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Topic: Petuntse

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	porcelain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Unlike earthenware and stoneware, porcelain is basically made from a mixture of two ingredients--kaolin and petuntse.
		Petuntse is a type of feldspar found only in China.
		At these extreme temperatures, the petuntse vitrifies--that is, it melts together and forms a nonporous, natural glass.
	www.luckytableware.com.ph /porcelain/porcelain.htm (304 words)

	Kaolin - LoveToKnow 1911
		His specimens, examined in Paris by R. Reaumur, showed that true porcelain, the composition of which had not previously been known in Europe, contained two essential ingredients, which came to be known - though it now appears incorrectly - as kaolin and petuntse, corresponding respectively to our china-clay and china-stone.
		The kaolin confers plasticity on the paste and secures retention of form for the ware when exposed to the heat of the kiln, whilst the petuntse gives the translucency so characteristic of porcelain.
		According to F. Butler the kaolinization of the west of England granite may have been effected by a solution of carbonic acid at a high temperature, acting from below.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Kaolin (746 words)

	What is Porcelain?
		It is the type of porcelain first developed by the Chinese from kaolin and petuntse.
		The proportions of kaolin and petuntse in hard-paste porcelain may vary.
		Bone china is basically made by adding bone ash (burned animal bones) to kaolin and petuntse.
	www.vild.com /what_is_porcelain.htm (1954 words)

	[No title]
		His specimens, examined in Paris by R. Reaumur, showed that true porcelain, the composition of which had not previously been known in Europe, contained two essential ingredients, which came to be known —though it now appears incorrectly—as kaolin and petuntse, corresponding respectively to our china-day and china-stone.
		The china-stone, or petuntse, is a granitic rock which still retains much of the unaltered feldspar, on which its fusibility depends.
		In order to prepare kaolin for the market, the china-clay rock is broken up, and the clay washed out by means ofwater.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=36956 (730 words)

	Ita Howe Gallery - Antique Chinese Porcelain - Porcelain History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Petuntse is pulverized rock taken from quarries and then shaped into bricks, which can be shipped to various cities.
		A paste settles to the bottom of the second vessel, which is the petuntse.
		Besides the boats laden with petuntse and kaolin, some boats were laden with a whitish liquid substance.
	www.itahowe.com /materials.html (291 words)

	History Of China, Evolution of Antique China Porcelain Ceramics Treasures
		The most important materials were the two clays used in the manufactured of porcelain, kaolin and petuntse which comes from the Kangsi mountains.
		Kaolin is a decomposed clay that fuses at a temperature of about 1,740 degrees centrigrade, which is too high for practical purposes and petuntse is less decomposed and fuses at rather a lower temperature.
		The glaze was composed of petuntse mixed with water, fern ash and lime to give it depth and brilliance.
	www.e1net.net /members/905ng/product8.php (1245 words)

	Stockett Tile and Granite Company - Ceramic Tile, Marble, Granite Countertops and Floors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is comprised of two basic ingredients, kaolin and petuntse, which both contain the mineral feldspar.
		Kaolin, a pure, white clay, is mixed with finely ground petuntse, and fired at temperatures ranging from 2280 F to 2640 F. Due to the extreme heat, the petuntse melts to form a nonporous, natural glass.
		The petuntse attaches itself to the kaolin, to form a white, almost translucent material.
	www.stockett.com /tile_porce.htm (130 words)

	DIA Asian Art Collection
		Kiln: A workshop where porcelain is fired in furnaces made of heat-resistant bricks.
		Petuntse: A type of mineral called feldspar, found only in China, made mostly of potassium, sodium, and calcium.
		For example, kaolin and petuntse form a nonporous, natural glass-like material called porcelain.
	www.dia.org /education/tao/resource_guide/glossary.asp (628 words)

	[No title]
		To be technical, it is made from a mixture of kaolin (a type of pure white clay) and petuntse (a type of feldspar).
		It is the type that was developed by the Chinese during the Tang Dynasty (A.D. This type of porcelain is made from the kaolin and petuntse mixture mentioned above and is considered ideal for porcelain makers.
		Until the discovery of kaolin deposits in France in the 16th century, the materials needed to produce hard-paste porcelain only were found in China.
	www.mirgallery.com /resources/index.aspx?category=trash_treasure&article=article9 (402 words)

