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Topic: Petroleum refineries

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	ATP-Funded Optics Technology Produces Large Energy Savings in Petroleum Refineries and Distribution Systems
		Over $123,000 annual energy savings from each in-line sensor engine employing X-Ray optics in petroleum refineries (beginning in 2004).
		The miniature capillary arrays developed exhibit the following characteristics: (i) they consist of tiny, slightly curved glass tubes held; (ii) they form a convergent beam to provide intensity gains as high as 103; (iii) they form collimated (parallel) beams with low divergence; and (iv) they suppress X-rays not from desired source or direction.
		Source: Photonics Technologies: Applications in Petroleum Refining, Building Controls, Emergency Medicine, and Industrial Materials Analysis by Thomas M. Pelsoci, Delta Research Co., NIST GCR 05-879.
	www.atp.nist.gov /factsheets/1-b-8.htm (431 words)

	U.S. PIRG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Petroleum refineries stand as a stark example of the unnecessary risk posed by such facilities in the event of an attack or accident as well as the opportunity to mitigate this risk by using safer alternatives to toxic chemicals.
		Petroleum refineries are but one example of the facilities that pose an immediate risk to public health in the event of a terrorist attack or chemical accident.
		Refineries also are not the only example of facilities that could make cost effective changes to manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous chemicals—and therefore the associated threat to public health.
	uspirg.org /uspirg.asp?id2=10916&id3=USPIRG& (750 words)

	Welcome to the Clean Air Act Information Network
		Petroleum refineries are defined as facilities engaged in producing motor gasoline, naphthas, kerosene, jet fuels, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, or other transportation fuels, heating fuels, or lubricants from crude oil or unfinished petroleum derivatives.
		Refineries that choose to comply with the modified negotiated regulation would implement the Phase II leak definitions and frequencies at the end of the fourth year after promulgation, and comply with Phase III requirements 5 1/2 years after promulgation.
		Petroleum refineries differ in the number, combination, and design of their process units; the production capacities of their refining processes; the type and characteristics of crude oil they use; and the control equipment they use.
	envinfo.com /caain/mact/petroria.html (18821 words)

	U.S. PIRG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Across the country, petroleum refineries, chemical plants and other industrial facilities use and store large amounts of hazardous chemicals that could be released in the event of an accident or terrorist attack.
		Petroleum refineries stand as a stark example of the needless risk posed by such facilities in the event of an attack or accident as well as the opportunity to mitigate this risk by using safer alternatives to toxic chemicals.
		Refineries also are not the only example of facilities that could make cost-effective changes to manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous chemicals.
	uspirg.org /uspirg.asp?id2=18427 (908 words)

	Liquid effluents of petroleum refineries, Regulation respecting the
		Lastly, the person responsible for an existing petroleum refinery must, each week, for 3 non-consecutive days, measure the concentration of oil and grease present in the once-through cooling water deposited in the environment by such refinery.
		The daily refining capacity of an existing petroleum refinery is the highest average daily amount of crude oil actually refined during 7 consecutive days in the 2 years preceding 9 November 1977.
		Increase in refining capacity: The person responsible for a petroleum refinery may change the declaration submitted pursuant to sections 3, 22 or 24 as often as he wishes in cases where an increase has occurred in the average daily amount of crude oil actually refined during 7 consecutive days.
	www.canlii.org /qc/laws/regu/q-2r.6/20040210/whole.html (1595 words)

	Features Item: Guest Dialog: Water Management in the Petroleum Industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Petroleum refineries use roughly one barrel of water to process one barrel of oil.
		More and more petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants located in arid regions or in drought-stricken areas are opting for water reuse technology.
		As did the above facilities, petroleum facilities wishing to manage their water needs must first understand how water is used within the facility, what type of quality water is necessary, where wastewater is generated within the facility and which characteristics the wastewater exhibits at each point of generation.
	www.pollutionengineering.com /CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,6649,152189,00.html (728 words)

