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Topic: Phalura language

	Languages of Chitral
		The primary language of Chitral is Khowar, which is the mother tongue of 90% of the population.
		Kirghiz is a Turkic language spoken in the former Soviet Republic of Kirgizskaya.
		The languages of Khowar, Phalura, Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nuristani, Kalasha, Yidgha and Munji are all classified as Dardic languages in the Indo-European family of languages.
	www.geocities.com /pak_history/chitral.html (2234 words)

	Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan
		The language, Bengali, was a symbol of a consolidated Bengali identity in opposition to the West Pakistani identity.
		Or, even if language movements and ethnic pride does not make them ashamed of their languages, they do not want to teach the language to their children because they think that would be overburdening the children with far too many languages.
		They all agree that their languages should be preserved but they are so appreciative of the advantages of the road that they accept the threat to their languages with equanimity.
	www.apnaorg.com /book-chapters/tariq (5287 words)

	UrbanPK.com
		Language of importance for the Independence Movement and national unity remains Urdu, while Arabic and Persian are arguably the most influential languages in academic circles of the country.
		The language is also the first language of the Muhajir [Original Immigrants that left India for Pakistan after Independence] community, as a sign and living testimony of their loyalty and unity with the Muslim brothers of their new homeland and of the entire Sub-Continent.
		Kashmiri is the language of Azad Kashmir and the Kashmiri immigrants from Indian occupied Kashmir.
	www.urbanpk.com /pages/content/discover/language.php (5772 words)

	Vitasta Annual Number: A Kashmir Sabha, Kolkata Publication
		It is, however, neither the official language nor the medium of instruction in the state, except at the elementary level.
		The three main languages of the northwest territory are Shina which is closely related to Kashmiri; Balti, related to Tibetan and spoken in Baltistan; and Burushaski, which is spoken in Hunza in the northeast of Baltistan.
		Dardic is simply a convenient term to denote a bundle of aberrant IA hill languages, which in their relative isolation, accented by the invasion of Pathan tribes, have been in varying degrees sheltered against the expanding influences of IA Midland (Madhyadesh) innovations, being left free to develop on their own.
	vitasta.org /2001/1.5.html (2741 words)

	Urdu language resources
		...language Urdu Dardic languages : Dameli language Domaaki language Gawar-Bati language Kalasha language Kashmiri language Khowar language Kohistani language Ningalami language Pashayi language Phalura language Shina...
		Urdu is, however, together with English the language of prestige: all signage, and education, is in Urdu and the number of Urdu speakers is increasing quickly in urban centres...
		Taken by itself, Urdu is approximately the twentieth most populous natively spoken language in the world, and is the national language of Pakistan as well as one of the 23 national languages of India.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Urdu.html (1377 words)

	The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter VII: Bronze Age in Eurasia
		HOLLIS equates Nuristani with Dardic 28, with Bashgali 29, and with the Kafiri languages 30 (Bashgali, Dardic, and Nuristani are languages of Afghanistan).
		The Tokharian language is synonymous with Yueh Cheh.
		The Livonians, from a small area in Latvia, speak the Livonian language, the Mansi of the Ob Valley in Siberia and the Tavda Valley in Russia speak the Mansi language, the Mari speak the Mari language, and the Mordvins speak the Mordvin language with dialects of Erzya and Moksha.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterVII.html (12823 words)

	An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - Introduction
		languages, which include the Shina-Khowar group, occupy a position intermediate between the Sanskritic languages of India proper and Eranian languages farther to their west.
		In general, the languages of the Dardic-group show a large number of lexical items which have been preserved from Vedic Sanskrit and which are rarely found in other Indian languages.
		V (1953); Ernest Trumpp, "On the Language of the So-called Kafirs of the Indian Caucasus", JRAS, Vol.
	www.koausa.org /SpokenKashmiri/Introduction (3277 words)

	Nuristani
		The Nuristani languages are said to represent the third and by far the smallest branch of the Indo-Iranian languages.
		The older name for the region was Kafiristan and the languages were termed Kafiiri or Kafiristani, but the terms have been replaced by the present ones as being less perjorative.
		The languages are spoken by tribal peoples in an extremely isolated mountainous region of the Hindukush, one that has never been subject to any real central authority in modern times.
	www.governpub.com /Languages-N/Nuristani.php (535 words)