	Boston.com / Your Life / House & Home / A planet of plate materials
		What it's made of: True or hard-paste, porcelain is made from a white clay called kaolin and a type of feldspar called petuntse.
		Artificial, or soft-paste, porcelain is made from a mixture of fine clay and glassy substances.
		All tissue is removed from the bones; they're then fired at high temperatures, crushed to a powder and mixed with water before being added to the porcelain materials.
	www.boston.com /yourlife/home/articles/2004/11/18/a_planet_of_plate_materials?pg=2 (397 words)

	PRIME LIFE - For the Mature Delawarean
		Porcelain differs from these other types of ceramics because it is made of a mixture of ingredients, kaolin and petuntse, that are fired at extremely high temperatures.
		Petuntse is a type of feldspar found in China.
		A long, continuous civilization is needed to build the skills necessary to move through the developmental stages from earthenware to stoneware to porcelain.
	www2.delawareonline.com /primelife/issues/2001/january/treasure1.html (1568 words)

	Porcelain Potential: Sophisticated Consumers, Strong Economy Drive the Porcelain Tile Market. \| Retail Trade > ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Unlike earthenware and stoneware, porcelain is basically made from a mixture of two ingredients: kaolin and petuntse.
		At these extreme temperatures, the petuntse melts and forms a nonporous, natural glass.
		Porcelain is the strongest of all ceramic materials and is characterized by its high-gloss finish.
	www.allbusiness.com /periodicals/article/358403-1.html (711 words)

	Index
		Porcelain ; is basically made from a mixture of   kaolin and ; petuntse.
		Petuntse is a type of feldspar ; found only in China. It is ground to a fine powder and mixed with kaolin.
		My shows are over with for the season and I will be going to Orlando in February to get more china to paint on.
	www.theporcelaingallery.com (293 words)

	Antiques Roadshow/Antique Speak: Earthenware
		It is composed of a special mixture of kaolin, a very pure clay that melts only at very high temperatures, and the mineral petuntse.
		Petuntse is a particular kind of feldspar found only in China.
		It is ground to a fine powder and mixed with the kaolin; when fired at temperatures between 1,200 and 1,450 degrees Celsius, it vitrifies, forming a glassy cement that binds to the heat-resistant kaolin.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/roadshow/speak/new.html (501 words)

	Sarah, a Collectible Memories Genuine Porcelain Doll
		Porcelain, unlike earthenware and stoneware, is fundamentally a mixture of two key ingredients—kaolin and petuntse.
		Kaolin, a pure white clay that forms when the mineral feldspar breaks down, is mixed with petuntse, a type of feldspar found only in China.
		The resultant mixture is fired at temperatures of 2280° F. to 2640° F. At these extreme temperatures, the petuntse vitrifies—that is, it liquifies and forms a nonferrous, natural glass.
	www.whitebuckpublishing.com /treasure/sarah.htm (792 words)

	glossary
		Ingredient found in petuntse which fuses and vitrfies at 1450 to about 2600 degree centigrade.
		Accidental effect on Yuan and early Ming blue and white porcelain resulting from cobalt high with iron oxide which accumulated at certain spots on the underglaze painting.
		Ware made with materials consisting of two main ingredients, kaolin and petuntse which when fire to about 1280 degree centigradesand higher becomes hard, vitiried, translucent and usually white.
	www.koh-antique.com /glossary/glossary.html (1433 words)

	History Of Porcelain - at All About China and Glass
		It was made from kaolin (white china clay) and petuntse (a feldspathic rock), the latter being ground to powder and mixed with the clay.
		During the firing, which took place at a temperature of about 2,650 F (1,450 C), the petuntse vitrified, while the refractory clay ensured that the vessel retained its shape.
		In medieval times isolated specimens of Chinese porcelain found their way to Europe, where they were much prized, principally because of their translucency.
	www.china-n-glass.com /History_Porcelain.htm (550 words)

	history of porcelain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The ground mixture of kaolin and petuntse (the latter found only in China) must be heated to a minimum of 1250 degrees Celsius, and sometimes as high as 1450 degrees.
		While the petuntse melts to form a natural glass, the kaolin remains resistant to heat even at those temperatures, allowing the item to hold its shape.
		In Bone China, burned animal bone is added to the kaolin and petuntse (imported from China), making a porcelain harder than soft-paste, but still not as durable as the original.
	www.asiannouveau.com /arts_crafts_details.php?arts_id=64&osCsid=834c718000f86587d2a0866abd84e946 (582 words)

	clayart - thread 'petuntse/celadons' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Petuntse has often been likened to English Cornish stone, but Cornish stone
		Petuntse was one of those happy geological gifts that gave mankind something
		Petuntse was so exceptional that it proves the rule.
	www.potters.org /subject25988.htm (2696 words)

