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Topic: Pfiesteria

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	Pfiesteria - Wetlands - Sierra Club
		Pfiesteria piscicida is a microbe, a one-celled organism.
		Pfiesteria causes lesions in fish and has caused massive fish kills in rivers, including the Neuse River, where a 1995 outbreak killed 14 million fish and closed 364,000 acres of shellfish beds.
		Pfiesteria is front-page news in areas along the Atlantic Coast, but waterways choked by polluted run-off are problems that are national in scope.
	www.sierraclub.org /factoryfarms/factsheets/pfiesteria.asp (1191 words)

	EPA ESC Library Pfiesteria Bibliography
		Pfiesteria is the dinoflagellate responsible for thousands of fish killed in North Carolina and the Chesapeake Bay, and it has achieved a kind of infamy in the past several months.
		Pfiesteria piscicida is euryhaline and eurythermal, and in bioassays a nontoxic flagellated stage has increased under P enrichment, suggesting a stimulatory role of nutrients.
		Pfiesteria piscicida is euryhaline and eurythermal, and in bioassays a nontoxic flagellated stage has increased under P enrichment (> or = 100 micrograms SRP/L), suggesting a stimulatory role of nutrients.
	www.epa.gov /region3/esc/library/pfiestbib.htm (5233 words)

	Chesapeake and Coastal Bay Life Guide, Phytoplankton, Pfiesteria Facts
		Pfiesteria and related organisms were also identified in the Pocomoke during August and in Kings Creek and the Chicamacomico River in September.
		Pfiesteria piscicida (fee-STEER-ee-uh pis-kuh-SEED-uh) is a toxic dinoflagellate that has been associated with fish lesions and fish kills in coastal waters from Delaware to North Carolina.
		Pfiesteria piscicida is known to occur in brackish coastal waters from the Delaware Bay to North Carolina.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /bay/cblife/algae/dino/pfiesteria/facts.html (4095 words)

	Chesapeake Bay Journal: Pfiesteria Facts - October 1997
		Pfiesteria may or may not be toxic, but the dispute over the issue is
		Pfiesteria is a type of phytoplankton known as a dinoflagellate, which means they have a whip-like tail called a flagella which allows them to propel themselves, unlike some other types of algae which can only float.
		Pfiesteria has been the cause of several massive fish kills in nutrient-enriched (elevated levels of phosphorus and nitrogen) estuaries along coastal North Carolina.
	www.bayjournal.com /article.cfm?article=2181 (467 words)

	Sea Grant News Media Center - Current News - Impacts of Pfiesteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Pfiesteria's human health impacts are not yet fully understood.
		Pfiesteria's impact on summer travel plans was a particular focus of the UD Sea Grant survey.
		If a Pfiesteria outbreak were to occur there, the county could see a substantial loss of visitors and their spending power.
	www.seagrantnews.org /news/19990927_pfiesteria.html (1027 words)

	Pfiesteria piscicida - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pfiesteria piscicida is a dinoflagellate responsible for many blooms in the 1980s and 1990s on the coast of North Carolina.
		Its living cycle is extremely complex: scientists have found at least 24 different stages, spanning from cyst to several amoeba-like forms.
		Pfiesteria is named after Lois Pfiester, who researched dinoflagellates, and its species name means "fish-killer." The alga was discovered by JoAnn Burkholder at North Carolina State University.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pfiesteria_piscicida (200 words)

	Pfiesteria: The Cell From Hell (Morgana's Observatory)
		Pfiesteria piscicida is a dinoflagellate, a microscopic organism that sometimes behaves like a plant and sometimes like an animal.
		Pfiesteria is a newly discovered dinoflagellate with a complicated life cycle of at least 24 life stages.
		Pfiesteria was first found in 1988 among fish cultures at the North Carolina School of Veterinary Medicine.
	www.dreamscape.com /morgana/himalia.htm (803 words)

