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Topic: Phaeomelanin

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	Hair color - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phaeomelanin is much more stable than eumelanin, so that the phaeomelanin in the hair is better preserved over time than the eumelanin.
		Red hair is genetically associated with lighter eye color, especially green, blue, and light to medium brown and pale, often melanin-less skin.
		Red hair has the highest amounts of phaeomelanin and the lowest of eumelanin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hair_color (1573 words)

	Information on Red Bre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Phaeomelanin is a red pigment, but can look orange or yellow in lower concentrations.
		This means that both eumelanin and Phaeomelanin are produced, and the ratio and distribution of the two pigments may be modified by other genes.
		Phaeomelanin (red pigment) is still produced, however, so any pigmented hairs have a basic red coloration.
	altagenetica.com /_wsn/page4.html (1424 words)

	light cinnamon Bourke's parrot
		Under the microscope the form of phaeomelanin grains is sferical, eumelanin grains have a rod like form.
		Phaeomelanin is easy solvable in a very light solution of 0,2 %.
		Phaeomelanin we find in canaries and other bird species but never in parakeets.
	www.bourkes-parakeet.nl /pg/light-cinnamon.html (639 words)

	Dog Colour Genetics Primer & FREE Canine Genetics Software
		Phaeomelanin is, in its unmodified form, a yellowish color.
		This is a primarily fl dog but with tan (phaeomelanin) markings around the eyes, muzzle, chest, stomach and lower legs.
		Brindling is the presence of 'stripes' of eumelanin-based hairs in areas that are otherwise phaeomelanin based.
	www.tenset.co.uk /doggen/indexus.html (2913 words)

	My Understanding of Coat Color Genetics in Dogs With A Special Emphasis on Anatolian Shepherd Guardian Dogs
		Phaeomelanin is made from DOPAquinone by enzymes that attach the amino acid cysteine to the DOPAquinone and then polymerize the resulting compounds into masses with a color from yellow through red.
		In general, "dd" acting on phaeomelanin coat color seems limited to breeds in which color is of little importance (as is true in Anatolian Shepherds).
		Some breeding experiments indicate that the pale "wild type" phaeomelanin typical of wolves is dominant to the "intensified" red phaeomelanin common in many modern dog breeds.
	www.luckyhit.net /coatcolo.htm (9620 words)

	B/b, E/e, and Beyond
		Eumelanin is responsible for fl/brown pigment, and phaeomelanin is responsible for red/yellow pigment.
		Further modification of phaeomelanin intensity (concentration) will be determined by the products of the C locus which control levels of tyrosinase, an enzyme required in the process of pigment synthesis which preferentially acts upon phaeomelanin.
		Since the recessive Agouti alleles control synthesis of phaeomelanin during particular times of hair growth (with phaeomelanin produced only during the mid to late portion of hair growth), phaeomelanin will only be seen at the base of the hair shaft.
	www.labbies.com /genetics2.htm (6627 words)

	Site Template -- Geneology
		The agouti gene has been mapped in the dog and DNA studies to determine which patterns are under the control of this gene in the dog are in progress.
		When a dog is homozygous for recessive fl (a/a), there will be no red/yellow (phaeomelanin) in its coat (unless "e/e" is present, which is epistatic to the Agouti series).
		If the dog is E/E or E/e at the E locus, and at the K locus, it is "k/k" the distribution of eumelanin and phaeomelanin will be determined solely by the Agouti alleles present.
	www.acdgenetics.caviesrule.com (4635 words)

	Gouldian Head Colors
		Phaeomelanin is a reddish-brown pigment and is found in small amounts all over the head.
		The red head is not reliant on phaeomelanin to produce red, but because there is a fine layer of phaeomelanin, in the head of the normal, it acts on the red to make it just that bit darker.
		Removing the phaeomelanin has no effect on the fl areas because the eumelanin is fl and masks any possible effect that phaeomelanin, or the lack of it, would have in these areas.
	luvsbirds.freehomepage.com /catalog.html (950 words)

	Regulation of tyrosinase in hair follicular melanocytes of the mouse during the synthesis of eumelanin and phaeomelanin. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Regulation of tyrosinase in hair follicular melanocytes of the mouse during the synthesis of eumelanin and phaeomelanin.
		Bromo-adenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt increased glycosylation in both eumelanin and phaeomelanin, producing follicles; but this did not result in an increased uptake of tyrosinase onto the melanosome membrane.
		Therefore, although cAMP increased glycosylation of tyrosinase, the uptake of tyrosinase by the melanosome membrane appeared to be regulated by other systems that are limiting during phaeomelanogenesis, resulting in a lower level of tyrosinase activity.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_1667073.html (232 words)

