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	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Petty bourgeoisie
		Petty bourgeoisie, or petit-bourgeoisie, is a term used by Karl Marx and Marxist theorists to refer to a class of people that would include shop-keepers and professionals.
		This class is distinct from the proletariat, who rely entirely on the sale of their labor-power for survival, and the haute bourgeoisie[?], or Capitalist class, who own the means of production and buy the labor-power of others to work it.
		In contrast, although the petit-bourgeoisie do buy the labor power of others, they typically work alongside their own employees; although they generally own their own businesses, they do not own a controlling share of the means of production.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/pe/Petty_bourgeoisie (130 words)

	[No title]
		That was in the period of the rise of the bourgeoisie.
		Thus the petty bourgeoisie's idol of yesterday becomes transformed into the gendarme of capital." To this attempt at marking out the historical place of fascism as the political reliever of the social democracy, there was counterposed the theory of social fascism.
		In the epoch of the rise, the growth, and the bloom of capitalism, the petty bourgeoisie, despite acute outbreaks of discontent, generally marched obediently in the capitalist harness.
	history.eserver.org /fighting-fascism/ch06-Bourgeoisie.txt (1594 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It is false, thrice false, to affirm that the present petty bourgeoisie is not going to the working-class parties because it fears "extreme measures".
		Without an understanding of this psychology of the peasants, the artisans, the employees, the petty functionaries, etc. -- a psychology which flows from the social crisis -- it is impossible to elaborate a correct policy.
		The petty bourgeoisie is economically dependent and politically atomized.
	www.eserver.org /history/fighting-fascism/ch08-Does.Middle.Class.Fear.txt (651 words)

	Business boom
		The term bourgeoisie, says historian Gordon Wright, could apply to a range of people, "from the millionaire banker or industrialist of Paris or Lyons to the village grocer or postal clerk of Clochemerle" (Wright 158).
		Generally, bourgeoisie were divided into three groups: the politically powerful grand bourgeois, the land-holding middle bourgeoisie, and the independent business owners of the petty bourgeoisie.
		Many times, the distinction between petty bourgeoisie and proletariat was purely psychological, based more on "attitudes, values, and lifestyle than [on] economic status" (Wright 160).
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/rschwart/hist255-s01/mapping-paris/Parisian_econ_Businesses.html (766 words)

	Petty bourgeoisie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Petty bourgeoisie, or petite-bourgeoisie, is a term used by Karl Marx and Marxist theorists to refer to a class of people thatwould include shop-keepers and professionals.
		This class is distinct from the proletariat, who rely entirely on the sale of their labor-power for survival, and the haute bourgeoisie, or Capitalist class, who own the means of production and buy the labor-power of others towork it.
		In contrast, although the petty bourgeoisie do buy the labor power of others, they typically work alongside their ownemployees; although they generally own their own businesses, they do not own a controlling share of the means of production.
	www.therfcc.org /petty-bourgeoisie-25217.html (120 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Petit-bourgeois (or petty bourgeois through folk etymology) is a French term that originally referred to the members of the upper middle social-classes in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
		Though distinct from the ordinary working class and the lumpenproletariat, who rely entirely on the sale of their labor-power for survival, the petty bourgeois remain members of the proletariat rather than the haute bourgeoisie, or capitalist class, who own the means of production and buy the labor-power of others to work it.
		Though the petty bourgeois do buy the labor power of others, in contrast to the bourgeoisie they typically work alongside their own employees; and although they generally own their own businesses, they do not own a controlling share of the means of production.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=petty_bourgeoisie (210 words)

	What is Fascism? - What It Is and How To Fight It - Leon Trotsky - FULL TEXT - Part One - Athenaeum Library of ...
		It issued forth from the petty bourgeoisie, the slum proletariat, and even to a certain extent from the proletarian masses; Mussolini, a former socialist, is a 'self-made: man arising from this movement.
		The _particular_ traits of fascism which spring from the mobilization of the petty bourgeoisie against the proletariat, the Communist Party was unable to discern.
		Under the blow of the crisis, the petty bourgeoisie swung, not in the direction of the proletarian revolution, but in the direction of the most extreme imperialist reaction, pulling behind it considerable sections of the proletariat.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /trotsky0a.htm (6542 words)

