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	Pharmacogenetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The terms pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics tend to be used interchangeably, and a precise, consensus definition of either remains elusive.
		Pharmacogenetics is generally regarded as the study of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to drugs, while pharmacogenomics is the broader application of genomic technologies to new drug discovery and further characterization of older drugs.
		Pharmacogenetics considers one or at most a few genes of interest, while pharmacogenomics considers the entire genome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pharmacogenetics (720 words)

	[No title]
		An ultimate goal of pharmacogenetics is to understand how someone's genetic make-up determines how well a medicine works in his or her body, as well as what side effects are likely to occur.
		A key task for pharmacogenetics researchers is to pinpoint all of the proteins that medicines encounter in the body and determine how these proteins vary from person to person.
		Pharmacogenetics research has shown that a simple blood test given to these patients ahead of time--in which a laboratory can "read" the sequence of a particular defective gene involved in drug metabolism--can accurately predict how much medicine they should receive.
	publications.nigms.nih.gov /factsheets/pharmacogenetics.html (878 words)

	Understanding Pharmacogenetics
		Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetically based, inter-individual variability in response to drugs and susceptibility to drug-induced adverse effects (Lerer, 2002).
		This paradigm holds true in pharmacogenetics for pharmacokinetic polymorphisms that have a major effect on drug bioavailability (such as the effect of CYP 2D6 polymorphism on the metabolism of a variety of psychotropic and other drugs, which is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait).
		The principal objective of pharmacogenetics is to identify and categorize the genetic factors that underlie differences among individuals in their response to drugs and to apply these observations in the clinic.
	www.psychiatrictimes.com /p030537.html (1925 words)

	HUCM Pharmacology: Pharmacogenetics
		Pharmacogenetics is a field concerned with unusual or idiosyncratic drug responses that have a hereditary basis.
		Pharmacogenetic disorders are inherited in the same manner as "inborn errors of metabolism".
		However unlike individuals with "inborn errors of metabolism", individuals with pharmacogenetic disorders may live their entire lives with exposure to the drug or chemical agent that produces the idiosyncratic reaction.
	www.med.howard.edu /pharmacology/handouts/pgenfer1.htm (5065 words)

	FAQs - PGXL Laboratories
		Pharmacogenetics (often abbreviated as PGx) is the study of the ways in which genetics affects medications.
		Pharmacogenetics is the same way; once your doctor know your genetic variation, he or she can use that information in prescribing medications for the rest of your life.
		Pharmacogenetics testing done before prescribing drugs provides another layer of safety, and may eventually eliminate the need for the some of the follow-up blood tests and trips to the clinic.
	www.pgxlab.com /general_public (773 words)

	What is pharmacogenetics? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Pharmacogenetics is the study of how people's genetic makeup affects their responses to drugs.
		Pharmacogenetic tests identify variations (or mutations) in a person's genetic makeup in order to predict their responses to a medicine.
		Pharmacogenetic tests can be performed on blood samples, cheek swabs, or, as with some cancers, on biopsy tissue.
	www.royalsoc.ac.uk /page.asp?tip=1&id=3960 (479 words)

	Pharmacogenetics in Point of Care Testing
		Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genes affect the way people respond to medicines, including antidepressants, chemotherapy treatments, asthma drugs, and many others.
		Polymorphism is a term given to the naturally occurring variations in the DNA sequences of genes in a population.
		An analogy has been made between pharmacogenetics and personal computers: pharmacogenetics is now at the stage where personal computers were in the early 1980's.
	www.cdhb.govt.nz /ch_labs/pharmacogenetics.htm (736 words)

	Pharmacogenetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Pharmacogenetics is the study of how a person’s genes can influence their response to medication.
		Pharmacogenetic tests offer the potential to predict how an individual will respond to medication; an attractive prospect when you consider it has been estimated that 10,000 people die every year in the UK as a result of adverse drug reactions.
		Pharmacogenetics could enable doctors to select the best drug at the right dose and avoid serious adverse drug reactions but how much it can achieve, and how soon, is still open to speculation.
	www.amrc.org.uk /index.asp?id=15417 (1010 words)

	Symbiotic Relationship of Pharmacogenetics and Drugs of Abuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Pharmacogenetics has the potential to affect pain management by providing information on genetic variants that are associated with clinical effects and possibly by elucidating biological correlates of prescription opioid addiction risk.
		Pharmacogenetics may not yet be able to conclusively predict adverse events or ensure the most effective treatment, but it is contributing to the much-needed development of tailored care.
		The Pharmacogenetics Research Network and Knowledge Base (http://www.pharmgkb.org), for example, is a relatively new initiative working toward correlating drug response phenotypes with genetic variation in various areas (eg, nicotine addiction and treatment, metabolism, transport, cancer and cancer treatment, asthma, cardiovascular disease).
	www.aapsj.org /view.asp?art=aapsj080121 (6545 words)