	Petroleum Refining Industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This document is meant to assist the regulated community and the regulators in understanding, in a nutshell, the requirements of the Petroleum Refinery MACT standard.
		National Petroleum Council (NPC) - The NPC is chartered by the Secretary of Energy and its mission is to advise, inform, and make recommendations to the Secretary of Energy on various issues concerning oil and natural gas and affiliated industries, with the exception of trade.
		Petroleum Industry Data Exchange (PIDX) - The PIDX mission is to educate and encourage energy industry companies, customers, suppliers, and other trading partners to apply resources towards the effective implementation and utilization of EDI and other related technologies.
	es.epa.gov /cooperative/topics/petroleum.html (1727 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Subpart J goes on to define a "petroleum refinery" as "any facility engaged in producing gasoline, kerosene, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, or other pr oducts through distillation of petroleum or through r edistillation, cracking or reforming of unfinished petr oleum derivatives." 40 C.F.R. S 60.101(a) (1999).
		Recognizing that petroleum refineries pr ocess numerous gases that contain significant amounts of hydr ogen sulfide (H2S) and that the uncontr olled combustion of these gases resulted in significant SO2 emissions, the EPA's primary goal in promulgating Subpart J was the r eduction of SO2 emissions from petroleum refineries.
		Because the [Repowering] Project is part of the refinery, fuel gas combustion devices associated with the [Repowering] Project are "in" a refinery and fuel gas generated at the [Repowering] Project is generated at a refinery.
	vls.law.vill.edu /locator/3d/Dec2000/986321.txt (4896 words)

	Petroleum Refining and Marketing in Australia-Changes Ahead (Current Issues Brief 11 1999-2000)
		Petroleum retailing is changing rapidly with the appearance of retail convenience stores and large fully serviced fresh food supermarkets as adjuncts to many petrol station outlets leading to substantial income generated from non-fuel sales.
		Petroleum refineries are a complex array of petrochemical units that separate crude oil feedstock by various means (distillation, catalytic cracking, alkylation and polymerisation) into a range of petroleum products including petrol and diesel.
		Whilst the petroleum and marketing industries have provided Australia with, in the main, secure and reliable fuel supplies, it is almost certain that significant changes are likely to occur in the foreseeable future to the petroleum refining and marketing industries because of a number of emerging factors.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/cib/1999-2000/2000cib11.htm (6072 words)

	Welcome to the Clean Air Act Information Network
		The EPA has determined that requiring refineries to report that the SSMP has been followed is inconsistent with the general approach of requiring periodic reporting only of information associated with periods of excess emissions.
		The EPA has determined that it is not necessary for refineries to notify the Administrator of actions that are inconsistent with the SSMP within 2 days of commencing the action and within 7 days of completing the action for the Administrator to be able to evaluate the SSMP and request revisions if needed.
		J. Documentation of Compliance The Petroleum Refineries NESHAP requires that documentation of having achieved compliance be submitted in the Notification of Compliance Status (NCS) report, due within 150 days of the compliance date.
	envinfo.com /caain/398/mrrdfnj.html (6798 words)

	401 KAR 61:145. Existing petroleum refineries.
		(2) "Petroleum refinery" means any facility engaged in producing gasoline, kerosene, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, or other products through distillation of petroleum or reforming of unfinished petroleum derivatives.
		(3) "Petroleum" means the crude oil removed from the earth and the oils derived from tar sands, shale and coal.
		Where refinery fuel gas lines are operating at pressures substantially above atmosphere, this may be accomplished with a flow control valve.
	www.lrc.state.ky.us /kar/401/061/145.htm (1524 words)

	Welcome to the Petroleum Industry Analysis Brief Web Site
		Before petroleum can be used it is sent to a refinery where it is physically, thermally, and chemically separated into fractions and then converted into finished products.
		Refineries also produce non-fuel products, including petrochemicals, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, solvents, and wax.
		Petroleum refining is the largest industrial user of energy.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/mecs/iab/petroleum (286 words)

