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Topic: Petrus Peregrinus

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	EGU - Petrus Peregrinus
		Petrus Peregrinus is known for writing the "Epistola de magnete" in 1269 which must be seen as the first scientific treatise ever written.
		He described how iron when touched by lodestone becomes magnetized, explained how a piece of magnetized iron can easily be remagnetized in the opposite direction and was the first to formulate law that poles of opposite polarity attract while poles of the same polarity repel.
		Unlike his contemporaries Petrus Peregrinus used his experiments rather than preexisting speculations to draw conclusions.
	www.copernicus.org /EGU/awards/petrus_peregrinus.html (133 words)

	Petrus Peregrinus Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Petrus Peregrinus (active 1261-1269) was a French scholastic and scientist whose famous letter on magnetism is one of the monuments of experimental research in the Middle Ages.
		In 1269, when he wrote the letter which won him lasting renown, Peregrinus was in the French army of the crusaders who were attacking Lucera, a city in southern Italy.
		Peregrinus is thus transitional between medieval and modern science.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/petrus-peregrinus (305 words)

	Peter of Maricourt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to Bacon, he was a recluse who devoted himself to the study of nature, was able to work metals, invented armour and provided assistance more valuable to Louis IX of France than the king's whole army.
		The letter bears the legend Actum in castris, in obsidione Luceriœ ("Done in camp during the siege of Lucera"), indicating that Peter of Maricourt was in the army of the Duke of Anjou, who, in 1269, laid siege to the city of Lucera.
		The European Geosciences Union (EGU) established the Petrus Peregrinus Medal in recognition for outstanding scientific contributions in the field of magnetism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus (956 words)

	Petrus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Petrus comes from the Greek meaning "rock", and is the common English prefix "petro-" used to describe rock-based substances, like petros-oleum or "rock oil."
		Petrus de Cruce, late 13th century composer and author, one of the most significant and influential composers of the late ars antiqua;
		Petrus Trothun Aurelianis, 13th century singer of the Notre Dame School, mentioned in the writings of Anonymous IV.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Petrus (262 words)

	Petrus Peregrinus and Perpetual Motion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		At the conclusion of his Epistula de magnete of 1269, Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt described the construction of a continually moving toothed wheel that is powered by a magnet.
		In this paper, the different drawings of Petrus' machine are compared to the text as it is given in the recently published critical edition of the Peregrinus letter by Loris Sturlese (1995).
		With reference to other medieval perpetua mobilia, it is shown how the surviving illustrations of this construction must be slightly modified in order to represent a perpetual motion that is in accordance with the text and with the physical ideas of the 13th century.
	www.physik.uni-halle.de /Fachgruppen/history/peregrin_sum.htm (168 words)

	Peregrinus, Petrus - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Peregrinus, Petrus (Peter the Pilgrim), c.1220-?, medieval scholar and soldier.
		The tutor of Roger Bacon, he wrote the first important study of magnetism, Epistola de Magnete, in which he described simple magnetic attraction and repulsion.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Peregrinus, Petrus" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-peregrin.html (150 words)

	Magnetism
		Since opposite magnetic poles attract, this means that the south magnetic pole of the earth is very near to its north geographic pole [animate].
		Petrus Peregrinus de Maharncuria (his latin title, which means "Peter the Pilgrim of Maricourt").
		It was written on 8 August 1269 during the siege of the city of Lucera — the last remaining stronghold of Islam on the "calf muscle" of the boot-shaped peninsula that is now called Italy.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/electricity/magnetism (821 words)

	JLN Labs - RMOD V3.0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		"He owes his surname to the village of Maricourt, in Picardy, and the appellation Peregrinus, or Pilgrim, to his having visited the Holy Land as member of one the crusading expeditions of the time.
		...In the course of his work over the new motor, Peregrinus was gradually led to consider the more fascinating problem of perpetual motion itself with the result that he showed, at least diagrammatically, and to his own evident satisfaction, how a wheel might be driven round forever by the power of magnetic attraction."
		The letter of Petrus Peregrinus ' ON THE MAGNET, AD.D. ', translated by Brother Arnold, M.Sc.
	jnaudin.free.fr /html/rmodmk3.htm (207 words)

	Roger Bacon
		The only teacher whom he respected was a certain Petrus de Maharncuria Picardus[?], or "of Picardie", probably identical with a certain mathematician, Petrus Peregrinus of Picardie[?], who is perhaps the author of a MS.
		He then proceeds to adduce elaborate and sometimes slightly grotesque reasons tending to prove that mathematical knowledge is essential in theology, and closes this section of his work with two comprehensive sketches of geography and astronomy.
		This was the part of his work on which Bacon most prided himself, and in it, we may add, he seems to owe most to the Arab writers Kindi and Alhazen.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ro/Roger_Bacon.html (3371 words)