	Pharmacogenetics
		Pharmacogenetics largely focuses on specific genes, such as drug-metabolizing enzymes, while pharmacogenomics deals with the entire human genome, including genes for numerous proteins in the body, such as transporters, receptors, and the entire signaling networks that respond to drugs and move them through the system.
		The first studies of what came to be pharmacogenetics were conducted in the early 1950s and examined drug metabolizing enzyme variants such as those in the Cytochrome P450 family.
		Research shows that of all the clinical factors such as age, sex, weight, general health and liver function that alter a patient's response to drugs, genetic factors are the most important.
	www.healthanddna.com /pharmacogenetics.html (634 words)

	Pharmacogenetics of Psychotropic Drugs - Cambridge University Press
		Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are areas of rapidly growing importance at the interface of molecular genetics and psychopharmacology, with implications for drug development and clinical practice.
		Chapters also examine the interface of pharmacogenetics with substance dependence and brain imaging, and consider its impact on the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
		Pharmacogenetics of anxiolytic drugs and the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex Smita A. Pandit, Spilios V. Argyropoulous, Patrick G. Kehoe and David J. Nutt; 15.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521806178&print=y (664 words)

	UCSF Pharmacogenetics of Membrane Transporters
		The UCSF Pharmacogenetics of Membrane Transporters (PMT) Project is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of General Medical Sciences (grant U01 GM61390).
		Pharmacogenetics is the study of the genetic basis for variation from person to person in response to drugs.
		If you are a researcher in the Pharmacogenetics Research Network, please let us know if you are studying drug response pathways in these superfamilies, as it may be possible to place the relevant transporters involved in these pathways in our high priority group for SNP discovery.
	pharmacogenetics.ucsf.edu /index.html (291 words)

	RFA-GM-04-002: PHARMACOGENETICS RESEARCH NETWORK AND KNOWLEDGE BASE
		The Pharmacogenetics Research Network is intended to address this need to acquire basic research results and store the information in a knowledge base, which will lead to a more complete understanding of drug actions, clinical translation of the information, and future drug development.
		It will be the responsibility of the Chair of the Pharmacogenetics Research Network to prepare written responses to the External Scientific Panel, and to share copies of the report and the reply with the funding NIH institutes in a timely manner.
		Previous discussions with NIH and the Pharmacogenetics Research Network have led to the recommendation that people of varying racial and ethnic backgrounds be allowed to describe themselves freely and with cultural, geographic, and historical references (see http://www.nigms.nih.gov/pharmacogenetics/ethics_communities.html).
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-GM-04-002.html (8456 words)

	Grants - Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Drug Metabolizing Enzymes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Pharmacogenetics is the study of the role of inheritance in individual variation in drug response.
		Phase II drug metabolism includes conjugation reactions, and for over 20 years the Mayo pharmacogenetics research program has contributed to understanding of the biochemical, molecular and genomic basis for inherited variations in phase II pathways of drug metabolism.
		In summary, a comprehensive, integrated program of pharmacogenomic and pharmacogenetic studies of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, with special emphasis on methyltransferase and sulfotransferase enzymes, in proposed.
	mayoresearch.mayo.edu /mayo/research/bmi/grant_pharmaco_ii.cfm (282 words)

	The role of pharmacogenetics in future practice
		The emergence of pharmacogenetics as a discipline to explain why one patient's response to drug therapy is different from another patient's when both are being treated with the same drug for the same problem could provide clinicians with a significant advantage in understanding these various outcomes.
		Pharmacogenetics involves the study of gene variations, which can exist either as rare defects (eg, mutations seen in diseases like cystic fibrosis) or as polymorphisms.
		Pharmacogenetics involves the study of gene variations, which can exist as rare defects or as polymorphisms.
	www.jaapa.com /issues/j20040701/articles/genomicpharm.html (1567 words)

	Pharmacogenetics and Genomics - home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Pharmacogenetics and Genomics (previously Pharmacogenetics) is devoted to the rapid publication of research papers, brief review articles and short communications on genetic determinants in response to drugs and other chemicals in humans and animals.
		Pharmacogenetics and Genomics seeks research that identifies and characterizes polymorphic genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors and other drug targets in man and animals.
		Pharmacogenetics and Genomics is particularly interested in research that elucidates how such insights can be harnessed to improve the processes of drug discovery, development and regulation, environmental protection, disease prevention, and the application of genetic information to optimize drug therapy in humans.
	www.jpharmacogenetics.com (371 words)

	Putting the code to work: the promise of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics \| Drug Discovery World, Winter 2001/1* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		And as they identify variations in the sequence of DNA between individuals, they will be able to determine why some people become ill in the first place, and why some people respond positively to a particular medication while others suffer adverse effects or do not respond at all.
		Pharmacogenetics (the correlation of the DNA sequence of genes to a drug response) and pharmacogenomics (the study of the pattern of expression of genes involved in a drug response in a defined environment) are still in their infancy.
		A drug that is designed using the principles of pharmacogenetics would only be used to treat that percentage of the population whose genotypes showed they would respond to the medication.
	www.goldenhelix.com /pharma_article_DDW.html (2989 words)

