruvian bark, Cullen defended the old opinion of the efficacy of this remedy through its "tonic effect on the stomach".
		Peruvian bark, which is used as a remedy for intermittent fever, acts because it can produce symptoms similar to those of intermittent fever in healthy people."
		The "Cinchona experiment" brought out not only the exact physiological effects of the bark; it had shown him that those effects were apparently the same as the symptoms of the disease for which it was used (ague).
	www.indbazaar.com /i-daksh/pioneers.asp?qid=18 (1477 words)

	Quinine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1633, the benefits of the bark were first demonstated in South America by an Augustinian monk, Calancha of Lima, Peru, discovered the beneficial properties of the bark of a certain tree.
		The bark was used to treat the Countess Anna del Chinchon, wife of the Viceroy to Peru (the bark now bears her name, though accidentally misspelled by Linne).
		Peruvian bark was introduced to Europe in 1640, but the plant producing it was not known to botanists till 1737; a few years later it was renamed Cinchona after the Countess of Chinchon, who first made the bark known in Europe for its medicinal qualities.
	www.science.siu.edu /plant-biology/PLB117/Nickrent.Lecs/Quinine.html (1737 words)

	Alder, Black American
		The bark is found in thin fragments, the outer surface brownish, with whitish patches and fl dots and lines, the cork layer easily separating from the pale-greenish or yellowish white inner tissue.
		The decoction of the bark is prepared by boiling 2 ounces of bark in 3 pints of water down to 2 pints, this being given internally in diarrhoea and malarial disorders, and externally in indolent sores and chronic skin disease.
		For dyspepsia, 2 drachms of the powdered bark, and 1 drachm of powdered Golden Seal infused in a pint of boiling water, taken, when cold, in the course of one day in wine-glassful doses, will be found very helpful.
	www.angelfire.com /magic2/bluetail/documents/846.html (383 words)

	Hemorrhoids, Parasites, Bloating, Herbal Cleansers, Anal Itch, No Rinse Cleansers, IBS, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and ...
		There, quinine bark was used by the Jesuits very early in the group's history and due to the influence of the Compa ny of Jesus, the newly named "Jesuit's powder" became known all over Europe.
		In the U.S., quinine bark is used as a tonic and digestive aid; to reduce heart palpitations and normalize heart functions; to stimulate digestion and appetite; for hemorrhoids, varicose veins, headaches, leg cramps, colds, flu, and indigestion; and for its astringent, bactericidal, and anesthetic actions in vari ous other conditions.
		The bark partially regen erates on the tree and, after a few years and several cycles of bark removal, the trees are uprooted and new ones are planted.
	www.herbalabs.org /Quinine.htm (2074 words)

	Profile - Peruvian Bark
		Background: Peruvian Bark, a source of quinine, is world-renowned for its use in treating periodic fevers, such as malaria.
		In 1640, Peruvian bark was introduced to Europe; eventually, it was renamed Chinchona after the Countess of Chinchon promoted the medicinal qualities of the bark.
		Peruvian bark was mentioned in 20 readings between 1910-1936 with peak utilization in 1927 (6 readings).
	www.meridianinstitute.com /echerb/Files/1perubar.html (551 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jesuit's Bark
		Two hundred years ago the Italian professor of medicine Ramazzini said that the introduction of Peruvian bark would be of the same importance to medicine that the discovery of gunpowder was to the art of war, an opinion endorsed by contemporary writers on the history of medicine.
		The Spanish Jesuit missionaries in Peru were taught the healing power of the bark by natives, between 1620 and 1630, when a Jesuit at Loxa was indebted to its use for his cure from an attack of malaria (Loxa Bark).
		The countess was saved from death, and in thanksgiving caused large quantities of the bark to be collected, which she distributed to malaria sufferers, partly in person and partly through the Jesuits of St. Paul's College at Lima (pulvis comitissæ).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08372b.htm (956 words)

	Quinine Bark - Cinchona - Database entry for - Quinine Bark - Cinchona - Quinine Bark
		In the U.S., quinine bark is used as a tonic and digestive aid; to reduce heart palpitations and normalize heart functions; to stimulate digestion and appetite; for hemorrhoids, varicose veins, headaches, leg cramps, colds, flu, and indigestion; and for its astringent, bactericidal, and anesthetic actions in various other conditions.
		The bark partially regenerates on the tree and, after a few years and several cycles of bark removal, the trees are uprooted and new ones are planted.
		The longstanding natural remedy for quinine bark usually calls for a cup of boiling water to be poured over approximately 1-2 g of ground or chopped natural bark and allowed to steep for ten minutes.
	www.rain-tree.com /quinine.htm (2374 words)

