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Topic: Pervaporation

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	Info and facts on 'Pervaporation' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pervaporation is a method for the separation of mixture (additional info and facts about separation of mixture) s of liquids by partial vaporization (The process of becoming a vapor) through a non-porous membrane (A pliable sheet of tissue that covers or lines or connects organs or cells of animals).
		The membrane acts as a selective barrier between the two phases, the liquid phase feed and the vapor phase permeate.
		This process is used by a number of industries for several different processes due to its simplicity and in-line (additional info and facts about in-line) nature.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/pervaporation.htm (178 words)

	Pervaporation: An Overview
		Pervaporation is also used for the dehydration of organic solvents and the removal of organics from aqueous streams.
		Pervaporation involves the separation of two or more components across a membrane by differing rates of diffusion through a thin polymer and an evaporative phase change comparable to a simple flash step.
		Pervaporation is typically suited to separating a minor component of a liquid mixture, thus high selectivity through the membrane is essential.
	www.cheresources.com /pervaporation.shtml (1230 words)

	Pervaporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pervaporation is a membrane process in which a liquid is maintained at atmospheric pressure on the feed or upstream side of the membrane and where the permeate is removed as a vapour because of a low vapour pressure existing on the permeate or downstream side.
		A schematic drawing of this process is shown in figure 1.\n\nMembrane areas used in pervaporation cells are around 50 cm2.
		Pervaporation is most often used for the separation of volatile components like for example hexane, toluene, and trichloroethylene.
	www.membrane.nl /labtour/Experiments/Pervaporation/Pervaporation.html (122 words)

	Improving Ethanol Production
		In pervaporation, a separation of two or more components is accomplished across a non-porous membrane by the combination of two phenomena; differing rates of diffusion through the thin polymer membrane and an evaporative phase change analogous to a simple flash distillation step.
		Pervaporation, when compared to distillation processes with which it often competes industrially, is considered to be a less energy-intensive unit operation.
		Pervaporation is an emerging technology in the chemical process industries, finding applications in the dehydration of solvents and organic separations.
	www.arserrc.gov /ccse/ImprovingEthanolProduction.htm (1292 words)

	Brief Description of Research Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pervaporation has been conventionally used for applications such as dehydration of solvents and removal of VOC's from waste streams.
		We are investigating the possibility of using pervaporation membranes (polymeric and inorganic) for volume reduction of pharmaceutical wastes as well as recovery and recycling of valuable solvents.
		The excessive use of solvents is very common in pharmaceutical processes as a result of which the waste streams produced are aqueous streams containing a variety of solvents in low to moderate (5-30 wt %)concentrations.
	sweb.uky.edu /~dsshah1/research.html (429 words)

	Projekte TVT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pervaporation is a separation process where matter is transfered from a liquid feed mixture to the vapour phase through nonporous polymeric membranes.
		The pervaporation of single organic solutes from water is very different from multicomponent transport because activity coefficient of water immiscible solutes are controlled by miscible solvents.
		In general, the pervaporation of aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbons' leads to phase separation thus simplifying downstream processing of the permeates.
	www.uni-kl.de /LS-Bart/kraetz/kraetzpe.html (322 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		At higher temperatures, pervaporation systems have a higher performance, but that needs to be balanced against the cost of the energy required to heat the feed.
		Pervaporation was shown to enrich the organic concentration in the plant’s waste stream by a factor of over 100.
		Although pervaporation demonstrates many advantages as an industrial membrane process, including economical advantages, overall, commercial sales of pervaporation systems are low because of the high cost of reheating the permeate between stages to sustain a meaningful flux and because of the large membrane surface area required
	ceenve.calpoly.edu /enve/jsczechowski/enve436/projects/Pervap/pervaporation.html (2565 words)

	Separation of 1,3-Propanediol from Aqueous Solutions Using Pervaporation through an X-type Zeolite Membrane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pervaporation fluxes of all components increased with temperature, but the water flux increased at the fastest rate.
		The membrane was stable during the pervaporation of the quaternary mixture for at least one week.
		The membrane was regenerated by calcination at 653 K for 4 h.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/iecred/2001/40/i08/abs/ie000905l.html (228 words)

