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Topic: Phantom limb pain

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Pain

	Phantom Limb Pain
		Data indicate that phantom limb pain is related to, and may be a consequence of, plastic changes in primary somatosensory cortex.
		The hypotheses were that the severity of pain could be positively correlated with the subjectsí present personal problems and attitudes, or it could be correlated with their experience of pain in the limb before amputation.
		The following possible relationships between the etiology and maintenance of phantom limb pain were examined: an isomorphic relationship (same-time increases in pain lead to same-time increases in stress and vice versa), a consequence relationship (increases in pain precede increases in stress), and a precursor relationship (increases in stress precede increases in pain).
	hubel.sfasu.edu /courseinfo/SL98/phantom4.html (1420 words)

	PHANTOM PAIN
		Phantom limb pain is the complaint by a patient of a painful sensation in an extremity that has been amputated.
		Phantom limb pain does not include the pain seen after spinal cord injury, nor does it include the pain seen after injury to peripheral nerves, lumbosacral or brachial plexus injury, or dorsal root avulsion when the body part has not been lost.
		Phantom limb pain appears to be more common in patients who lose their limb at an older age and in patients with affective or environmental factors which are likely to lead to chronic pain behavior independent of the type of injury.
	www.e-neurosurgery.ws /phantompain.htm (1525 words)

	Pain Management for the Lower-Limb Amputee \| American Academy of Orthotists & Prosthetists
		Intrinsic residual limb pain resulting from surgical trauma may be due to poor surgical technique such that the bone is improperly trimmed, wound dehiscence, as well as ischemia resulting in inadequate closure due to poor vascularization of the muscles and skin.
		The etiology of residual limb pain from neuromas appears to be due to cross talk between nerve which results in extreme sensitivity of the axonal sprouts of the neuroma to mechanical and chemical stimuli.
		Phantom limb sensation is often a well defined image of the lost part thought to be secondary to the spinal segmental apparatus and higher brain centers.
	www.oandp.org /publications/jop/2005/2005-39.asp (4397 words)

	The War Amps: Rehabilitation - Phantom Limb Pain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pain "memories" and pain "gate" theories are among the most recent possible explanations, indicating that whole "body mapping" exists in the brain.
		Phantom limb pain is a conscious feeling of a painful limb, after the limb has been amputated.
		It is thought that this pain imprints on the brain and creates a "pain path" which then causes phantom limb pain after the limb is removed.
	www.waramps.ca /nac/phantom.html (2311 words)

	Phantom Limb Pain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pain from pinched nerves in the back and other sources is referred to the phantom limb as it would be to the original limb.
		For amputees with cramping pain, the aim is to teach them to prevent the onset of the types of increases in muscle tension in the residual limb which lead to pain.
		Awareness of the residual limb's temperature and/or patterns of muscle tension in the patient's environment is emphasized throughout the training process so that control is eventually achieved while the subject is in the normal environment without the subject having to concentrate on continuously maintaining control.
	www.bfe.org /protocol/pro05eng.htm (1854 words)

	Phantom Limb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Phantom arms will swing while a woman walks, phantom fingers will grasp for a cup as a man aims his stump toward the table, a man reportedly even had a problem of falling out of bed in the morning when he tried to bear weight on his phantom leg.
		Phantom limb disorder is not merely a parlor-room curiosity.
		Phantom limb is surreal--a twitching appendage that you cannot see, a ring on a finger that doesn't exist, a tightly clenched fist that never lets go.
	www.snl.salk.edu /~ccarello/phantom (4246 words)

	PCU00-3
		Thermography has established that the decreased blood flow associated with burning phantom pain is not caused by generalized sympathetic overactivity because the coolness and underperfusion are limited to the painful residual limb, while the intact limb maintains its temperature.
		Further support for a vascular cause of burning phantom pain is found in the short-term effectiveness of invasive procedures such as sympathetic block or sympathectomies, which increase blood flow to the limb and reduce the intensity of burning phantom and stump pain but not of other descriptors.
		A comprehensive model of the development of phantom limbs includes both peripheral and central factors and assumes that pain memories established prior to the amputation may be powerful elicitors of phantom limb pain.
	www.iasp-pain.org /PCU00-3.html (2091 words)

	Phantom Limb Pain
		Medical experts in pain management believe that PLP is a neurological response to pain in the nerves of the stump as a result of largely environmental pressures.
		The pain is still there, it is still very real, and the sensation of his fingers being folded or bunched into a fist is still apparent, but the pain is not as 'teeth-grindingly awful' as it had been at first.
		When I began thinking about PLP as a result of my partner's accident, I was reminded also of the transcendental meditation techniques of some Eastern religions, in which the adept of, for example, advanced yoga, can effectively shut off parts of their body for long periods of time.
	www.angelfire.com /jazz/louxsie/painrant.html (1278 words)