	Karl Marx
		The agricultural bourgeoisie is represented by the Legitimist supporters of the senior branch of the Bourbon family, whose scion occupied the throne from 1815 to 1830
		What the bourgeoisie did not grasp...was the logical conclusion that its own parliamentary regime, that its political rule in general, was now also bound to meet with the general verdict of condemnation...
		Louis Bonaparte’s dictatorship, or “empire,” is a coalition between the rural petty bourgeoisie and the lumpenproletariat
	www.polisci.ucla.edu /faculty/anderson/PS168notes/00F0503a.htm (4173 words)

	The Class Origins of Present-Day and "Future" Cavaignacs
		The petty bourgeoisie, vacillating, frightened by the red spectre, and falling for the outcries against the “anarchists”, were another basic social force.
		Dreamily and bombastically “socialist” in their aspirations, and readily calling themselves “socialist democrats” (even this term is now taken up by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks!), the petty bourgeoisie were afraid to entrust themselves to the leadership of the revolutionary proletariat, and did not realise that fear condemned them to entrusting themselves to the bourgeoisie.
		The petty bourgeoisie, while numerically superior, had been and remained the politically impotent tail of the bourgeoisie, and three years later France saw the restoration of a particularly vile form of Caesarist monarchy.
	www.ucc.ie /acad/appsoc/tmp_store/mia/Library/archive/lenin/works/1917/jun/29.htm (1029 words)

	Lenin: The Bolsheviks and the Petty Bourgeoisie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Noviye Sily does not understand this economic, class basis of the Russian revolution when it says that in its social-economic demands the petty bourgeoisie are closer to the liberals, and in their political demands closer to the proletarians, and that the “centre of gravity of the revolution” is shifting to “politics”.
		The petty bourgeois, the peasant included, is naturally closer to the liberal than to the proletarian; he is closer as a proprietor, as a petty producer.
		Noviye Sily’s objection is that part of the petty bourgeoisie might be drawn away from the Cadets.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1907/feb/25.htm (1488 words)

	Chapter Nine, MUTUALISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		While the advanced workers in one place might be willing to ally themselves with the Liberal bourgeoisie in their struggle against Feudalism, they never ceased for a single instant to instill into the working class the clearest possible recognition of the hostile antagonism between bourgeoisie and proletariat.
		Thus, as the French bourgeoisie swung violently to the Right and refused to fight even for the bourgeois revolution, the petty bourgeoisie was forced to do what might ideally have been conceived as the task of the bourgeoisie.
		The utopia of Proudhon was the cry of the French petty bourgeois for an "ordered capitalism," an "ordered" competition, a capitalist world without the economic chaos which was leading to the political and social upheavals which the petty bourgeois feared and hated and by which he realized he would be destroyed.
	www.weisbord.org /conquest9.htm (4864 words)

	Chapter Eleven, COLLECTIVIST-ANARCHISM
		The petty bourgeoisie was now forced to rely openly upon the working class, to enter the workers' ranks and to try to give the toiling masses the impress of its own interests and ideology.
		At least, this was the opinion of many intellectuals and of the petty bourgeoisie itself, and was backed up by sections of workers who had only just emerged from the country into the city or from handicrafts into industry, or who, with the advance of capitalism, had been petty bourgeois themselves but recently turned proletarian.
		Bakuninism flourished in the period between 1848 and 1871, that is, in the period between the great failure of the petty bourgeoisie, as a mass, to conquer power, and the first victory of the immature proletariat of France in taking and holding power in the Paris Commune.
	www.weisbord.org /conquest11.htm (5071 words)