	Language
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
		A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as Greek within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but such cases are usually clarified.
	www.angindia.com /biographyland/biography_language.html (462 words)

	Indo-Iranian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
		It consists of three language groups: the Indo-Aryan, Iranian and Dardic.
		The speakers of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians are usually associated with the late 3rd millennium BC Sintashta-Petrovka culture of Central Asia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages (220 words)

	Ethnologue: Pakistan
		A distinct language from its neighbors; 47% lexical similarity with Shumashti, 44% with Dameli, 42% with Savi and Grangali.
		Second languages are Urdu for the educated, with varied proficiency, and Pashto or Panjabi.
		Shina is the primary language in Gilgit and Diamer districts.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Pakn.html (4028 words)

	Dardic and Nuristani languages
		Though Dardic and Nuristani languages are considered by the majority of linguists as two separate groups of languages, they are very close in structure and in vocabulary, and can be described together.
		As it is usual with mountainous tongues, it is hard to distinguish between separate languages and dialects of one.
		Many languages have no writing at all: this is explained by the fact that the majority of their speakers are illiterate peasants.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/indo/dardic.html (517 words)

	SCHOLARSHIP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is maintained that together with Urdu, Romani developed from a contact language (of the type known as a koïné, and for which I employ here the term Rajputic) over a millennium ago, from a levelling of the medley of languages spoken on the battlefields of north-western India.
		Hindi as a language is said to have emerged from the patois of the market place and army camps during the period of repeated Islamic invasions and establishment of Muslim rule in the north of India between the eighth and tenth centuries AD.
		The Romani language cannot be traced to any single Prakritic branch of the Indic languages, but has features from several of them, although it is most like those of the Central group.
	radoc.net /RADOC-5-RAJPUTS.htm (4087 words)

	Dards, Dardistan, and Dardic: an Ethnographic, Geographic, and Linguistic Conundrum
		A lineal taxonomy of the languages of the Karakoram presents us with a snapshot of genetically related languages at one moment, but does little to illuminate the ongoing change due to contact, and gives no indication of the interrelationship between neighboring but genetically unrelated (i.e., not sharing a common ancestor) languages.
		Clearly, an understanding of the languages of the region stretching from Kabul to Kashmir, and their relationship to the rest of the Indic languages, is a formidable task, the outline of which is still emerging.
		Wakhi is a Pamiri Iranian language spoken in the upper Hunza Valley and the upper Ishkoman and Yarkhun valleys, adjacent to Afghanistan's Wakhan, from where the Wakhi people migrated.
	www.mockandoneil.com /dard.htm (3638 words)

	chitral (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		These arguments proceeded in a metaphorical language and were enjoyed by both participants and listeners.
		Together, they are all known as Wakhi and their language too is also called Wakhi.
		Their language, called Phalura, is a dialect of Shina.
	guide2hunza.gigcities.com /chitral.htm (4431 words)

	Wikinfo \| Indo-Iranian languages
		Indo-Iranian languages are the eastern-most group of the living Indo-European languages.
		These originate in the area surrounding the southern part of the Urals, and early on split as they settled east and south of the Caspian Sea in Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan (see Aryan invasion).
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Indo-Iranian_languages (147 words)

	cows vacas vaches behiak
		Turkic language spoken in the Chuvash autonomous republic in Russia.
		Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Northern Khotang District, hills near the middle of the Rawakhola Valley in Nepal.
		Turkic language spoken in Lithuania and the Ukraine.
	www.arrakis.es /~eledu/justcows.htm (550 words)