	Pervaporation - Technical Status (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pervaporation has been used commercially for liquid separation for over 15 years, with some 120 plants worldwide.
		Most pervaporation installations currently in use are multi-purpose installations (suitable for more than one organic compound).
		The energy-use of a pervaporation system is determined by the application i.e.
	europa.eu.int /comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/pervtech.html (129 words)

	yet2.com - Tech of the Week Detail
		Pervaporation is simply the combination of permeation and evaporation and is used extensively to separate miscible liquids.
		Pervaporation membranes are usually comprised of a very thin selective outer layer of material, typically supported on a more porous, structurally stronger material.
		Pervaporation is ideal for solvent recovery, recycling, ethanol-water separation or any application that may be either heat sensitive or a poor candidate for other membrane technology, such as microporous or asymmetric membranes.
	www.yet2.com /app/insight/techofweek/15528 (861 words)

	View Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pervaporation is a relatively new technology which is struggling to find its niche among existing separation processes.
		The most advanced pervaporation process is dehydration of ethanol and isopropanol by water-permeable membranes.
		In this paper the practical problems involved in the design and operation of pervaporation systems for VOC removal from water are described, and the more promising applications of the technology are discussed.
	www.che.utoledo.edu /nams98/scripts/viewpap.cfm?ID=221 (257 words)

	ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The ZENON Environmental Inc. (ZENON), cross-flow pervaporation technology is a membrane-based process that removes volatile organic compounds (VOC) from aqueous matrices.
		Organics and small amounts of water are extracted from the conta-minated water, and treated water exits the pervaporation module and is discharged from the system.
		Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste streams such as groundwater, lagoons, leachate, and rinsewaters that are contaminated with VOCs such as solvents, degreasers, and gasoline.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/21/20606.htm (575 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The membrane is a nonporous membrane of the type used in pervaporation, or a composite membrane with a nonporous membrane as one of the layers.
		The hydrocarbon solvent (s) and any residual monomers that are dissolved in the aqueous phase of the emulsion permeate through the membrane, and are continuously replaced by solvent and monomer that diffuse across the interface from the organic phase, including solvent that is originally held by and then released from the emulsified rubber particles.
		To use membrane distillation methods in place of pervaporation or the combination of pervaporation and membrane vapor permeation, a typical module is one containing microporous hollow polypropylene fibers.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/44350.010621&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (6862 words)

	Project Description - TRAC II Project 4
		Although several researchers have evaluated pervaporation for the removal of VOCs from groundwaters and wastewaters, there are fewer studies of the use of pervaporation for separating VOCs from a surfactant stream.
		Pervaporation is a promising alternative, as PV membranes have been used for recovering organic compounds from water and separating organic mixtures in order to recover a valuable product from a feed stream.
		The exact treatment cost for PV depends on the efficiency of the membrane separation process, which is affected by the presence of surfactant micelles in the solution.
	www.engin.umich.edu /dept/cee/research/HSRC/00trac2proj4.htm (1181 words)

	15D-22 Modeling concentration polarization of pervaporation processes in aroma and flavor recovery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Membrane pervaporation has been widely used in many industrial and environmental applications and is gradually gaining acceptance in food and beverage industry for flavor and aroma recovery.
		A common technical challenge encountered in the application of this technology is the existence of a phenomenon called concentration polarization, a steep concentration discrepancy between concentration in the bulk and that on the membrane surface, and its adverse effect upon the process performance.
		In order to better understand the physical picture of mass transfer occurring in the pervaporation process to facilitate process design and optimization without committing costly large-scale experiments, a system mass transfer model is usually developed and the results from the simulation of the model are used for initial process development.
	ift.confex.com /ift/2001/techprogram/paper_8209.htm (368 words)

	Design of Cost-Effective VOC-Recovery Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pervaporation (a technology that combines permeation and evaporation) is a membrane-based process that operates on the principle of selective permeation of a VOC through the membrane.
		The warm wastewater feed enters the membrane housing at a high pressure and the VOC (and some water) preferentially permeates to the low pressure side of the membrane.
		Unlike pervaporation, no phase change occurs across the membrane and the water permeates from the feed side of the membrane to the permeate side of the membrane.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/01/text/00034c.htm (611 words)