	The Art of Cartography
		Neckham wrote in his treatise, De Utensilibus, of a needle carried on shipboard, which, when balanced on a pivot and allowed to come to rest, showed mariners their direction even when the stars were obscured.
		Around 1302, the priniciples of Peregrinus' box compass and the wind rose (rosa ventorum) were combined, positioning the magnetic needle to rotate on the center of the wind rose, where it still rests today.
		The wind rose, consisting of eight winds, with subdivisions for half-winds and quarter-winds, was fitted to a metal cap and one or more magnetic needles.
	gallery.sjsu.edu /cartography/compass.html (282 words)

	CIRL - Timeline of Electricity and Magnetism: 600 BC-1599
		Roman philosopher Lucretius, for example, speculated that particles emitted by the lodestone swept away the air between it and iron, thus attracting the iron via a kind of suction.
		The French crusader Pierre de Maricourt, also known as Petrus Peregrinus, carries out simple experiments with magnets and writes his Epistola de magnete (“Letter on the magnet”), in which he discusses compasses, magnetic poles and the ability of strong magnets to reverse the polarity of weaker magnets.
		During his voyage westward from Spain, Christopher Columbus reportedly observes that the declination of the magnetic needle of his compass changes midway across the ocean from easterly to westerly.
	education.magnet.fsu.edu /education/tutorials/timeline/600bc-1599.html (684 words)

	Roger Bacon
		He was greatly influenced by his Oxonian masters and friends Richard Fitzacre and Edmund Rich, but especially by Robert Grosseteste and Adam Marsh, both professors at the Franciscan school, and at Paris by the Franciscan Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt (see Schlund in "Archiv.
		"Epistola de magnete", composed by Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt) are spurious, while many are only treatises republished separately under new titles.
		Other writings or parts of writings certainly composed by him were put in circulation under the name of other scholars, and his claim to their authorship can be established only from internal reasons of style and doctrine.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/b/bacon,roger.html (3980 words)

	Chapter XIX, page 4
		Other sciences are represented by Guido Bonatus, Anselmus de Boot (Boetius), Alhazen, John of Saxony, Jacob Alkind, and Petrus Peregrinus and a score of learned writers.
		Dee's own perfect and clean copy of the rare printed Epistle of Peregrinus, upon the Magnet (Augsburg, 1558), is now in the British Museum.
		It bears his name, "Joannes Dee, 1564," in faded ink, with many and copious notes written by its owner mostly in his large copy-book hand, with a few in the scribbling writing which he used for speed, and some marginal sketches.
	www.johndee.org /charlotte/Chapter19/19p4.html (766 words)

	AllRefer.com - Petrus Peregrinus (Physics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Physics, Biographies > Petrus Peregrinus
		Petrus Peregrinus (Peter the Pilgrim)[pE´trus perugrin´us] Pronunciation Key, c.1220–?, medieval scholar and soldier.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Petrus Peregrinus
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Peregrin.html (168 words)

	EGU - Petrus Peregrinus Medallist 2005
		Jean-Louis LeMouël’s record of research puts him in the top flight of research scientists in geophysics worldwide.
		His bright imagination and originality fits remarkably well with the spirit of Petrus Peregrinus, in addition to the fact that he is well-versed in latin, and an earlier admirer of Peregrinus’ rarely recognised contributions.
		The EGU is therefore very pleased to welcome Jean Louis Le Mouël as the first Petrus Peregrinus medalist.
	www.copernicus.org /EGU/awards/medallists/_2005/petrus_peregrinus.html (517 words)

	Magnetic Field Intensity
		He knew that magnetite attracts iron and that rubbing amber (a fossil tree resin that the Greeks called elektron) would make it attract lightweight objects such as feathers.
		In 1269 Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt experimented with magnetism and wrote "Letter on the Magnet".
		He used a thin iron rectangle to plot the "field" lines of a spherically shaped piece of magnetite (Lodestone), and was the first to associate a field with a force.
	home.earthlink.net /~tdp/h.html (527 words)