	Public Health Genetics Unit : Reference #1403 Royal Society launches pharmacogenetics study 2006
		Pharmacogenetics refers to the study of genetic variation underlying individuals’ differential responses to drugs, in terms of efficacy and toxicity; genes involved in drug metabolism are key determinants of drug response, and common polymorphisms in such genes can have a substantial effect.
		Personalized or individualized medicine is an extension of pharmacogenetics, the concept of tailoring drug type and dosage to individuals based not only on traditional clinical factors but also on their genetic profiles.
		Potential constraints on the introduction of pharmacogenetics into the NHS cited include the associated costs of implementation and staff training and the technological barriers to the storage and management of genetic information.
	www.phgu.org.uk /ecard?link_ID=1403 (455 words)

	NIH Guide: PHARMACOGENETICS RESEARCH NETWORK AND KNOWLEDGE BASE
		The Pharmacogenetics Knowledge Base (see a description of the funded Knowledge Base at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/funding/pharmacogenetics.html) will link genomic, molecular, cellular, and clinical data for systems where variation information is required to optimally predict therapeutic drug responses.
		Ultimately, the Pharmacogenetics Knowledge Base should serve as a foundation for future hypothesis-driven experiments, and will be a useful resource to discover previously unsuspected correlations, perhaps with genes not yet known to contribute to individual variations in drug responses.
		While one Pharmacogenetics Knowledge Base is the final goal, it may be necessary to develop it in stages, thus applications for significant components that complement the central Pharmacogenetics Knowledge Base will be considered.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-GM-00-003.html (6217 words)

	Pharmacogenetics: Adult Onset Genetic Disease Program at The University Hospital, Newark, NJ
		A person’s genetic makeup not only determines his or her predisposition to developing certain conditions; as researchers are discovering, it also can impact how an individual’s body responds to a specific drug.
		Pharmacogenetics, the study of how genetics influence a person’s response to a drug, began in the 1950s.
		Today’s advances in pharmacogenetics are but the tip of the iceberg.
	www.theuniversityhospital.com /adultgenetics/pharmacogenetics.htm (420 words)

	Pharmacogenetics \| AHealthyMe.com
		Pharmacogenetics is the study of how the actions of and reactions to drugs vary with the patient's genes.
		Pharmacogenetics is the study of how people respond to drug therapy.
		Although the study is still new, pharmacogenetics promises to offer great benefits in drug effectiveness and safety.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic103548087 (1533 words)

	Pharmacogenetics Network at IU
		A large number of genes code for proteins that mediate response to medicines, and while it is clear that variations in one gene can alter the clinical response to a medicine significantly, this is rare.
		An interdisciplinary group of investigators will use established pharmacogenetics and analytical core laboratories and the resources of the Indiana University School of Medicine and University of Michigan Cancer Centers to study genetic influences on the metabolism, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and toxicity of tamoxifen.
		While tamoxifen has been shown to be metabolized by genetically polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzymes in human liver microsomes in vitro, the hypothesis that mutations in the genes coding for these enzymes might alter the drug's metabolism, effects or toxicity has never been tested in vivo, either in normal volunteers or in women with breast cancer.
	medicine.iupui.edu /clinical/pg_intro.htm (678 words)

	Pharmacogenetics.org
		The Pharmacogenetics of Anticancer Agents Research (PAAR) Group is actively engaged in the discovery of molecular genetic variation contributing to variation in response to anticancer agents.
		As part of the NIH Pharmacogenetic Research Network, investigators at the University of Chicago, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis and the University of Pittsburgh are investigating polymorphisms contributing to interindividual differences in metabolism, transport, and pharmacodynamics of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
		Individuals will contribute to one or more existing and new programs in pharmacogenetics, cancer genetics, genetics of complex diseases and late effects of therapy, genetic epidemiology, preclinical genetic models of human disease, functional genomics, computational biology or population genetics.
	www.pharmacogenetics.org /jobs.htm (886 words)

	Pharmacogenetics in Biological Perspective -- Kalow 49 (4): 369 -- Pharmacological Reviews
		Pharmacogenetic variants are preadaptive in the sense that they occur before there has been any exposure to the drug.
		In conclusion, pharmacogenetic variability will not be expected to mean any substantial biological cost to a population.
		Most pharmacogenetic variants within a population are preadaptive, that is, they are established before xenobiotic exposure.
	pharmrev.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/49/4/369?maxtoshow=&HITS=&hits=&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=pharmacogenetics&searchid=1044812969584_362&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=1 (7076 words)

	Pharmacogenetics.ucsf.edu
		The Pharmacogenetics of Membrane Transporters investigators are in the process of planning our PMT renewal grant.
		We are developing a priority list of transporters for SNP discovery and would like to include all transporters that are of interest to the pharmacogenetics and transporter research community.
		All transporters of interest to investigators in the Pharmacogenetics Research Network will be placed in our high priority group for SNP discovery.
	pharmacogenetics.ucsf.edu /PGRNletter.html (237 words)

	Pharmacogenetics of Asthma -- Palmer et al. 165 (7): 861 -- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
		Pharmacogenetics is the study of the role of genetic
		The ultimate goal of pharmacogenetics is to understand the role that sequence variation among individuals and populations
		Pharmacogenetic association between ALOX5 promoter genotype and the response to anti-asthma treatment.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/165/7/861 (4519 words)

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