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Topic: Pharmacokinetics

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	Pharmacokinetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pharmacokinetics is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to the study of the time course of substances and their relationship with an organism or system.
		Pharmacokinetics systems can be determined to be linear or nonlinear, and time-invariant or time-varying with respect to the mathematical modeling involved for any one of these processes.
		Linear pharmacokinetic processes are generally the least complex to study and linear systems theory has been applied to modeling many pharmacokinetic systems when linearity can be assumed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pharmacokinetics (877 words)

	Pharmacokinetics
		V/K is an first-order elimination rate constant (analogous to the time constant in RC circuits) and V is the volume of distribution of the substance (drug), or proportionality constant between x(t) and c(t), ie.
		However, pharmacokinetics can be determined to be linear or nonlinear, and time-invariant or time-varying with respect to the mathematical modeling involved for any one of these processes.
		Linear pharmacokinetic processes are generally the least complex to study, while a nonlinear time-varying system can be very difficult to solve and may have no closed-form solutions (meaning they have to be solved numerically on a case-by-case basis).
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Pharmacy/Pharmacokinetics.php (726 words)

	Zyban Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Studies, Metabolism - Bupropion Hcl - RxList Monographs
		The effects of cigarette smoking on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion were studied in 34 healthy male and female volunteers; 17 were chronic cigarette smokers and 17 were nonsmokers.
		Hepatic: The effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion was characterized in 2 single-dose studies, one in patients with alcoholic liver disease and one in patients with mild to severe cirrhosis.
		A single-dose pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the disposition of bupropion and its metabolites in elderly subjects was similar to that of younger subjects.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic/buprop_cp.htm (2268 words)

	Ultracet Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Studies, Metabolism - Tramadol hydrochloride / Acetaminophen - RxList ...
		The pharmacokinetics of plasma tram-adol and acetaminophen following oral administration of one ULTRACET tablet are shown in Table 1.
		The pharmacokinetics of ULTRACET in patients with renal impairment have not been studied.
		The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of ULTRACET in patients with impaired hepatic function has not been studied.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic3/ultracet_cp.htm (1297 words)

	Influence of Fluoxetine on Olanzapine Pharmacokinetics
		The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between olanzapine and fluoxetine, a popular antidepressant that is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
		The pharmacokinetics of 3 identical single therapeutic doses of olanzapine (5 mg) were determined in 15 healthy nonsmoking volunteers.
		Although the pharmacokinetic effects of fluoxetine on olanzapine were statistically significant, the effects were small and are unlikely to modify olanzapine's safety profile.
	www.aapsj.org /view.asp?art=ps040211 (2402 words)

	Guidance for Industry: Population Pharmacokinetics
		When using pharmacokinetic models for parameter estimation, a sensitivity analysis (16) should be required to fix a parameter such as absorption rate constant to estimate other parameters and to determine the fixed parameter value that has the least effect on the estimation of the remaining parameters.
		The full pharmacokinetic screen (experimental population pharmacokinetic) study should be designed to explore the relationship between the pharmacokinetics of a drug and demographic/pathophysiological features of the target population (with its subgroups) for which the drug is being developed.
		The population pharmacokinetic study as part of the clinical protocol and the population pharmacokinetic study protocol are discussed briefly.
	www.fda.gov /cder/guidance/1852pk.htm (9157 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 22, Ch. 299, Pharmacokinetics
		Pharmacokinetics: Study of the time course of a drug and its metabolites in the body after administration by any route.
		The dosage regimen required to attain and maintain the appropriate concentration depends on pharmacokinetics.
		This approach requires knowledge of the drug's pharmacokinetics as a function of the patient's age and weight and the kinetic consequences of concurrent diseases (eg, renal, hepatic, or cardiovascular disease or a combination of diseases).
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section22/chapter299/299a.jsp (188 words)

	Pharmacokinetics of dibutylphthalate in pregnant rats - Publication - RTI International
		The objectives of this study were to evaluate the metabolism of DBP in female rats, and the pharmacokinetics of DBP in pregnant rats on gestational day (g.d.) 20.
		The pharmacokinetics of MBP and MBP glucuronide were determined.
		Fennell, T.R., Krol, W.L., Sumner, S.C.J., and Snyder, R.W. Pharmacokinetics of dibutylphthalate in pregnant rats.
	www.rti.org /abstract.cfm?pubid=4433 (300 words)