	Melanins
		Phaeomelanin - is the reddish brown pigment that appears bordering the feathers, the eumelanin striation and it is also found dispersed and sedimented over the ground color, its degree of presence will determine the degree of refraction present (optical blue factor).
		The eradication of phaeomelanin makes the subject look cleaner and lets the lipochrome in-between show itself brighter because the refraction factor is exposed by the degree in which phaeomelanin is eliminated.
		To better comprehend this pigment you should observe a Phaeo canary, these birds have mutated to show only phaeomelanin color therefore the central eumelanin striation is deleted.
	www.canariculturaenpuertorico.com /index_files/Page2224.htm (594 words)

	Interactive Dig Hierakonpolis - Archaeological Hair
		All hair contains a mixture in varying concentration of both fl-brown eumelanin and red-yellow phaeomelanin pigments, which are susceptible to differential chemical change under certain extreme burial conditions (for example wet reducing conditions, or dry oxidising conditions).
		Importantly, phaeomelanin is much more stable to environmental conditions than eumelanin, hence the reactions occurring in the burial environment favor the preservation of phaeomelanin, revealing and enhancing the red/ yellow color of hairs containing this pigment.
		Whether the conditions within the wood and plaster coffin contributed to accelerated color change, or whether this individual naturally had more phaeomelanin pigmentation in his hair is hard to say without further analysis.
	www.archaeology.org /interactive/hierakonpolis/field/hair.html (246 words)

	The Halfsider Budgerigar
		To assert so categorically, simply on the alleged lack of evidence to the contrary, a proposition which flies in the face of accepted thinking, not only within the budgerigar world but also the wider scientific community, is daring in the extreme.
		Both eumelanin and phaeomelanin are seen in the form of granules; of varying shape and form, but nevertheless visible under the microscope.
		The exact chemical structures of the various melanin pigments are still not known although, as described by Dr. Pilkington, most of those found in animals are indolic polymers with eumelanins thought to be formed in the manner described in his article.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/clivehesford/halfside.html (3169 words)

	The Genetics of Shaded Silver American Shorthairs
		Color refers to pigment and may be fl (eumelanin), red (phaeomelanin), blue (dilute eumelanin), etc. Shaded ASH may be fl-silver (silver shaded), red-silver (cameo shaded), blue-silver (dilute shaded), fl non-silver (shaded golden), or other colors.
		In a classic tabby, in the fl stripes areas the hair follicles are coordinated to produce hairs with a fl (eumelanin) tip followed by a brown (phaeomelanin) band in the undercoat in the case of a brown tabby or no melanin in the case of a silver tabby (Figure 3).
		If the width of the undercoat was linked to the expression of the silver inhibitor gene, logically all the silver kittens arising from a silver shaded to brown tabby breeding should all have the broad white undercoat of the shaded parent responsible for donating the silver inhibitor gene.
	my.net-link.net /cwjohnso/genetics.html (7089 words)

	Mouflon Lambs at the Tongue River Farm
		The lambs had so much phaeomelanin in their coats that they looked like grizzled moorits even though they were fl genetically and had fl skin.
		The type of phaeomelanin may suggest this and hint that, but until you have demonstrated the nicely bluish grey staple in the underwool, you don't have a proper proof.
		Note lack of heavy phaeomelanin in coat, band of light where hoof meets body, eye rings, light cheek patches and grey muzzle and very light inner legs with diffuse (or no) mouflon markings.
	www.icelandicsheep.com /mouflon_lambs.htm (2615 words)

	Albinism in the canary
		However, the problem is that in psittaciformes (parrot-like species) which do not posses any phaeomelanin, albinism is more easier to recognize than in finch-like- and in gallinaceous birds which do have phaeomelanin in their plumage.
		That means in the first place phaeomelanin granules (phaeomelanosomes) are much smaller than eumelanin granules (eumelanosomes) and that their matrices have an indiscriminate model and thus an indistinct shape, in contrast to eumelanin granules which are recognizable pheric (round) or oval, rod-shaped and sometimes even needle-shaped.
		It is understandable that a mutation which interferes in the formation of the melanin matrices, affects the already untidy produced matrices of the phaeomelanin granules the most and, the much larger matrices of the eumelanin granules to a somewhat lesser degree.
	www.euronet.nl /users/hnl/canalbin.htm (3132 words)

	Re: how lip color relates to skin color? Is there a specific ratio between two?
		Phaeomelanin in low concentrations appears yellow, while in higher concentrations it appears reddish.
		Low levels of eumelanin and phaeomelanin produce brown hair, and high levels of eumelanin produce fl hair.
		Eye color is different because the base color of the iris is blue, so low levels of phaeomelanin appear green, high levels appear amber, low levels of eumelanin appear brown and high levels of eumelanin appear dark brown.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/Feb2003/1044402862.Ge.r.html (372 words)

