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Topic: Peshmerga

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	Title page for ETD etd-11142005-144616
		This thesis focuses on the peshmerga from the 19th century to 2003.
		This paper uses 1958, the year of peshmerga return, as a way to divide the developmental years of the peshmerga from its role as a cohesive military force in modern-day Iraq.
		Although this thesis ends with the conclusion of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003, a brief epilogue discusses the future of the peshmerga and the role it and its leaders are having in the new Iraqi government.
	etd.lib.fsu.edu /theses/available/etd-11142005-144616 (569 words)

	Kurds give U.S. options in north Iraq - THEFRONT - MSNBC.com
		The peshmergas, battle-hardened by years of guerrilla warfare against the Iraqi army, are on a 48-hour readiness alert to launch a full attack on Saddam’s troops, commanders say.
		Experts caution that peshmergas, deeply tribal and looking to exact revenge on the Iraqi army after years of oppression under Saddam, are not a Northern Alliance, the Afghan fighters who ousted the Taliban from Kabul in November 2001 with the help of a U.S. air campaign.
		Although allied against Saddam, the peshmergas are divided in their loyalties to the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, the major political groups that have split northern Iraq into competing spheres of influence.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/3070494/from/RL.5 (1093 words)

	Peshmerga
		"Peshmerga" is Kurdish for "one who is ready to die".
		The history of the peshmerga goes belongs mainly to the 20th and 21st centuries, and in recent times their fighting groups have been northern Iraq and eastern Turkey.
		This era of peshmerga was fairly short, as control of this region was reestablished.
	i-cias.com /e.o/peshmerga.htm (206 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		Peshmerga is the term used by Kurds to refer to freedom fighters.
		Peshmerga forces are often affiliated to prominent personalities such as Sheikh Mahmud or are affiliated to political parties such as the PUK, KDP and PKK.
		The peshmerga forces are currently involved in a dispute with the military forces of Turkey.
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki/Peshmerga_.html (356 words)

	Peshmerga
		"Peshmerga" is Kurdish for "one who is ready to die".
		The history of the peshmerga goes belongs mainly to the 20th and 21st centuries, and in recent times their fighting groups have been northern Iraq and eastern Turkey.
		This era of peshmerga was fairly short, as control of this region was reestablished.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/peshmerga.htm (206 words)

	Peshmerga
		Peshmerga, pesh merga, peshmarga or peshmerge Kurdish: pÃªÅmerge) is the term used by Kurds to refer to armed Kurdish fighters.
		Peshmerga forces are often affiliated to prominent personalities such as Sheikh Mahmud or are affiliated to political parties such as the PUK, KDP.
		Peshmerga forces fought side by side with American troops in the 2003 Iraq War in Iraqi Kurdistan.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DPeshmerga%26type%3Den (510 words)

	Peshmerga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Peshmerga, pesh merga, peshmarga or peshmerge Kurdish: pêşmerge) is the term used by Kurds to refer to armed Kurdish fighters.
		Peshmerga forces are often affiliated to prominent personalities such as Sheikh Mahmud or are affiliated to political parties such as the PUK, KDP.
		Peshmerga forces fought side by side with American troops in the 2003 Iraq War in Iraqi Kurdistan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peshmerga (826 words)

	Iraqi Kurds hope against hope / Peshmerga fighters look to U.S. for their long-awaited liberation
		But his untrained peshmerga guerrilla fighters with their ancient AK-47 rifles would be no match for the fearsome force Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein had dispatched to defend Kirkuk.
		His fellow peshmerga fighters spent Sunday exploring the vast swath of land they had watched through the scope of their Kalashnikovs for the past 12 years.
		The peshmerga, wearing no body armor, used wide flat knives as probing sticks to sweep the fields on either side of the road to Kirkuk.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/03/31/MN78738.DTL (835 words)

	Bombs fall on the northern front - Salon.com
		Members of the peshmerga, the informal Kurdish militia, walk the streets of Kalak lightly armed, while Iraqi soldiers on a nearby ridge fire Russian anti-aircraft weapons and high-powered rifles in the direction of the town.
		And the peshmerga are outnumbered and poorly equipped.
		That road is now closed, and members of the peshmerga believe the Iraqi army has mined it near the river and placed explosives on the new bridge.
	dir.salon.com /story/news/feature/2003/03/21/kalak (1114 words)