	Social Classes - The Bourgeoisie
		Stock ownership, as a rule, is limited to a small part of the population: the capitalists, the upper petty bourgeoisie and a small number of the middle petty bourgeoisie and the labor aristocracy.
		He knows that the fall of the monopoly bourgeoisie would never, and could never, mean the rise to power of the small capitalist, but rather the rise to power of the proletariat, the destruction of the capitalist system and the seizure of his property.
		The national bourgeoisie (excluding the compradors) in numerous oppressed nations has taken part in national anti-imperialist revolutions, although their role has always been one of conciliation, attempts to limit the revolutionary struggle and, eventually, bitter struggle against the carrying of the revolution through to the end.
	www.mltranslations.org /US/Rpo/classes/classes1.htm (5417 words)

	What Is National Socialism?
		The pauperization of the petty bourgeoisie, barely covered by ties and socks of artificial silk, eroded all official creeds and first of all the doctrine of democratic parliamentarism.
		The petty bourgeois is hostile to the idea of development, for development goes immutably against him; progress has brought him nothing except irredeemable debts.
		Hitler’s nation is the mythological shadow of the petty bourgeoisie itself a pathetic delirium of a thousand-year Reich.
	www.lafn.org /~cymbala/whats_ns.html (3164 words)

	Social Classes - The Petty Bourgeoisie
		The petty bourgeoisie is an intermediate class between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, composed of a myriad of different sectors which vary from poverty-stricken to wealthy.
		Economically, the petty bourgeois employees are also in an intermediate position between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, with the income of the divergent strata overlapping that of both classes.
		The bourgeoisie relies on the support of an array of intellectuals who serve as highly placed scientists, engineers, political advisers, military experts, economists, lawyers, propagandists, etc. This intellectual elite is extremely highly paid and is completely integrated into the top levels of the bourgeois power structure in both industry and the state.
	www.mltranslations.org /US/Rpo/classes/classes3.htm (9361 words)

	[No title]
		Moreover, since Socialism should not perpetuate the proletarian status of the working class, the Universal Petty Bourgeoisie seems to be the promise of the future. The central economic program of Petty Bourgeoisie Socialism is to establish a “socialist market economy”, especially through reforming and transforming the existing institutions of financial markets.
		Silvio Gesell: Petty Bourgeoisie Socialism’s Financial Reformer Keynes has an amazing statement in his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money: “the future would learn more from Gesell than from Marx.” Silvio Gesell (1862-1930), was a German businessman and Finance Minister in the government of Gustav Landauer of Ratterrepublik of Bavaria in 1919.
		The petty bourgeois socialism programme presented here can be viewed as a break away from the petty bourgeois conservatism and an innovation in the tradition of the petty bourgeois radicalism.
	www.bm.ust.hk /~ced/iea/CuiCao.doc (6400 words)

	The Character of the European Revolution – A Reply to Some Comrades of the IKD
		Is it proletarian, is it bourgeois or is it petty bourgeois?
		The petty bourgeoisie as well as the workers could not but conceive hatred for the trusts and combines who placed their profits above the fiction of the “nation.” Consequently, the basis for an alliance of proletariat and petty bourgeoisie against the foreign and home oppressors, against capitalism, arose.
		In the backward countries, the national bourgeoisie prefers in the last analysis to combine with the landlords and foreign imperialist oppressors against their own workers and peasants because of the incapacity to solve the problems of the bourgeois democratic revolution, according to Lenin and Trotsky.
	www.marxist.com /character-european-revolution-ikd1945.htm (5426 words)

	Trotsky: The Transitional Programme. The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International
		The petty bourgeoisie is made up of various layers, from the semi-proletarian to the exploiter elements.
		While the farmer remains an "independent" petty producer he is in need of cheap credit, of agricultural machines and fertilizer at prices he can afford to pay, favorable conditions of transport, and conscientious organization of the market for his agricultural products.
		By falsely citing the "excessive" demands of the workers the big bourgeoisie skillfully transforms the question of commodity prices into a wedge to be driven between the workers and farmers and between the workers and the petty bourgeoisie of the cities.
	www.marxist.net /trotsky/programme/picket.htm (1509 words)