	DOMESTIC MEDICINE - Chapter Fourteen
		But as the Peruvian bark has been long approved in the cure of this disease, and is now to be obtained at a very reasonable rate, it is of less importance to search after new medicines.
		We cannot however omit taking notice, that the Peruvian bark is very often adulterated, and that it requires considerable skill to distinguish between the genuine and the false.
		An ounce of bark in powder may be infused in a bottle of white wine for four or five days, frequently shaking the bottle, afterwards let the powder subside, and pour off the clear liquor.
	www.americanrevolution.org /med14.html (2912 words)

	Quinine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It was not until 1820 (200 years after the bark was introduced into Europe for the treatment of malaria) that quinine was isolated from the bark of the Cinchona tree.
		So valuable was the bark that at one point of time, the cost of the bark powder was often matched by its weight in gold.
		This prompted the wanton uncontrolled harvesting of the bark, which led to the severe decimation of the tree in its native habitat.
	sres.anu.edu.au /associated/fpt/nwfp/quinine/Quinine.html (883 words)

	Cinchona Bark
		Calancha was describing the bark of the cinchona tree; the bark contains the alkaloid quinine along with several other alkaloids effective against malaria.
		The alkaloids in cinchona bark interfere with the reproduction of the malaria plasmodium.
		According to one story regarding the discovery of cinchona, the bark was used to cure the Countess of Chinchon, who was the wife of the Viceroy of Lima.
	www.bell.lib.umn.edu /Products/cinch.html (1660 words)

	Cinchona
		Cinchona bark is also the source of the medication quinidine, used to treat cardiac arrhythmias.
		The bark was the first substance that Hahnemann tested on himself, thus recording the first proving of a medicine in homeopathy.
		The trees are propagated from cuttings in late spring, and the bark of the trunk, branches, and root are removed from 6- to 8- year-old trees, and then dried in the sun.
	www.herbs2000.com /herbs/herbs_cinchona.htm (1424 words)

	Availability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea Angustifolia, Peruvian cat's claw bark and wild crafted balsam root are all powerful immune system stimulators in their own rights and when combined, form a unique weapon for fighting colds, flu, and infections.
		Peruvian Cat's Claw bark is internationally known and accepted and has proven itself as an anti-viral and immune system enhancer.
		The Cat's Claw bark used in Beyond Echinacea is organically cultivated in the Peruvian Amazon and is tested to ensure the optimum quality of its active alkaloids.
	www.kyfabulousfoods.com /echinacea.html (841 words)

	Peruvian bark on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Bark better than bite Anthony Daniels on the story of how quinine, drawn from tree-bark, provided a cure for malaria
		Review of antiviral and immunomodulating properties of plants of the peruvian rainforest with a particular emphasis on una de gato and sangre de grado.
		Peruvian plane crash won't dissuade missionaries.(Knight Ridder Newspapers)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/x/x-p1eruvian.asp (348 words)

	Quinine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The theorized mechanism of action for Quinine and related anti-malarial drugs is that these drugs are toxic to the malaria parasite, specifically by interfering with the parasite’s ability to degrade and digest hemoglobin, thus starving the parasite or causing the build-up of toxic levels of partially degraded hemoglobin in the parasite.
		The quinine containing bark of the Cinchona tree (also called Peruvian_Bark) was known for its medical properties by the natives, but did not enter popular knowledge to Europeans until its abilities to combat malaria was discovered.
		In 1742 the bark’s anti-malarial properties were supposedly discovered by the Countess of Cinchona, when native healers cured her malaria with it, But medical reference and export of the bark had begun up to 200 years earlier.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/Q/Quinine.htm (595 words)

	Raintree Health bring you details on Quinine Bark
		The bark partially regenerates on the tree and after a few years and several cycles of removing the bark and letting it grow back, the trees are uprooted and new ones planted.
		In Brazil, cinchona bark is considered tonic, stomachic, and febrifuge being employed for anemia, debility, dyspepsia and gastrointestinal disorders, as an appetite stimulant, for general fatigue, malaria, fevers, and as a reconstituent in other serious maladies.
		In European herbal medicine cinchona bark is considered anti-protozoal, anti-cramp, antimalarial, bitter, febrifuge and tonic which is used as a natural for remedy hairloss, appetite stimulant, alcoholism, enlarged spleen, liver and gallbladder disorders, flatulence, polymyalgia, arrhythmia, anemia, debility, diarrhea, leg cramps, and fevers of all kinds.
	www.raintree-health.co.uk /plants/quinine.html (2263 words)