	Maryland on lookout for next pfiesteria outbreak
		A pfiesteria outbreak caused hundreds of menhaden -- a small bait fish that swims in large schools -- to break out in ugly open lesions, so large that in some cases the fishes' internal organs hung out of their bodies.
		First discovered in 1988, pfiesteria is a natural part of the marine environment that is believed to have a highly complicated lifecycle with 24 reported forms, a few of which can produce toxins.
		Pfiesteria is a form of dinoflagellate, a microscopic, free-swimming, single-celled organism that's usually classified as a type of algae.
	www.uswaternews.com /archives/arcquality/2maron9.html (939 words)

	DSRT - Pfiesteria Research
		Pfiesteria are a group of unicellular microorganisms that live in estuaries (back bay waters where rivers mix with ocean water).
		When large numbers of fish are present, and other environmental conditions are right, these organisms can multiply and secrete one or more toxins (poisons) that can kill fish and shellfish and can also cause adverse health effects in humans exposed to the waters or to vapors emanating from the waters in a fish kill area.
		Pfiesteria have caused or contributed to a number of large fish kills along the east coast from FL to DE, most frequently in NC and MD. Some adverse human health effects in laboratory workers and bay fishermen have been associated with exposure during Pfiesteria-related fish kill events.
	www.state.nj.us /dep/dsr/pfiesteria/pfiesteria.htm (261 words)

	The Fuss Over Pfiesteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Concern is certainly justified, because pfiesteria is potentially a dangerous organism and its abundance in our waters is a troubling symptom of their ill health.
		Pfiesteria is a good example for students: a member of the vast zoo of single-celled creatures now considered by biologists to be a separate kingdom (or perhaps several kingdoms) distinct from the familiar plant and animal kingdoms.
		Pfiesteria never occurs in inland waters, in lakes, or in the ocean, and there have been no outbreaks in the open waters of Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds.
	www.unc.edu /depts/cmse/science/pfiesteria.html (1541 words)

	Food Research Institute Briefings: Pfiesteria piscicida, Microcystins
		Pfiesteria produces at least two toxins—one which is water-soluble and the other lipid-soluble.
		Preliminary in vitro studies demonstrated that nerve cells are particularly sensitive to one toxin as measured by decreased ATP levels and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from the cells.
		Therefore, there is a possibility that Pfiesteria could be filtered out by shellfish and the toxins accumulated to produce a new type of shellfish poisoning.
	www.wisc.edu /fri/briefs/algtoxin.htm (1825 words)

	Pfiesteria piscicida
		Pfiesteria piscicida (fee-STEER-ee-uh pis-kuh-SEED-uh) is a toxic dinoflagellate that has been associated with fish lesions and fish kills in the coastal waters from Delaware to North Carolina, including the Chesapeake Bay.
		Pfiesteria is only one cause of fish kills on the southeast and Gulf coasts.
		Thus, fish are not killed by an infection of Pfiesteria, but rather by the toxins it releases, or by secondary infections that attack the fish once the toxins have caused lesions to develop.
	www.chesapeakebay.net /status/pv/sld060.htm (600 words)

	Persisting Learning Deficits in Rats after Exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida
		Pfiesteria exposure did not significantly impair neurobehavioral function required for performance of the radial-arm maze task after the rats were pretrained.
		The adverse effect of Pfiesteria seemed to be specific to the acquisition process as demonstrated by the significant impairment subsequently shown by the higher dose Pfiesteria -treated rats on repeated acquisition.
		Pfiesteria effects on response latency in Study 4 did not seem to be closely related to the effects on maze choice accuracy.
	www.ehponline.org /members/1997/105-12/levin-full.html (5935 words)

	Pfiesteria and Harmful Algal Blooms in the Mid-Atlantic
		Pfiesteria piscicida, a tiny marine organism identified in the last decade in estuaries in North Carolina and Delaware and in the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, has been blamed for killing fish and causing health problems in humans.
		Pfiesteria is one of only 80 to 90 of these species – a very small percentage – that produce toxins that can affect human health.
		According to Burkholder and her research team, Pfiesteria changes from a cyst stage to an amoeboid stage and then to a flagellated stage where it swims actively with a whip-like tail.
	www.pfiesteria.seagrant.org (556 words)