	Phantom Limb Pain
		Phantom limb pain has long been intriguing to anesthesiologists and other physicians - and irritating to the patients that have had to suffer with this problem after surgery.
		Interestingly, in patients that report this problem the "phantom limb" is often said to be in a contorted or abnormal position - one which would be painful if the actual limb were in that posture.distorted, grotesque or in an abnormal posture which in an intact limb would be painful.
		More importantly, the new nerve cell growth that occurs in phantom limb pain is very similar to that which occurs in patients when their spinal cords are injured.
	anesthesiologyinfo.com /articles/01272002.php (1299 words)

	Farabloc Clothing Products provide clinically proven pain relief and management.
		Phantom limb pain is one of the most distressful sequela of amputation, affecting a majority of persons with healed stumps, often persisting for years or decades (Jensen, Krebs, Neilson, and Rasmussen, 1985; Sherman, Sherman and Parker, 1984).
		To estimate pain relief, the subjects were also asked to record the time, date and duration of each pain episode, and the time and duration of the use of the garment provided to them.
		According to the manufacturer, phantom limb pain is caused by external electrical and magnetic fields irritating the severed nerve endings of the stump.
	www.farabloc.com /mUBC.html (2996 words)

	Phantom Limb Pain & Neuropathic Pain
		Phantom sensations of some kind are almost universal in patients that have undergone limb amputations.
		Phantom pain is the prime example of neuropathic pain; i.e., pain that is caused by a damaged or malfunctioning nervous system.
		There is some evidence that the chance of developing phantom pain can be reduced by the use of regional anesthesia to provide thorough pain relief prior to surgery and for the first few postoperative days.
	www.helpforpain.com /arch2000jul.htm (678 words)

	Coventry Pain Clinic - Nerve Pain - Phantom Limb Pain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Phantom experiences occur due to the persistence of sensory maps for the amputated limb in the sensory cortex of the brain.
		This may explain why phantom pain sufferers feel an increase in their phantom arm pain by touching part of their face on the same side of the body, as on the Homunculus the face and hand are very close together.
		Ischaemic pain (lack of oxygen to the limb) may have somatic and nerve components, and therefore patients may need combinations of paracetamol, morphine, anti-depressants, and anti-convulsants.
	www.coventrypainclinic.org.uk /nervepain-phantomlimbpain.htm (1381 words)

	MedFriendly.com: Phantom limb
		People with phantom limb usually perceive the arm or leg to be in a certain position, and sometimes, the arm or leg is perceived to move.
		Phantom pain characterized by burning has responded better to treatments that increase blood flow in the part of the arm or leg that remains.
		Phantom comes from the Latin word "phantasma" meaning "something that haunts or disturbs the mind." Limb comes from the Old English word "lim" meaning "major branch of a tree." This came to eventually refer to arms and legs, which resemble the major branch of a tree.
	www.medfriendly.com /phantomlimb.html (1694 words)

	Phantom limb pain
		Phantom limb pain – pain appearing to come from where an amputated limb used to be – is often excruciating and almost impossible to treat.
		These phantom limb sensations are also present in children born without a limb, suggesting that perception of our limbs is 'hard-wired' into our brain and that sensations from the limbs become mapped onto these brain networks as we develop.
		In phantom limb pain due to a peripheral nerve injury (brachial plexopathy), Giraux and Sirigu have shown that merely training patients to imagine their paralysed arms moving in relation to a moving arm on a screen in front of them can relieve phantom limb pain.
	www.wellcome.ac.uk /en/pain/microsite/medicine2.html (1258 words)

	Space Coast Pain Institute - Phantom Limb Pain
		Patients with phantom limb pain may also have neuromas, or abnormal clusters of nerve cells, at the ends of the nerves, which have been cut during the amputation.
		Phantom limb pain may also respond to nerve blocks used diagnostically to help reduce the irritability of the nerves that lead from the spine to the painful limb.
		For some patients, surgery is considered to remove the painful neuromas at the tip of the stump, or to revise the scar, or end of the stump, itself.
	www.yourpaininstitute.com /-phantom.html (669 words)

	Phantom Limb Pain
		Phantom limb pain is pain felt in the area where a limb has been amputated.
		Sometimes, the brain memory of pain is retained and is interpreted as pain regardless of signals form injured nerves.
		In addition to pain in the phantom limb, some people experience other sensations such as tingling, cramping, heat, and cold in the portion of the limb that was removed.
	clevelandclinic.org /health/health-info/docs/3600/3692.asp?...&src=news (334 words)

	Pain Management Department Therapy by Diagnosis: Phantom Limb Pain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Phantom limb pain is a chronic pain perceived in an absent limb.
		There are several hypotheses for the pathophysiology of phantom limb pain: 1) peripheral due to loss of peripheral nerve activity, 2) spinal segmental due to deafferentation effects, 3) central due to changes in the cortex and thalamus, 4) psychologic.
		Treatment of phantom limb pain is an urgent problem that should be treated as soon as possible to prevent more permanent plastic changes occurring within the nervous system.
	www.hmcnet.harvard.edu /brighampain/therapy/phantom.html (193 words)

	Phantom pain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Phantom pain in a limb that no longer exists is common after amputation.
		Phantom pain is more common after the removal of an arm or a leg, but can also occur after the removal of other parts of the body, such as the breast or eye.
		Phantom limb pain is pain that feels as though it is in the lost limb.
	www.prescriptiondrugchat.com /showthread.php?t=1489 (2481 words)