	EveryTongue.com Language Recordings Main page
		Here is the list of languages that you can hear if you order the cassette tape.
		Here is a list of the languages that do not have a recording.
		Here you can listen to a recording in a language you know and then listen to the same recording in a language that you want to learn.
	www.everytongue.com (531 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		# The following mapping table maps the three-letter Language Identification # Codes of the SIL Ethnologue, 13th edition, to the canonical names used # in the Ethnologue.
		for # the international standard 2-letter codes for 139 languages.
		for # the draft international standard 3-letter codes for 431 languages.
	home.ccil.org /~cowan/langs.txt (58 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:PHL
		The following is the entry for this language as it appeared in the 14th edition (2000).
		It has been superseded by the corresponding entry in the 15th edition (2005).
		Ashreti has 92% lexical similarity with Northern Phalura.
	www.ethnologue.com /14/show_language.asp?code=PHL (86 words)

	Struggle for the Control of Identity 4
		In recent years, a small group of scholars (29) has been investigating Romani history from a more scientific perspective, and the first new findings in the field since the 1920s are being made.
		The picture which is emerging indicates that the ancestors of the Rroma were a composite population from the very beginning, who were deliberately assembled into a military force to resist the spread of Islam into India.
		While it is basically Indic, there has been a substantial acquisition of Dardic words, especially from a language called Phalura, as well as a small number apparently from Burushaski, a non-Indic, non-Dardic language spoken only in a small area of the Hindu Kush.
	www.osi.hu /rpp/perspectives1d.htm (767 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages. Home
		At the 1995 meeting of the Committee on Endangered Languages and Their Preservation in New Orleans, Louisiana, a survey was proposed on endangered languages with which the members of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA) have worked or are working.
		Language researchers responded to our survey from Australia (3), Belize (1), Canada (8), China (1), Denmark (2), England (5), Germany (2), Hong Kong (1), Japan (1), Mexico (2), the the Netherlands (5), Scotland (1), Spain (1), Venezuela (1), and the rest from the United States (75).
		However it alone is not an accurate indicator of the language situation of the given population.
	www.ogmios.org /54.htm (4188 words)

	Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Bibliography
		A Bibliography of the Languages and Cultures of Nuristân and Environs
		Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992 "The Languages of Indus Kohistan." In Languages of Kohistan, by Calvin R. Rensch, Sandra J. Decker, and Daniel G. Hallberg.
		Radloff, Carla F. 1992 "The Dialects of Shina." In Languages of Northern Areas, by Peter C. Backstrom and Carla F. Radloff.
	users.sedona.net /~strand/bibliography.html (1675 words)

	Top20Languages.com - Online Directory for Languages. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Language and linguistics resources for Asian languages including Japanese hiragana with vocabulary, a Korean linguistics glossary, Mandarin Chinese and Old English with romanization and transliteration.
		Estimates for the world's top 20 languages (given in millions) on the basis of the number of mother-tongue (first-language) speakers and population estimates for those countries where the language has official status.
		This list deals with particular languages, and includes only natural languages spoken or signed by humans.
	www.top20languages.com (1041 words)

	Sources for the Numbers List
		This page gives the sources for each language on the Numbers from 1 to 10 page.
		Sometimes half the work in dealing with a new language is finding out what it is, and relating it to the sometimes wildly varying classifications from Ruhlen, Voegelin, and the Ethnologue.
		There are notes relating to this, as well as information on dialects, and names of languages I don't have yet.
	www.zompist.com /sources.htm (2727 words)

	Joshua Project - Languages Listing
		Primary Language Listing A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
		Totals: 93 Peoples-by-Country speak this Language: (4 Primary / 89 Secondary)
		Significant effort is made to match photos with exact people groups.
	www.icta.net /joshuaproject/languages.php?rol3=pgg (502 words)

	Punjabi.net discussions chat forums
		Punjabi.net discussions chat forums: Punjabi Culture Society Traditions Customs Language History People Castes Identity: Punjabi Language - Past Present and Future - Learning Growth Common Heritage: A Profile of Punjabi Language and Other Languages of Indo-Aryan group: Languages Spoken in Pakistan
		HINDKO, NORTHERN (HAZARA HINDKO, HINDKI, KAGHANI, KAGANI) [HNO] 1,875,000 (1981 census); both Hindko languages had 305,505 households, 2.4% of the population (1981 census).
		PHALURA (PALULA, PALOLA, PHALULO, DANGARIK, BIYORI) [PHL] 8,600 (1990).
	punjabi.net /talk/messages/1/2367.html?1079985051 (4477 words)

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