	Rat Terrier - Canine Color Genetics
		Phaeomelanin (red or tan), therefore, has to be present in order for the action of "Ebr" to have an affect.
		Remember, the action of "Ebr" is to allow Eumelanin to form in Phaeomelanin - not the other way around: NOT: "Phaeomelanin to form in Eumelanin." When you look at the Brindle pattern, what you're really seeing is a Phaeomelanin (red or tan) base where Eumelanin has been permitted to form in a banded pattern.
		Since a sable dog is "Phaeomelanin Dominant" (dominant red or tan base), all pigmented areas on this particular dog will exhibit the Brindle pattern.
	www.1st-writer.com /ColorGenetics/lesson6.htm (2128 words)

	Chris Hofmann
		Currently, my major foci are: investigating the evolution of melanin-based colors (specifically phaeomelanins) in orioles, reconstructing male and female color evolution, and investigating sexual dichromatism.
		Using a combination of spectrometry and biochemical analysis, we were able to determine that color in adult male Orchard Orioles was produced by a high concentration of phaeomelanin pigments.
		Surprisingly adult male Orchard Orioles had similar concentrations of lutein in their feathers, which were being masked by the high concentration phaeomelanin pigments.
	www.umbc.edu /biosci/Faculty/OmlandLabWebpage/NewPages/Hofmann_C (916 words)

	Mason & Friends Hair, Skin & Nail Studio
		Eumelanin granules are thought to be spherical in shape and absorb almost all light, reflecting a fl appearance.
		Phaeomelanin granules are thought to be elongated "footballs" in shape and reflect light in the red, orange, yellow range.
		The density of eumelanin and phaeomelanin within the hair shaft is the determining factor of the reflective hair color.
	www.masonhair.com /basehaircolor.html (121 words)

	Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, tyrosinase activity and the regulation of eumelanogenesis and phaeomelanogenesis in the ...
		Skin tyrosinase levels and the eumelanin and phaeomelanin contents of the hair were measured in pubertal and adult C3H-HeA*vy mice that grow dark and golden yellow hair respectively.
		Hair growth was initiated by plucking and the skin tyrosinase levels, which increased during the growth of new hair and peaked at around 9 days after plucking, were higher during the growth of dark hair in the pubertal mice than during the growth of yellow hair in the adult mice.
		Although there was only a twofold difference in the phaeomelanin contents of these two types of hair, the dark hair of the pubertal mice contained over 20 times more eumelanin than the golden-yellow hair of the adult mice.
	joe.endocrinology-journals.org /cgi/content/abstract/109/1/15 (496 words)

	Sheltie Colours, Sheltie Colors, Shetland Sheepdog Colours, Shetland Sheepdog Colors, Inheritance of Canine Coat Color, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Controls the changes between eumelanin (fl) and phaeomelanin (red) pigment within individual hairs and can also control pigment distribution changes between the back and belly.
		This is the diluting of both eumelanin (fl and phaeomelanin (red) pigments.
		Dilutes both eumelanin and phaeomelanin, turning fl to blue, chocolate to silver, and red/yellow to cream colors.
	www.nakshatras.net /colour_inheritance_sheltie.htm (1053 words)

	Continental names of Colour Varieties - an introduction
		When both phaeo- and eumelanin are present the resulting colour will – depending on the concentration of each and the mixture of both – lean either towards reddish brown or to fl or grey.
		The reddish brown phaeomelanin combined with the blue structure shows a purple colour (breast colour of a male Gouldian Finch).
		In this mutation the eumelanin is completely reduced while the phaeomelanin remains untouched.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/clivehesford/naming01.html (2094 words)

	Dog Colour Genetics Primer & FREE Canine Genetics Software
		Phaeomelanin is, in its unmodified form, a yellowish colour.
		Dogs certainly do have a dominant form of fl that is indeed very dominant: completely obliterating all formation of phaeomelanin pigment.
		Blue dilution has the same effect on phaeomelanin in cats as it does in dogs.
	www.tenset.co.uk /doggen (2913 words)

	hair cosmetics - fine hair and how to handle it
		Some surveys suggest up to 75% of women in the USA color their hair and hair dye is also being used by a growing percentage of men too.
		Bleach reacts more readily with the dark eumelanin pigment than with the phaeomelanin, so some gold or red residual color may remain after lightening depending on how much phaeomelanin your hair follicles make.
		This process may be enough for those who just want their hair lightened, but more usually a finishing dye is added, often to neutralize any remaining red residual color and to hide the yellow color of the keratin which does not look a very natural yellow.
	www.keratin.com /ai/ai032.shtml (729 words)

	Artistry Cats Silver bengal queens
		Silver differs from white cats as in white - melanocytes (pigment cells), are lacking and fail to migrate to the white areas of the coat.
		In silvers, the melanocytes can produce melanocytes for that color, but are decreased to stop melanin in areas of the hair that would normally be phaeomelanin (brown tabby).
		If the inhibitor gene is unable to completely block the phaeomelanin (brown), what results is the kitten/cat appears bronzed or "tarnished".
	www.artistrycats.com /silverqueens.html (319 words)

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