	The war in the dark - Salon
		Kurdish peshmerga fighters at the Kalak and Chamchamal border checkpoints are telling the same story: U.S. aircraft have mostly avoided bombing the Iraqi front lines, and instead attack positions closer to the major cities of Mosul and Kirkuk, while leaving the hostile forces directly opposing the Kurds in place.
		The peshmerga themselves say that they are not allowed to return Iraqi fire, and say that they are waiting for the Americans to arrive and help them defeat a hated regime.
		In Kalak, a small border town roughly 35 kilometers east of Mosul, U.S. soldiers are said to be occupying a peshmerga fort near a mountain ridge held by the Iraqis.
	www.salon.com /news/feature/2003/03/26/northern_front/index.html (1096 words)

	The forgotten war of the north \| Iraq \| Middle East \| International News \| News \| Telegraph (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Peshmerga and looters were milling around waiting for the chance to move forward.
		The Iraqis fled across the fields, but as the peshmerga tried to advance beyond Hasar they were met with machinegun fire that sent them diving for cover.
		When the peshmerga finally seized the television transmitter station a mile down the road, the Iraqis began to shell it with mortar and tank-fire.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/04/08/wnorth08.xml (736 words)

	The Braden Files : Iraq: Is a Kurdish-U.S. Alliance Inciting Insurgents? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The use of Kurdish forces is not confined to the Kurdish areas of northern Iraq and has generated animosity among Iraq's other ethno-religious groups (both secular and Islamist) who have already begun to conduct operations against the Kurdish forces.
		In the short term, as far as the U.S. military is concerned, using Kurdish allies in suppressing the insurgency has few drawbacks -- with the possible exception of intensified fighting in the cities where Kurds are deployed.
		Peshmerga -- often under the guise of Iraqi national forces -- have proven to be reliable comrades in combat in Al Fallujah, An Najaf and Sadr City among other areas.
	braden.weblogger.com /2004/10/09 (1021 words)

	Kurds In Iraqi Army Proclaim Loyalty To Militia
		Peshmerga leaders said in interviews that they expected the Shiites to create a semi-autonomous and then independent state in the south as they would do in the north.
		In addition to putting former Peshmerga in the Iraqi army, the Kurds have deployed small Peshmerga units in buildings and compounds throughout northern Iraq, according to militia leaders.
		Fakhir Mohammed, a former Peshmerga and the operations officer for the battalion on Kirkuk's edge, said he wasn't concerned that the Kurds had only a simple majority in the two Kirkuk battalions: "It's not a problem, because we have an entire brigade in Sulaimaniyah that is all Kurd.
	www.rense.com /general69/kirds.htm (1561 words)

	Boston.com / War in Iraq
		"Peshmerga from outside the city will go out as soon as there are sufficient numbers of U.S. military personnel," said Barham Saleh, prime minister of one of two main factions controlling the Kurd-majority enclave in northern Iraq.
		But their presence on the streets of the city was minimal, and thousands of soldiers may be needed to keep the peace in the ethnically-diverse city of 700,000.
		A woman screamed when told that her brother had died of wounds from what doctors said appeared to be a mortar that landed near him.
	www.boston.com /news/daily/11/kirkuk.htm (746 words)

	Magnum Search results for: Dworzak Iraq Portfolio.
		U.S. special forces and their Iraqi Kurdish allies (Peshmergas) claimed on 04/01/03 that they had crushed a militant Islamist group (Ansar al-Islam) in Kurdish-held Northern Iraq which they accuse of having ties to Osama BIN LADEN's al Qaeda network.
		Kurdish civilians, smugglers and Peshmerga fighters celebrate the beginning of the Kurdish-Iranian New Year Nowruz, a ancient zoroastrian tradition by burning tires on the hills outside their villages near the frontline with Iraqi government forces North of the Iraqi controlled city of Kirkuk at first days of the US led campaign against Iraq.
		Peshmerga fighters at a former Iraqi position north of the town of Kirkuk.
	www.magnumphotos.com /archive/C.aspx?VP=Mod_ViewBoxInsertion.ViewBoxInsertion_VPage&R=2TYRYDILV71E&RP=Mod_ViewBox.ViewBoxThumb_VPage&CT=Album&SP=Album (887 words)

	Peshmerga to protect Iraq power and oil : Energy Environment
		Jabbar Yawir, undersecretary of ministry in charge of the forces, called Peshmerga, told the Voices of Iraq news agency 12,000 peshmerga fighters are ready to be deployed.
		The Peshmerga forces were formed when Kurds fought the forces of Saddam Hussein and were the de facto regional army since 1992 when Iraqi Kurdistan gained semi-autonomy.
		Peshmerga will also be deployed in the oil-rich and restive Kirkuk province.
	www.earthtimes.org /articles/show/88329.html (344 words)