	Bob Avakian: Living With and Transforming the Intermediate Strata in the Transition to Communism
		This goes back to my comment earlier, speaking to three basic class forces, the bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie, and the proletariat: the transition to communism aims to and must eliminate the basis for and the existence of all three of these groups, or classes, but the proletariat is the only one that doesn’t mind.
		The petty bourgeoisie definitely minds; it will continually strive to re-create its existence as a petty bourgeoisie and, indeed, will strive toward becoming the bourgeoisie, spontaneously.
		But you have to draw a clear distinction between the petty bourgeoisie (the intermediate strata) and the bourgeoisie, and not seek to exercise dictatorship over the petty bourgeoisie, which would drive them into the arms of the enemy—and, in that and in other ways, would work against our most fundamental objectives.
	revcom.us /a/076/ba-livewith-en.html (1640 words)

	THE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION AND THE MIDDLE STRATA
		When this is achieved it means that the monopoly bourgeoisie loose its most important reserve, a resource from which it recruits its troops and servants to fight the working class and the revolution.
		All these owners of petty bourgeois small property are potential supporters of the working class, that is if the working class does not threaten petty bourgeois small property.
		Both the working class and petty bourgeois strata, in one form or another, are threatened by big capital in a period of economic uncertainty.
	website.lineone.net /~ncmlp/html/crms.html (1974 words)

	I. Marx asserts that self-maintenance by property owners causes modern dictatorship
		petty bourgeoisie composed of small property holders whose own labor enables them to barely maintain themselves and their families
		urban petty bourgeoisie cannot maintain itself against bourgeoisie because it has already acquiesced in the suppression of the proletariat, which otherwise could be an effective ally
		Compare Marx's analysis of the earlier "republican faction of the bourgeoisie" which had been ineffective against the monarchy before 1848 because it "was not a faction of the bourgeoisie not held together by great common interests and marked off by specific conditions of production" but was instead merely a clique of intellectuals
	www.polisci.ucla.edu /faculty/anderson/PS168notes/04marx.htm (2018 words)

	The War in the Chechen Republic
		From the petty bourgeois point of view this war is seen as an internal conflict for the liquidation of armed terrorist formations within the Russian Federation, or as Russian propaganda now calls them, armed bands of international Islamic terrorism.
		The tendency of the bourgeoisie to bring up a working class that is docile and enslaved to its purposes leads inevitably to a fascist dictatorship in Russia, to the increasing exploitation of the working class and still more to the increasing impoverishment of the popular masses.
		Chauvinism and the nationalist aggressiveness are advantageous to the bourgeoisie and are instigated by it, and they find their social base among the petty bourgeoisie whose future position has been aggravated by the crisis of monopoly capitalism.
	www.revolutionarydemocracy.org /rdv6n1/chechen.htm (1933 words)

	The State and Revolution — Chapter 2
		The theory of class struggle, applied by Marx to the question of the state and the socialist revolution, leads as a matter of course to the recognition of the political rule of the proletariat, of its dictatorship, i.e., of undivided power directly backed by the armed force of the people.
		The overthrow of the bourgeoisie can be achieved only by the proletariat becoming the ruling class, capable of crushing the inevitable and desperate resistance of the bourgeoisie, and of organizing all the working and exploited people for the new economic system.
		In particular, it is the petty bourgeois who are attracted to the side of the big bourgeoisie and are largely subordinated to them through this apparatus, which provides the upper sections of the peasants, small artisans, tradesmen, and the like with comparatively comfortable, quiet, and respectable jobs raising the holders above the people.
	www.marxist.net /lenin/staterev/ch02.htm (3131 words)

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