	DRDB: SDAPCD X-J STDS.OF PERF.FOR PETROLEUM REFINERIES
		The Claus sulfur recovery plant need not be physically located within the boundaries of a petroleum refinery to be an affected facility, provided it processes gases produced within a petroleum refinery.
		(b) "Petroleum" means the crude oil removed from the earth and the oils derived from tar sands, shale, and coal.
		(m) "Small Petroleum Refinery" means a petroleum refinery which has a crude oil processing capacity of 50,000 barrels per stream day or less and which is owned or controlled by a refinery with a total combined crude oil processing capacity of 137,500 barrels per stream day or less.
	www.arb.ca.gov /drdb/sd/suphtml/rxj.htm (552 words)

	The Hendrix Group - petroleum refining corrosion
		To those unfamiliar with the industry, petroleum refineries may appear to be complex and confusing places.
		The most important refinery product is motor gasoline, a blend of hydrocarbons with boiling ranges from ambient temperatures to about 400 degrees F. The important qualities for gasoline are octane number (antiknock), volatility (starting and vapor lock), and vapor pressure (environmental control).
		The catalysts used in refinery cracking units are typically solid materials (zeolite, aluminum hydrosilicate, treated bentonite clay, fuller's earth, bauxite, and silica-alumina) that come in the form of powders, beads, pellets or shaped materials called extrudites.
	www.hghouston.com /refining.html (8939 words)

	History of ChEn: Modern Refining
		Large refineries cost billions of dollars, employ several thousand workers, operate around the clock, and occupy the same area as several hundred football stadiums.
		Modern refineries are able to alter the ratios of the different fractions to meet demand, and maximize profit.
		Refineries rely on four major processing steps to alter the ratios of the different fractions.
	www.pafko.com /history/h_refine.html (1434 words)

	OSHA TECHNICAL MANUAL - SECTION IV: CHAPTER 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The petroleum industry began with the successful drilling of the first commercial oil well in 1859, and the opening of the first refinery two years later to process the crude into kerosene.
		The most important refinery product is motor gasoline, a blend of hydrocarbons with boiling ranges from ambient temperatures to about 400 °F. The important qualities for gasoline are octane number (antiknock), volatility (starting and vapor lock), and vapor pressure (environmental control).
		Polymerization in the petroleum industry is the process of converting light olefin gases including ethylene, propylene, and butylene into hydrocarbons of higher molecular weight and higher octane number that can be used as gasoline blending stocks.
	www.osha-slc.gov /dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html (10392 words)

	Small Business Notes - Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
		The dominant process is petroleum refining that involves the separation of crude petroleum into component products through such techniques as cracking and distillation.
		Establishments primarily engaged in refining crude petroleum and manufacturing asphalt and tar paving mixtures and blocks are classified in Industry 324110, Petroleum Refineries.
		Refining crude petroleum and saturating purchased mats and felts with asphalt or tar into rolls and sheets and/or refining crude petroleum and manufacturing asphalt and tar roofing cements and coatings - classified in Industry 324110, Petroleum Refineries; and
	www.smallbusinessnotes.com /businesses/naics/manufacturing/324.html (1175 words)

	2004 Initiative Analysis: California Petroleum Commission
		There are currently 23 petroleum refineries operating in the state, along with various storage facilities that store the product before it is delivered to a refinery for processing; about 60 terminals that store the finished fuel products prior to delivery; and a number of petroleum product pipelines.
		Currently, the petroleum refineries and related infrastructure are subject to a number of permitting requirements, including state and federal environmental permitting requirements and local land use permitting requirements.
		First, the fiscal impact of the measure’s rate-setting and other requirements on petroleum producers, and ultimately on state and local revenues, would depend on the interpretation of a number of the measure’s provisions that are not defined.
	www.lao.ca.gov /ballot/2004/040412.htm (1064 words)

	Appendix A: Petroleum Market Model Methodology
		Individual refineries in PADD I are aggregated into one refinery representation for region 1.
		PADD V refineries are represented by a single refinery in region 3.
		Although the petroleum market responds to pressures, it rarely strays from the underlying refining costs and economics for long periods of time.
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/servicerpt/appa.html (1137 words)

	Petroleum Profile: New York
		The state has no petroleum refineries but relies partly on nearby refineries in New Jersey for its petroleum supply needs.
		Several pipelines carry petroleum products from refineries and ports located along the Delaware River near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to population centers in the northern portion of the state near Syracuse, New York.
		In addition, a major liquefied petroleum gas pipeline traverses the state and terminates at Selkirk, New York.
	tonto.eia.doe.gov /oog/info/state/ny.html (410 words)