	Button Bytes Light - Articles
		The clay discovered by Ri could be used with very little additional refining because it already contained a mix of kaolin and petuntse.
		Kaolin is a pure white clay that forms when the mineral feldspar breaks down and petuntse is a type of feldspar found, until then, only in China.
		When kaolin and petuntse is fired at temperatures of 2280 to 2640 degrees Fahrenheit, the petuntse melts and forms a non-porous, natural glass.
	www.tias.com /articles/buttons/archives/98_11_11/articles.html (1993 words)

	What is Porcelain?
		The body and glaze are usually fired together in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature between 1200 and 1300 centigrade in a single firing, forming an integrated body/glaze layer.
		During the firing the petuntse vitrified, while the refractory clay ensured that the vessel retained its shape.
		The Chinese definition of porcelain (tzu) resembles the Western definition of "Stoneware", besides having as a key feature that it should ring when struck.
	www.antiquesndynasties.com /what_is_porcelain.htm (431 words)

	Free information of Petuntse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Petuntse (from 白墩子 in pinyin : bai2 dun1 zi0), also spelled petunse, was historically an important ingredient of Chinese porcelain.
		You may redistribute it,verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the GFDL.
		It was salvaged by Venetian forces, during the 1453 Fall of Constantinople, and set into the corner of the basilica at the level of the Piazza San Marco.
	petuntse.en.qcat.org (2824 words)

	[No title]
		Hard-paste is made from kaolin clay and a feldspathic rock containing crystals of potassium, sodium and calcium.
		In china it is called "petuntse" which is a type of feldspar found only in China.
		At these temperatures the petuntse, or in our case feldspar, melts.
	www.steincollege.com /bsctales/porceln.htm (1682 words)

	Making of Clay
		This clay body was made from Kaolin (a white china clay) and petuntse (a feldspathic rock).
		The petuntse was ground to powder and mixed with the clay and fired to 2,650°F or 1,450°C. The petuntse would vitrify while the clay held the shape.
		Porcelain is smoother and finer clay and is usually white (with a slight blue or gray tinge) or translucent when fired.
	www.durand.com.au /claymaking.html (2760 words)

	Pocatello Idaho State Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Porcelain is often referred to as "china" because it was the Asian country where the art form was developed and perfected.
		By virtue of being home to one of porcelain's two key elements, petuntse, China seemed almost destined to become the center of the porcelain world.
		The petuntse melts to form a natural glass, while the kaolin, resistant to high temperatures, retains the shape.
	www.journalnet.com /articles/2005/07/10/news/local/news06.txt (560 words)

	Looking at French Decorative Arts: The Quest for True Porcelain (Education at the Getty)
		True hard-paste porcelain, made from kaolin (a fine white clay originally found in China and used to produce Chinese porcelain) and petuntse (a coarse clay sometimes called china stone), resists melting far better than other kinds of porcelain.
		At these extreme temperatures, the petuntse vitrifies, or melts, forming a nonporous, natural glass.
		In cross section it is impossible to distinguish the body from the glaze.
	www.getty.edu /education/for_teachers/curricula/decarts/decarts_lesson05.html (665 words)

	Petuntse from #30333 #22697 #23376 in pinyin pinyin bai2 dun1... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Petuntse from #30333 #22697 #23376 in pinyin pinyin bai2 dun1...
		"Petuntse" (from 白墩子 in pinyin pinyin: bai2 dun1 zi0), also spelled "petunse", also known as "china stone", is a granite granite-derived feldspar feldspar.
		A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
	www.biodatabase.de /petuntse (93 words)

	Antiques Roadshow/Appraise It Yourself: Meissen Makers
		Blue onions were part of a popular design Meissen unveiled in the late 1700s.
		Bottger mixed two forms of decomposed granite: kaolin, called "china clay," and petuntse (feldspar).
		When the two materials were fused together at extreme heats in a kiln, the result was Europe's first locally made porcelain.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/roadshow/appraiseit/game42/2tm.html (202 words)

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