	Sulzer Chemtech - Sulzer Chemtech - Pervaporation Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pervaporation is ideal for final dehydration or for debottlenecking existing distillation systems.
		Pervaporation plants are less costly to build and easier to operate.
		Pervaporation ideal tool for splitting of azeotropes of organics with these alcohols.
	www.sulzerchemtech.com /eprise/SulzerChemtech/Sites/products_services/pervap.html (327 words)

	US EPA Pervaporation-based Separation Processess, Clean Processes, Sustainability, Risk Management Research, Research ...
		To advance scientific understanding, performance, and engineering application of pervaporation-based technological solutions and to address important pollution risk issues that endanger human health and the environment through the development, publication, and dissemination of high quality research data and outputs.
		In general, they require minimal temperature changes and chemical addition, operate in either continuous or batch modes, use significantly less energy than traditional separation processes, do not alter the chemical structure of the processed materials, and are easy to integrate into existing processes due to their modular nature and compact size.
		Third, new membranes and pervaporation process design changes will be implemented to increase the recovery efficiency of alcohols from aqueous industrial process streams including biomass fermentation processes.
	www.epa.gov /docs/ordntrnt/ORD/NRMRL/std/cppb/pervapor (630 words)

	biochemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In Chapter 8, the use of pervaporation in bioreaction and downstream processing is discussed by H. Strathmann and W. Gudernatsch, using the example of removal and concentration of ethanol from a fermentation broth, by
		Recent progress in water/ethanol pervaporation separation membranes are discussed in the Chapter 9 by Y. Maeda and M. Kai.
		The removal of organics from water by pervaporation is the subject matter of Chapter 10, elaborated by K.W. Boddeker and G. Bengtson.
	www.library.tuiasi.ro /ipm/vol11no12/biochemistry.html (731 words)

	P18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pervaporation technology is mostly used for breaking azeotropic mixture in the field of the dehydration of solvents such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and so on.
		The pervaporation experiments were carried out in a laboratory test cell and a pilot unit with PVA composite membrane and Chitosan composite membrane.
		In the aspect of energy consumption, the combination of pervaporation and distillation was superior to the conventional alternative which consists of azeotropic distillation column and the benzene recovery column.
	www.che.utexas.edu /nams/NAMS97_Abs/Posters/P18.html (266 words)

	Tony Jou
		A systematic approach was developed for the synthesis of a novel class of ceramic-supported polymer (CSP) pervaporation membranes.
		For pervaporation applications the polymer phase serves to allow permeation of the selected compound while preventing others from passing through the membrane.
		The applicability of the CSP membrane for pervaporation was evaluated for the removal of volatile organics from water using a tubular PVAc-silica membrane.
	www.polysep.ucla.edu /Researchers/tony.htm (468 words)

	Curriculum Vitae - Dhaval S
		Pervaporation of Solvent Mixtures using Polymeric and Zeolite Membranes: Separation Studies and Modeling.
		Assisted in installation and operation of a pilot plant scale pervaporation system to study the dehydration of a complex azeotropic solvent stream to aid the recovery of ethyl acetate.
		Pervaporation was used to remove the water and thus facilitate product formation.
	sweb.uky.edu /~dsshah1/resume.html (748 words)

	Research
		Select the most appropriate membrane based on selectivity and flux studies and carryout butanol pervaporative studies using model butanol solution and fermentation medium.
		It is interesting to note that at this concentration of butanol in the fermentation broth, selectivity and flux for the pervaporation process would be significantly higher than 1% butanol, making recovery more attractive.
		This would mean that one would obtain on the order of 13lb butanol from a bushel of corn when using these developed strains.
	www.ilcorn.org /Research/98011902research/98011902research.html (1688 words)

	commbuta
		Pervaporation is less energy intensive and does not require large processing steps as in the distillation-based recovery process.
		The project work involves an early on collaboration among technology developer MBI International, pervaporation unit developer Membrane Technology and Research, and the technology commercializer, Natural Chem Industries, Ltd. (Southwest) with the sole aim to validate the process at pilot-scale and economics, and to commercialize the process in a shortest possible time.
		Since we have successfully separated butanol using a pervaporation unit (by MTR) in a separate batch process, we believe separation of solvents by pervaporation techniques in a multi-stage continuous process should be feasible without significant membrane fouling.
	www.ilcorn.org /vec/ICMB_ICGA_Projects/reports/97011102mbi.html (5421 words)

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