	Petroleum Profile: New Jersey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		New Jersey is one of five states that require reformulated gasoline statewide, in addition to one of two states in the nation that bans self-serve gasoline sales.
		The state is traversed by a major product pipeline and has six petroleum refineries.
		Several refineries are clustered on the Delaware River east of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania while the other refineries are located in the northern part of the state just south of New York City.
	tonto.eia.doe.gov /oog/info/state/nj.html (421 words)

	FR Doc 03-7677
		Three, including a national petroleum association, opposed the increase to 155,000 bpcd, and suggested 125,000 bpcd as an acceptable alternative because it would be sufficient to allow small refiners to increase their capacity without affecting their small refiner status.
		Small refiners may obtain petroleum contracts from what would have been awarded to refiners that are not small.
		The potential gain in contracting opportunities for small nonmanufacturers would be limited to the amount of petroleum the expanded small refiners are willing and able to supply through a third party as opposed to selling directly to the Federal government.
	a257.g.akamaitech.net /7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/03-7677.htm (3678 words)

	News Jan01- Materials, Corrosion, Petroleum, Refineries, Oil and Gas and more
		Various individuals and companies have conducted qualitative studies about alkaline sour water corrosion in petroleum refineries in the past 25 years.
		Sour water (ammonium bisulfide) is a corrosive product from sulfur removal in refineries that has cost an estimated $50 million per incident in lost production and damage to several U.S. refineries over the past five to 10 years.
		Sour water systems are commonly found in refinery hydrocracker and hydrotreater applications and specifically relate to reactor effluent air cooler systems.
	www.corrosionsource.com /news/01JanNews.htm (7485 words)

	Institute of Petroleum - Refineries - North Tees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Phillips-Imperial Petroleum Ltd (PIP) is jointly owned by Phillips Company and by Imperial Chemical Industries PLC who has large chemical complexes nearby at Billington and at Wilton.
		The 4 million tonne unit was the first major refinery to be built in the North East England and the first in Britain constructed specially to use North African crudes.
		A jetty was built alongside the refinery to handle vessels of this size.
	www.energyinst.org.uk /education/refineries/ntees.htm (409 words)

	WA Industrial Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Industrial Section has responsibility to oversee six refineries in Washington State to ensure their compliance with water and waste regulations.
		The latest round of NPDES permits for the Washington state refineries required each refinery to conduct a pollution prevention study to evaluate the contaminant sources to process wastewater and potential pollution prevention measures to reduce the contaminant load.
		A final report entitled, " Water Pollution Prevention Opportunities in Petroleum Refineries", was published by Ecology in November 2002.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/swfa/industrial/oil1.html (251 words)

	Development of Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization Profiles Emphasizing PBT Chemical Reductions for Petroleum ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Seven petroleum refineries in Region 8 (Wyoming, North Dakota, Montana and Colorado) were visited and evaluated to assess the industry’s voluntary initiatives to implement Pollution Prevention/Waste Minimization (P2/WM) projects.
		Evidence provided indicates these initiatives yielded a benefit of approximately 10,000 tons per year (tpy) in voluntary reductions of combined air emissions, water effluents and waste generation rates during the project evaluation timeframe, and are expected to continue for the operating life of the respective facilities.
		Furthermore, due to industrial competition and evolving P2/WM efforts, it is expected that the seven Region 8 refineries will meet or exceed the 10,000 tons per year reduction level.
	peakstoprairies.org /pdf_files/petroleum.cfm (296 words)

	general labourer in petroleum refineries (worker in oil processing) in encyklopedia GWO
		The general labourer in petroleum refineries is a worker who does simple, usually auxiliary, tasks in petroleum refinery processes.
		In refineries and chemical plants, where exposure to chemical substances and to high temperatures must be expected.
		Basic qualifications for this job involve education to skilled craft level, or a specific training course, and the ability to react quickly.
	www.occupationsguide.cz /en/POVOL/112.htm (150 words)

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