	ISN Security Watch - Alarm over Peshmerga plans in Kirkuk
		The plan to deploy peshmerga troops has therefore provoked controversy among minority groups in Kirkuk Governorate, which is under the control of the Baghdad government and outside the current Kurdish region.
		If the peshmerga deploy to the province, it will not be the first time Kurdish forces have been sent to help secure areas outside the three Kurdish-administered provinces of northern Iraq.
		Three battalions of peshmerga were sent to Baghdad in March to help with security in the capital.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /securitywatch/details.cfm?id=17962 (841 words)

	Dispaly Article
		Kurdistan Region doesn't consider the Peshmerga army to be a militia, but a very important regular and academic army that guards a region of Iraq, the Kurdistan Region.
		The KRG wants to merge the Peshmerga army with the Iraqi army, with the Baghdad government assuming responsibility for the Peshmerga's payroll, which still receives its salary from the regional government.
		The official spokesman for the Peshmerga, Kurdistan's protection forces, said on Thursday that the forces are ready to be sent to Kirkuk to protect the Baiji-Kirkuk road.
	www.kurdishglobe.net /displayArticle.jsp?id=208BBD272348CDD74EB13D0F5595979A (539 words)

	Michael J. Totten: An Army, Not a Militia
		The third army is the Kurdish Peshmerga, the liberators and protectors of the only part of Iraq – the three northern governates – that may be salvaged from insurgency, terrorism, ethnic cleansing, and war.
		The contrast between the professional and accountable Peshmerga and the death squads and militias running amok in the south while wearing fl ski masks was unmistakable.
		The Peshmerga emerged from the mountains and fought the Baath to the death in the streets mano a mano.
	www.michaeltotten.com /archives/001412.html (13536 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Kurds quietly ready for civil war
		The Kurds have readied their troops because they've long yearned to establish an independent state and because their leaders expect Iraq to disintegrate, said senior leaders in the peshmerga, literally, "those who face death." The Kurds are mostly secular Sunni Muslims and are ethnically distinct from Arabs.
		Peshmerga leaders told Knight Ridder they expected the Shiites to create a semiautonomous and then independent state in the south as they would do in the north.
		A brigade in Mosul, about 3,000 soldiers, is composed of three battalions that were transferred almost intact from former peshmerga units, with many of the same soldiers and officers in the same positions.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002709442_kurd29.html (1502 words)

	Fear of ethnic conflict charges Mosul unrest - The Boston Globe
		Officially, he said there are no Peshmerga in the city, only Iraqi National Guard soldiers who happen to be ethnic Kurds from neighboring provinces.
		In the Kurdish part of Mosul, Peshmerga and ethnic Kurds in the Iraqi National Guard are chomping at the bit to expand their role in the city -- and to challenge the Ba'athists.
		Pire's Peshmerga troops are under strict orders not to overstep their mandate.
	www.boston.com /news/world/articles/2004/11/30/fear_of_ethnic_conflict_charges_mosul_unrest (1528 words)

	Kurdistan Regional Government Home (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Huddling together for warmth in a mountain outpost last week, these members of the peshmerga couldn't imagine why their quiet existence in a remote village is causing so much fuss in Baghdad, more than 250 miles south.
		The men fought bloody battles against Saddam Hussein's former regime, were the only indigenous force helping the U.S.-led coalition during the war and are heroes to the besieged Kurds they protected.
		After contentious debate, the council last week decided to allow peshmerga to keep their weapons -- but only as part of a National Guard-style force.
	old.krg.org /docs/articles/k-rider-kurds-resist-peshmerga-disband-mar04.asp (715 words)

	The Kurdish "peshmerga": Rebels Without a Pause :: www.rojname.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The peshmerga, once easily recognized by their traditional baggy pants, called sharwals, and their peshdens - long scarves wrapped like cummerbunds around their waists - became the de facto army of Kurdistan.
		Peshmerga commander Ali Abdul Karim, who is in charge of a brigade loyal to the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) - dominant in the city of Erbil and areas along the Turkish border - believes that more peshmerga in the Iraqi army would certainly strengthen the burgeoning force.
		The peshmerga will become a part of the army if there is a democratic regime, he says.
	www.rojname.com /index.kurd?nuce=95475 (1412 words)

	Text News
		Incorporation of large numbers of peshmerga into national security forces fails to allay concerns of some Iraqis over the militia force.
		The continued presence of a peshmerga force has alarmed some Iraqis, especially Sunnis, who are concerned that it might be deployed by the Kurds in a future independence struggle.
		In an effort to assuage concerns over the continued existence of the peshmerga, Qadir insisted the militia was a patriotic force and should not be looked at with suspicion.
	home.cogeco.ca /~kobserver/23-6-05-thousands-peshmerga-drafted-irq-army.htm (513 words)

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