	The Center for Health & Healing
		Toward the end of the 18th century Hahnemann was eventually inspired to make public his initial formulation of homeopathic principles, when he discovered the properties of Peruvian bark with regards to the symptoms of Malaria.
		At the time it was believed that the curative action of Peruvian bark (a source of what is known today as quinine) in malarial afflictions was due to its bitter and astringent qualities.
		This observation, confirmed by repeated re-administration and cessation of the bark, led Hahnemann to think that it was precisely the quality of creating a pattern of symptoms similar to malaria that made Peruvian bark a curative agent in people suffering from the disease.
	www.healthandhealingny.org /complement/homeo_history.html (1004 words)

	Peruvian Bark
		The bark is spongy, very slight odour, taste astringent and strongly bitter.
		The history of the formation of the alkaloids, in different parts and age of the tree, is interesting.
		the protection of the bark from light and air by layers of damp moss, increases the quantity of the alkaloids, allows of the periodical renewal of the bark, and increases the quantity of the alkaloid in the new bark.
	www.nisbett.com /herbs/p/perbar29.html (329 words)

	Cinchona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The medicinally important part of the tree is the bark, which is stripped from the tree, dried and powdered.
		As a medicinal, cinchona bark is also known as Peruvian Bark.
		In the late 1640s, the method of use of the bark was noted in the Schedula Romana, and in 1677 the use of the bark was noted in the London Pharmacopoeia.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Cinchona.htm (306 words)

	Article: Introduction to Homeopathy: Natural Healthcare.ca
		After taking a little powdered bark he experienced symptoms similar to the types of intermittent fevers he observed in his patients living in low-lying marshy regions.
		It is readily understandable to homeopathic practitioners why Hahnemann instinctively decided to test Peruvian bark on himself first and that he recognized and wrote down the resulting symptoms in the very first homeopathy proving journal.
		Peruvian bark also known as Cinchona officinalis and China, and today we can read about this first remedy proving in Dr Samuel Hahnemann's Materia Medica Pura.
	naturalhealthcare.ca /articles/introduction_to_homeopathy.phtml (804 words)

	New Essay - Origin of Ideas - Appendix 21
		For example, to establish the universal principle, 'Peruvian bark dispels fever,' it was required 1.
		The second question involves ideas and is intended to explain a non-scientific, but common fact: that of the existence in the human mind of the universal ideas, Peruvian bark and fever.
		These universal ideas are to be found in the human mind, not after a long period and as a result of long experience and extensive inferences, but as soon as we first begin to use our reason.
	www.rosmini-in-english.org /NewEssay_01/NE1_Apps/NE_App21.htm (1227 words)

	Herbal Extracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Contents: Brazilian Catuaba bark, Brazilian Muira Puama root, Brazilian Guarana fruity seed, Peruvian Maca root, African Yohimbe bark, Indian Sida Cordifolia, Mexican Damiana leaf, Chinese Cordyceps fungus, Brazilian Suma root, Chinese Schizandra berry, Korean Panax Ginseng root and Ginger root in a base containing approximately 250 mg.
		Contents: Brazilian Jatoba bark, Peruvian Maca root, Siberian Ginseng root, Indian Gotu Kola herb, Chinese Astragalus root, Chinese Cordyceps fungus, Indian Ashwagandha root, Brazilian Suma root, Chinese Schizandra berry and Ginger root in a base containing approximately 250 mg.
		Peruvian Maca has been used since before the time of the Incas to increase energy, vitality, stamina and endurance in athletes, and Brazilian Jatoba is considered a tonic and energizer and is especially popular among the Brazilian lumberjacks to increase strength, vigor and productivity.
	www.sports11.com /store/Herbal_AlternativesHerbal_Extracts.html (4425 words)

	Jesuits' Powder
		The Protestants scented a Jesuit plot; the bark was an insidious poison which the Jesuits had brought to Europe for the purpose of exterminating all those who had thrown off their allegiance to Rome.
		The Peruvian bark, or the facsimile of it, was paraded through the streets of London with great signs telling the gruesome story of how the Jesuits were using it to exterminate the non-Jesuit population.
		The bark kept in Jesuit pharmacies or colleges was considered particularly efficacious because they were better able to provide a genuine unadulterated supply.
	www.companysj.com /v144/powder.html (1747 words)

	[No title]
		Subject: Term 'Peruvian' in Harkavy's dictionary The term 'Peruvian' was current in South African English literature between approximately 1890 and 1910.
		I subsequently found out that 'Peruvian bark' was the household name for 'quinine', which was made out of the bark of a tree most readily available in Peru in those days.
		Or is it just included because the word was needed as a qualifier to translate the then commonplace medicine 'Peruvian bark'- quinine.
	shakti.trincoll.edu /~mendele/vol12/vol12006.txt (1451 words)

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