	COMTAN - Resources for Healthcare Professionals - Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics
		A double-blind pharmacokinetic and clinical dose-response study of entacapone as an adjuvant to levodopa therapy in advanced Parkinson's disease.
		Effect of entacapone, a COMT inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa and on cardiovascular responses in patients with Parkinson's disease.
		Pharmacokinetics of entacapone, a new COMT inhibitor, in man: a study using stable isotope technique.
	www.comtan.com /hcp/treating/pharma_pharma5.jsp (520 words)

	Drug Interactions and Pharmacokinetics of Antiretrovirals
		Pharmacokinetics of the triple combination of saquinavir, ritonavir, and efavirenz in HIV positive patients.
		A pharmacokinetic study to investigate the influence of efavirenz on a BID indinavir / ritonavir regimen in healthy volunteers.
		Pharmacokinetics of once daily saquinavir ritonavir: effects on unbound methadone and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein.
	www.natap.org /2001/ICAAC/day18.htm (2492 words)

	HIV ePharmacotherapy Network - Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
		A pharmacokinetic study to investigate the influence of efavirenz on a twice daily indinavir/ritonavir regimen in healthy volunteers (abstract).
		Pharmacokinetic interaction studies in healthy volunteers with efavirenz and the macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin and clarithromycin.
		Pharmacokinetic study of the interaction between rifabutin and delavirdine mesylate in HIV-1 infected patients.
	hiv.buffalo.edu /NNRTR_PK_smith.shtml (2326 words)

	Department of Medicine: Clinical Pharmacology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pharmacokinetics of XXX in patients with renal impairment.
		Pharmacokinetics of oral and intramuscular XXX Tromethamine in geriatric and renally impaired subjects.
		An open-label, non-randomized, parallel group study of XXX pharmacokinetics in subjects with normal renal function and subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment receiving 36 mg XXX twice daily and in subjects with severe renal impairment receiving 24 and 36 mg XXX once daily.
	www.med.miami.edu /med/clinicalpharmacology/studies_renal.asp (634 words)

	Multidose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir and zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
		Multidose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir and zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
		The effect of coadministration of ritonavir and zidovudine (ZDV) on the pharmacokinetics of these drugs was investigated in a three-period, multidose, crossover study.
		The lack of change in ritonavir pharmacokinetics suggests that dosage adjustment of ritonavir is unnecessary when it is administered concurrently with ZDV.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1998/dec/M98C6943.html (542 words)

	Pharmacokinetics Course - Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Emphasis is placed on newer approaches and concepts relating pharmacokinetics to underlying physiological processes and to pharmacodynamics, and on the analysis and modeling of pharmacokinetic/dynamic data using both assumption-rich (parametric) and assumption-poor (non-parametric) methods.
		He is a founding member of the United Kingdom Pharmacokinetic Discussion Group and a member of the management committee of COST B15, an EU committee promoting science and technology within Europe.
		He obtained a PhD in Pharmacokinetics from Uppsala University in 1989 and was a fellow at University of Glasgow and University of California, San Francisco.
	www.plessthan.com /Course (1402 words)

	Pharmacokinetics of Addiction at the Research Institute
		In a coordinated series of laboratory and treatment studies we perform a systematic investigation of the utility of the adrenergic compounds clonidine, carvedilol, prazosin and atomoxetine for the treatment of methamphetamine addiction.
		He has used stable isotope methods to define the pharmacokinetics of cocaethylene formation and elimination and measure the bioavailability of intranasal methamphetamine.
		Mendelson performed many of the basic pharmacokinetic and abuse liability studies used to support FDA approval of Suboxone (a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone), the first new primary pharmacotherapy for opiate addiction introduced in more than 30 years.
	www.cpmc.org /professionals/research/programs/addiction.html (1394 words)

	Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Imipenem during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill ...
		Pharmacokinetics of imipenem/cilastatin in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies.
		Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin during continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients.
		The pharmacokinetics of imipenem (thienamycin-formamidine) and the renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor cilastatin sodium in normal subjects and patients with renal failure.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/49/6/2421 (4275 words)

	Section 1 - Review of Pharmacokinetic Concepts
		The main focus of this course is the practical application of pharmacokinetic principles in day-to-day pharmacy practice.
		Pharmacokinetics is the study of the time course of the drug concentration in the body, i.e., "what the body does to the drug".
		Clinical pharmacokinetics deals with the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the safe and effective therapeutic management of drug dosage in an individual patient.
	www.rxkinetics.com /pktutorial/1_1.html (368 words)

	Drug Interactions / Pharmacokinetics - HIV/AIDS News Stories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pharmacokinetics of Once-daily Lopinavir/Ritonavir and the Influence of Dose Modifications
		Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Ritonavir, Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Stavudine in Children with HIV
		Pharmacokinetics of Ziagen Are Not Affected by Viread
	www.hivandhepatitis.com /recent/inter/interactions.html (1160 words)

	Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics … including Clinical Applications, 6th Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Pharmacokinetic data profiles on an additional 220 drugs have been added to the Appendix, which now provides accessible information on more than 640 drugs.
		He is professor Emeritus of Pharmacokinetics and biopharmacetuics at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.
		The 6th edition of the Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics … including Clinical Applications is recommended for classes in pharmacokinetics, practicing pharmacists, clinical practitioners; researchers in industry or academia.
	www.pharmacist.com /store_faculty/textbook_pharmacokinetics.cfm (414 words)

	Single-dose pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir in HIV- and CMV-seropositive subjects.
		Single-dose pharmacokinetics of valganciclovir in HIV- and CMV-seropositive subjects.
		As a result of the low oral bioavailability of ganciclovir, a prodrug was developed to improve the bioavailability of ganciclovir.
		This study was designed to investigate the fasting, single-dose pharmacokinetics as well as the absolute and relative bioavailability of a valine ester prodrug of ganciclovir, valganciclovir, as compared to oral and intravenous ganciclovir in asymptomatic HIV+ and CMV+ subjects.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1999/dec/A99C0507.html (437 words)

	CDC - Influenza (Flu) \| Pharmacokinetics
		The safety and pharmacokinetics of rimantadine among patients with renal insufficiency have been evaluated only after single-dose administration.
		Further studies are needed to determine multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and the most appropriate dosages for patients with renal insufficiency.
		In a single-dose study of patients with anuric renal failure, the apparent clearance of rimantadine was approximately 40% lower, and the elimination half-life was approximately 1.6-fold greater than that among healthy persons of the same age.
	www.cdc.gov /flu/professionals/treatment/pharmacokinetics.htm (445 words)

	PK Solutions Pharmacokinetics Software at SummitPK.com - List of Equations
		A useful compilation describing common pharmacokinetic equations as used by PK Solutions.
		This document is taken from the pharmacokinetics equation section of the
		Approximately 75 pharmacokinetic parameters are computed for each data set, including tables and graphs projecting multiple dose results based on single dose values.
	www.summitpk.com /equations/equations.htm (1028 words)

	Clinical Trial: The Pharmacokinetics of Zidovudine and Oxazepam Alone and in Combination in the HIV-Infected Patient
		This study is important because of the potential for toxicity resulting from a reaction between AZT and benzodiazepines and the likelihood of frequent use of the combination of these drugs in patients with HIV infection.
		Patients are studied to determine oral and intravenous AZT and single oral dose oxazepam pharmacokinetics.
		Mole L, Israelski D, Bubp J, O'Hanley P, Merigan T, Blaschke T. Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine alone and in combination with oxazepam in the HIV infected patient.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00000661 (479 words)

	IngentaConnect Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Thalidomide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Age, sex and smoking have no effect on the pharmacokinetics of thalidomide, and the effect of food is minimal.
		Thalidomide does not alter the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives, and is also unlikely to interact with warfarin and grapefruit juice.
		Since thalidomide is mainly hydrolysed and passively excreted, its pharmacokinetics are not expected to change in patients with impaired liver or kidney function.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/adis/cpk/2004/00000043/00000005/art00004;jsessionid=e3thtdrj0smbl.victoria (488 words)

	Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Principles and Applications in Non-Clinical Drug Developmentl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Understand the fundamental issues in pharmacokinetics and how those issues are used in drug discovery.
		Michael Mayersohn is professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Arizona. He has taught pharmacokinetics for industrial scientists for the past 12 years in Tucson and has given numerous on-site courses.
		ACS ProSpectives Conference: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics for Medicinal Chemists: Achieving Therapeutic Efficacy, August 20-22, 2006, Boston Sheraton, Boston, MA -- Explore the range of approaches that can be used to project the exposure and dose necessary to achieve therapeutic efficacy and the methods that enable improvement of pharmacokinetic (PK) properties.
	www.acs.org /portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=education\professional\scbp37.html (394 words)

	Basic Pharmacokinetics for Industrial Scientist Speakers
		The talk will provide a basic overview of pharmacokinetic processes that are important in drug development.
		Special emphasis will be placed on the role of pharmacokinetics in optimization of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
		Basic understanding of pharmacokinetic terminology and equations that are necessary for enhancing drug development at an industrial setting.
	www.round.table.com /speakersbureau/talk.cfm?talkID=506 (86 words)

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