	Pain: Clinical Updates - July 1998 - Pain and Rehabilitation from Landmine Injury
		Pain, particularly phantom limb pain (PLP), is highly prevalent in landmine victims.
		Limb amputation impairs physical and hence earning capacity and may be accompanied by profound psychiatric problems and ostracism.
		For other sources of pain such as cancer, burns, or operation, society’s perspective is evolving from a view of the individual as an anonymous host of a pathophysiological process toward a patient-centered focus.
	www.iasp-pain.org /PCU98b.html (2546 words)

	Pain Management: Phantom Limb Pain
		Phantom limb pain is mild to extreme pain felt in the area where a limb has been amputated.
		Phantom limb sensations usually will disappear or decrease over time; but, when phantom limb pain continues for more than six months, the prognosis for improvement is poor.
		Sometimes, the brain memory of pain is retained and is interpreted as pain regardless of signals from injured nerves.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/100/105604.htm (323 words)

	Phantom limb pain and chronic pain, Eastern North Carolina, NC
		Phantom limb pain and chronic pain, Eastern North Carolina, NC To search for a specific phrase enclose that phrase in quotes.
		Phantom limb pain is pain that is felt in the area where an arm or leg has been amputated.
		Phantom limb pain can be mild to agonizing and even disabling for some and may lead to a lifelong battle with chronic pain.
	www.uhseast.com /134497.cfm (400 words)

	Phantom Limb Pain Case part #1
		There has now been extensive study of the phantom limb sensation but technology limits what can be learned from direct physical study of the brain, thus the theories of phantom sensation all arise from the analysis of case studies.
		The limb was felt to move spatially in relation to her other non-amputated limb, and would move correctly when she walked.
		The only difference in feeling in the phantom limb from her other arm was that it felt colder.
	www.alleydog.com /101notes/phantcase.html (739 words)

	Phantom Pain and How to Deal With IT.
		Whilst the debate over what causes phantom pain continue, the debate often overshadows the bottom line: Amputees are in pain because of it.
		Phantom sensation is not just the feeling of having a limb when no limb is present (which usually goes away).
		Phantom sensation can range from tingling sensations to severe sharp, stabbing pain that can only be controlled via professional pain management.
	www.amputee-online.com /amputee/phantom.html (1284 words)

	Phantom Pain Relief for the Amputee with Farabloc High Tech Clothing
		Farabloc, an electromagnetic shielding fabric, reduces pain in human subjects who suffer from phantom limb pain or delayed onset muscle soreness when assessed in placebo-controlled cross-over designed studies.
		Farabloc was originally intended to combat intermittent (non-constant) phantom limb pain, as experienced by amputees.
		To sustain pain relief it is important that you keep your Farabloc on for some time.
	www.abcpain.com (787 words)

	Phantom Limb Pain - Norbert R. Myslinski
		While being deprived of the use of their real limb, they experience excruciating pain in their phantom limb.
		He could feel the presence of a phantom limb only in the lower arm and hand, with a gap between the stump and the elbow.
		His pain throbbed across the back of his hand and increased when he lay on his right side at...
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/2002/november/Sa22683.htm (207 words)

	Forums - Phantom Limb Pain
		It is almost as if he wants to keep the pain alive because as long as it is there he feels the limbs are still real to his imagination.
		I thought the exact same thing as you described in as far as once he let the pain go thus he would have to accept that so were the limbs; therefore, he is fighting the release of the pain.
		Try and frame the loss of his limb in positive terms - that it has done great service but the problems it has been causing him are too great now and that he has a whole life ahead of him free of the trouble it has caused.
	psychology.hypnoticworld.com /board/showthread.php?p=195 (1366 words)

	Phantom Limb Pain
		Patient's with Phantom limb pain are often referred to pain management specialists for treatment of their symptoms.
		Between 40-60% were attributed to diabetes mellitus, with men having 70% higher rate of above-knee and a 45%higher rate of below-the-knee amputations than women.
		Phantom Limb pain is a serious affliction associated with amputations.
	www.sppm.org /FYI/phantom_limb_pain.htm (191 words)

	ECT and phantom limb pain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Two patients are described herein with severe phantom limb pain refractory to multiple therapies, without concurrent psychiatric disorder, who received ECT.
		In one case, phantom pain was still in remission 3.5 years after ECT.
		It is concluded that phantom limb patients who are refractory to multiple therapies may respond to ECT.
	www.mesolimbic.com /ect/phantomlimb.html (102 words)

	Phantom Limb Pain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The APA brings us an article just to say, "Phantom Limb Pain Continues to Perplex Experts.
		Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) is an agonizing affliction that effects up to 88 percent of amputees, causing intense burning pain seemingly located in the appendage that no longer exists.
		He found several common factors, and concluded that PLP was more likely to develop among patients who suffered intense leg pain before amputation, employed certain pre-operation 'coping' strategies, or smoked."
	cognews.com /1062744648/index_html (145 words)

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