	Pfiesteria Glossary
		Most dinoflagellates are not harmful, and Pfiesteria is harmful only under certain conditions; in fact, some strains never produce toxins, and even the strains that can produce toxins are benign under most conditions and during most of the year.
		Pfiesteria piscicida is a heterotrophic (animal-like) organism that feeds on a wide variety of prey including other one-celled organisms such as bacteria and algae, finfish and shellfish, and the remains of dead organisms that have settled to the bottom of estuaries.
		Toxic Pfiesteria outbreaks generally occur in mid-summer through mid-fall in quiet, poorly flushed brackish waters that are nutrient over-enriched (with nitrogen and phosphorus pollution that encourages growth of algae and other organisms that are used as food by TPC species when fish are not readily available).
	www.whoi.edu /science/B/redtide/pfiesteria/documents/glossary.html (3707 words)

	CRS Report: 97-1047 - Pfiesteria and Related Harmful Blooms: Natural Resource and Human Health Concerns - NLE
		Pfiesteria piscicida, discovered in 1988 in a laboratory fish tank and formally identified and named in 1996, was identified from fish kill areas in the estuaries of the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers of North Carolina in 1991.
		Pfiesteria piscicida has a complicated life cycle involving as many as 24 different physical forms, with the ability to transform quickly (i.e., within minutes to hours) from one form to another.
		Pfiesteria toxins have been blamed for causing adverse health effects in people who have come in close contact with waters where this organism is abundant.
	www.cnie.org /nle/crsreports/marine/mar-23.cfm (4926 words)

	Quantum - Cells From Hell - update
		By the late 90s Pfiesteria was costing the American fishing industry millions of dollars and it had sparked widespread panic in coastal communities.
		Tonight we can reveal not only that Pfiesteria has moved much closer to our own shores but that a second species is also on the move.
		Almost immediately Pfiesteria Mk 2 went into a frenzy, releasing a toxin as it swarmed around mouth and gills before settling on the skin to feed.
	www.abc.net.au /quantum/s246956.htm (1004 words)

	Pfiesteria & Fish Lesions in Chesapeake Bay
		Pfiesteria is known to feed on algal prey as well as dead or dying fish (1); a heterotrophic feeding ecology.
		However, Pfiesteria is capable of ingesting algal cells, emptying their contents and "stealing" their chloroplast (the light sensitive, energy-producing organelle), a phenomenon termed cleptochloroplasty (5).
		Pfiesteria is a relatively rugged dinoflagellate covered with a series of armored plates.
	www.aquaticpath.umd.edu /mmj (3011 words)

	Facts about Pfiesteria
		Pfiesteria and its cousins are dinoflagellates--complicated microscopic organisms that sometimes behave like plants and sometimes like animals.
		Pfiesteria and other dinoflagellates can produce toxins that cause lesions in fish and have caused fish kills in the lower Neuse, Tar-Pamlico, and New River estuaries of North Carolina.
		Pfiesteria is potentially a problem only at certain times of the year (usually April-October) and only in some locations (usually found in parts of the Neuse, Pamlico, and New River estuaries).
	www.enr.state.nc.us /files/pfies.htm (570 words)

	Pfiesteria, Roman
		Pfiesteria has been classified as a "heterotrophic" dinoflagellate due to its inability to produce chloroplasts de novo, yet has the ability to function as an algal cell when it acquires chloroplast from other cells.
		Positive, linear correlations for non=toxic Pfiesteria zoospores and sample chlorophyll concentrations have been noted for North Carolina estuaries (Fensin 1998), and high algal productivity seems to have been associated with other Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like events have been observed (Paerl and Pickney 1998; MD DNR Report 1997).
		Pfiesteria has been implicated as the primary causative agent of many fish kills along the south-eastern seabord, especially Nroth Carolina and Chesapeake Bay.
	www.hpl.umces.edu /faculty/roman/pfiesteria.htm (618 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Metro Special Reports: The Pfiesteria Scare
		Pfiesteria has been blamed for fish deaths in North Carolina.
		Pfiesteria is blamed for killing more than a billion fish over the last decade in North Carolina.
		Burkholder's claims that pfiesteria was not the culprit at Shiles Creek were based on that sort of test.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/local/longterm/library/pfiesteria/pfiesteria.htm (801 words)