	Millennium of Geomagnetism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		We know from Alexander Neckam (1157-1217), a monk at St. Albans, that by the year 1187 magnetic needles were being mounted on pivots, free to rotate towards any horizontal direction like modern compass needles [Mitchell, 1932].
		That design is also mentioned in a 1269 letter by the Frenchman Petrus Peregrinus (Pierre Pelerin de Maricourt), who conducted some simple experiments on magnetism.
		Wrought iron is "magnetically soft" and loses its magnetism when removed from the lodestone, but high-carbon steel can remain permanently magnetized.
	www.phy6.org /earthmag/mill_2.htm (1319 words)

	Slide4
		Petrus Peregrinus writes his Epistola de Magnete in 1269
		Its function as a compass has been documented for over 2000 years and the Chinese knew of the magnetic declination at least since 720 A.D. (Merrill & McElhinney).
		But in Europe, the dipole nature of magnets was not recognized until late in the 13th century when Peregrinus of Picardy described the forces as exhibiting polarity.
	ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu /104_spring2004.web.dir/Carla_Tomsich/Slide4.htm (695 words)

	Petrus Peregrinus biography .ms (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Petrus Peregrinus (Pierre de Maricourt) was a Medieval French scientist who lived in the 13th century.
		He conducted experiments on magnetism and wrote a treatise on the subject, containing the first description of the polarity of magnets.
		Roger Bacon, who lived at about the same time, valued him highly.
	petrus-peregrinus.biography.ms.cob-web.org:8888 (49 words)

	From Gutenberg to the Internet: Timeline 1250 to 1299
		Pierre de Maricourt (Petrus Peregrinus) an engineer in a French army besieging Lucera in southern Italy, is in charge of fortifying the camp, laying mines and constructing machines to hurl stones and fireballs into the besieged city.
		"In it Peregrinus was the first to assign a position to the poles of a lodestone.
		He proved that unlike poles attract, while like poles repel; established by experiments that every fragment of a lodestone, however small, is a complete magnet, and determined the position of an object by its magnetic bearing.
	www.historyofmedicine.com /G2I/docs/timeline/timeline_1250_1299.shtml (2068 words)

	Felix Ehrenhaft: Magnetic Current --- 9 articles
		Conventional wisdom has it that magnetic poles always occur in pairs of opposites and that it is not possible for a magnetized object to have a north pole without an attached south pole.
		Based on the experiment reportedly done by Petrus Peregrinus in 1629, if a magnet is broken, new poles appear near the break in such a way that each pole has two opposite poles as well.
		Ehrenhaft identified the problem with that crude experiment --- the lodestone Peregrinus put on a cork and floated in a bowl of water had too little mobility with respect to the geomagnetic field, and the very act of breaking it in pieces created magnetism through friction.
	www.rexresearch.com /ehrenhaf/ehrenhaf.htm (8600 words)

	Amazon.com: The letter of Petrus Peregrinus on the magnet, A.D. 1269,: Books: Pierre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Amazon.com: The letter of Petrus Peregrinus on the magnet, A.D. 1269,: Books: Pierre
		This item is not eligible for Amazon Prime, but over a million other items are.
		The letter of Petrus Peregrinus on the magnet, A.D. 1269, (Unknown Binding)
	www.amazon.com /letter-Petrus-Peregrinus-magnet-1269/dp/B00086OR5A (434 words)

	EGU Media
		The American scientist Dennis V. Kent has won the prestigious EGU Petrus Peregrinus Medal for his fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the Earth's magnetic field in the past and for his leadership in palaeomagnetism
		The Petrus Peregrinus Medal has been established by the Division on Magnetism, Palaeomagnetism, Rock Physics and Geomaterials in recognition of the scientific achievements of Petrus Peregrinus, to be awarded for outstanding scientific contributions in the field magnetism
		Professor Kent is working at the Department of Geological Sciences of Rutgers University, New Jersey USA.
	www.egu-media.net /content/view/68/47 (316 words)

	Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Recipient of VMSG Medal from the Vening Meinesz School of Geodynamics, 2003
		Recipient of Petrus Peregrinus Medal from the European Geophysical Union, 2006
		If you experience any difficulties on this website, please contact the Webmaster.
	www.iodp.org /dennis-kent (141 words)

	World of Earth Science \| Paleomagnetics
		The first ever treatise on experimental science by thirteenth century scholar Petrus Peregrinus of Marincourt dealt with magnetism ("Epistola de Magnete").
		However, direct observations of the geomagnetic field were not recorded until the late sixteenth century, when the magnetic compass became a widespread tool for navigation.
		See also Earth (planet); Ferromagnetic; Plate tectonics; Polar axis and tilt
	science.enotes.com /earth-science/paleomagnetics/print (722 words)

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