	State Monitoring Activities Related to Pfiesteria-Like Organisms
		Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger and Burkholder has been suspected as the causative agent in a number of fish health events and fish kills since the early 1990s in several estuaries of North Carolina and Maryland on the east coast of the United States (1-4).
		A newly described species, Pfiesteria shumwayae, has also been found to be toxic (7), and additional related species often found in association with Pfiesteria are being investigated for their possible role in fish health problems.
		Pfiesteria is a heterotroph but can function as an autotroph if it sequesters chloroplasts from its prey (12); therefore, care must be used in applying this technique and interpreting the resulting data.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2001/suppl-5/711-714magnien/magnien-full.html (3733 words)

	pfiesteria
		Pfiesteria is reported to have a highly complex life cycle, as many as 24 distinct forms.
		A variety of environmental responses, such as excess nutrients (sewage, runoff from suburban or agricultural landscapes), chemical spills, temperature or salinity, and harmful or toxic algae bloom, may trigger its growth, sexual reproduction and toxin production.
		The Pfiesteria toxins have different effects on fish and possibly humans.
	www.uscg.mil /mlclant/KDiv/kseEH_pfiesteria.htm (590 words)

	Pfiesteria: Facts about a Coastal Concern
		Affected fish, partially paralyzed from toxin, start gasping at the water's surface, or may be found dead or dying, sometimes with round, bleeding sores in their flesh.
		Scientists have developed molecular probes that detect the presence of Pfiesteria in coastal waters, and they are working on new probes that will aid coastal states in rapidly detecting and responding to toxic Pfiesteria incidents.
		Scientists are continuing to pursue intensive research to identify Pfiesteria's chemical toxins and to study Pfiesteria's impact on human health.
	www.ocean.udel.edu /seagrant/publications/Pfiesteria.html (721 words)

	Pfiesteria Research at VIMS
		VIMS researchers have found that Pfiesteria shumwayae, a member of the toxic Pfiesteria complex (TPC), kills fish by feeding directly on their skin, not by releasing a potent toxin into the water, as has been widely reported.
		Pfiesteria research at VIMS is directed toward understanding the biology and toxicity of Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like organisms (PLOs).
		Pfiesteria is a dinoflagellate widely blamed for adverse human health effects, acute fish kills, and skin-lesion events within coastal waters from Delaware to North Carolina.
	www.vims.edu /env/projects/pfiesteria (266 words)

	CCFHR:Isolatation of Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like organisms (PLOs) from Florida: Development of Probes (2002) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		By 1997 the heightened concern that the toxic microorganism Pfiesteria was causing fish lesions, massive fish kills, and threatening human health along the mid Atlantic coast was being extensively covered in the press.
		This made it impossible to determine when Pfiesteria was present and further to accurately assess which fish kills were associated with Pfiesteria, or when the public was likely to be exposed to a toxin.
		The second paper describing the application of these new molecular techniques for detect Pfiesteria and itâs various life cycle stages was also published in a 2001 Journal of Phycology issue and received the Luigi Provasoli award, the highest award given by the Phycological Society of America.
	www8.nos.noaa.gov /nccos/npe/projectdetail.aspx?id=174&fy=2002 (638 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: The Pfiesteria Scare
		Maryland monitoring crews found a small number of fish bearing lesions thought to be caused by the toxic microbe Pfiesteria piscicida on an Eastern Shore creek – a likely sign that another season of environmental ills around the Chesapeake Bay has begun, officials said.
		Maryland and Virginia are neighbors on the Chesapeake Bay, but when it comes to finding ways to clean the waterway, they – or at least their governors – are oceans apart.
		Chicken manure, used by many farmers as fertilizer, was believed to be the main source of the phosphorus, which feeds the Pfiesteria microbe.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/local/longterm/library/pfiesteria (804 words)

	Sea Grant News Media Center: Sea Grant Pfiesteria Briefing, Miller Talk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Outbreaks of Pfiesteria along the East Coast of the United States have made headlines worldwide.
		The simple answer is an unqualified "Yes." Pfiesteria has been a disaster for fish, people, scientists, government and environmentalists.
		Pfiesteria has convinced many people that the day of reckoning may be upon us.
	www.seagrantnews.org /news/pfiest101998/miller.html (469 words)

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