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Topic: Pharyngeal slit

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	Carp Science
		The pharyngeal floor is composed of the postlingual organ and the branchial sieve.
		The electromyograms and electrical stimulations indicate that this separation is achieved by momentary bulgings on the palatal organ, fixing edible particles between pharyngeal roof and floor.
		Food is crushed and ground between the pharyngeal teeth and a cornified chewing pad, fixed to the base of the skull.
	members.chello.nl /tmarapengopie/carpscience.htm (1381 words)

	Pharyngeal slit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pharyngeal slits, found in both hemichordata and chordata, are used by organisms in feeding.
		The wall of the pharynx is perforated by up to 200 vertical slits, which are separated by stiffening rods.
		Rows of beating cilia cause currents of water to flow through the mouth, through the pharyngeal slits and out of the body through a hole in the body wall called the atriopore.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pharyngeal_slit (123 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Pharyngeal consonant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A pharyngeal consonant is a type of consonant which is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx.
		Pharyngeals are known primarily from two areas of the world: in North-Africa/Mideast (in the Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, Circassian, and Dagestanian families) and in British Columbia (in the Wakashan and Salish families).
		In Finnish, a weak pharyngeal fricative is the realization of /h/ next to the vowel /a/, but since this is mere allophony, it is transcribed as /h/.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Pharyngeal_consonant (274 words)

	Acute Pharyngitis -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pharyngitis is a painful inflammation of the pharynx, and is colloquially referred to as a sore throat.
		Pharyngeal slits are used in the feeding of organisms.
		Its place of articulation is pharyngeal which means it is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/1/acute-pharyngitis.html (938 words)

	Feeding mechanisms in carp: crossflow filtration, palatal protrusions and flow reversals -- Callan and Sanderson 206 ...
		particles are rinsed posteriorly and expelled from the opercular slits
		reduction of the pharyngeal slit, caused by dorsal gill arch
		by the pharyngeal jaws in the posterior pharynx.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/206/5/883 (5415 words)

	Lancelet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They are an important object of study in zoology as they provide indications about the origins of the vertebrates.
		In common with the vertebrates, lancelets have a nerve cord running along their back, pharyngeal gill slits and a tail that runs past the anus.
		Unlike the vertebrates however the dorsal nerve chord is not protected by bone, but a rather simpler notochord made up of a cylinder of cells that are closely-packed to form a toughened membrane.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lancelet (321 words)

	Physiology of the Swallow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When the bolus passes the anterior faucial pillars/touches the posterior wall of the pharynx, the oral stage ends and the pharyngeal stage begins as the tongue driving force or the tongue's plunger action, forces the bolus into the pharynx.
		Logemann (1997) describes the "pharyngeal tongue" which extends from the velum to the hyoid bone and valleculae.
		The pharyngeal phase of the swallow is involuntary.
	www.csuchico.edu /~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA342/342unit4.html (912 words)

	II. Osteology. 5d. The Interior of the Skull. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		Medial to the foramen ovale is the foramen lacerum; in the fresh state the lower part of this aperture is filled up by a layer of fibrocartilage, while its upper and inner parts transmit the internal carotid artery surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves.
		The nerve of the pterygoid canal and a meningeal branch from the ascending pharyngeal artery pierce the layer of fibrocartilage.
		Behind the foramen magnum are the inferior occipital fossæ, which support the hemispheres of the cerebellum, separated from one another by the internal occipital crest, which serves for the attachment of the falx cerebelli, and lodges the occipital sinus.
	bartleby.com /107/47.html (4384 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Classify derivatives of pharyngeal bars, in various vertebrates, according to whether they are (1) splanchnocranium; (2) hyobranchium; (3) glossal skeleton; or (4) larynx.
		Trace, using words and arrows, the phylogenetic history of the (1) first (mandibular) pharyngeal bar and (2) second (hyoid) bar from placoderms to elasmobranchs, sarcopterygian fishes, amphibians, and mammals.
		Pharyngeal pouch derivatives Diagram a frontal section through a generalized pharynx, labeling major regions.
	people.morehead-st.edu /fs/d.eisen/Biol337/Obj2.doc (674 words)

	Bass Lure Review - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Pharyngeal teeth -- Teeth located behind the gills and before the esophagus, and anchored in bone.
		Phytoplankton -- Microscopic floating plants, mainly algae, that live suspended in bodies of water and that drift about because they cannot move by themselves or because they are too small or too weak to swim effectively against a current.
		Trunk myomeres of lampreys -- The number of body segments between the last gill opening and the cloacal slit.
	www.basslurereview.com /modules.php?name=Encyclopedia (5821 words)

	Evolution and Development of the Chordates: Collagen and Pharyngeal Cartilage -- Rychel et al. 23 (3): 541 -- Molecular ...
		in contrast, have pharyngeal gill slits, an endostyle, and a
		ancestor was a benthic worm with gill slits and acellular gill
		Pax1/9 is expressed in the developing and adult pharyngeal gill slits in all the gnathostomes, lamprey (Lampetra), cephalochordates, tunicates, and hemichordates.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/23/3/541 (4447 words)

	Lecture 8 - skull II
		This is primitively the structural support for the pharyngeal arches, which could have function either (or both) in ventillation or feeding, but there are major evolutionary transformations in its structure and function.
		In gnathostomes, the jaws are a modified first pharygeal arch and the hyoid arch is a modification of the second arch, hence the reason for terms mandibular arch and hyoid arch.
		There is a dissenting view that the mandibular arch is actually the second pharyngeal arch, the first being a premandibular arch, which includes the trabeculae (part of the neurocranium anterior to the hypophyseal foramen and notochord).
	www.usm.maine.edu /bio/courses/bio205/09_skull_1.html (1362 words)

	Chordate Introduction 2
		The slits have a supporting framework of gill bars, which in aquatic vertebrates become the gills.
		Note: The possession of pharyngeal gill slits is not actually a unique chordate character.
		Pharyngeal gill slits are also found in some hemichordates (acorn worms), a closely related sister group previously considered to be a subphylum within the Phylum Chordata.
	bioweb.uwlax.edu /zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9a/Chordate_Introduction_2/chordate_introduction_2.htm (175 words)

	slit
		A slit is a vertical or horizontal spaces that can open and close.
		Her throat had been slit and there were deep cuts on the body.
		The Illinois Prisoner Review Board is considering a 14th request for parole from a woman serving time for the brutal 1976 murders of her suburban Chicago family.
	www.etigazette.com /Top-News-Searches-2005-Sle-to-Soc/slit.php (626 words)

	A legacy of broken dreams - Page 4 - 4Forums.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		And human embryos do have structures in their pharyngeal region that are homologous to the structures that give rise to fish gills.
		So all that separates a human embryo's setup from a pharyngeal slit is the lack of rupturing of the thin branchial plate separating the pharyngeal pouch and ectodermal groove.
		As far as the human embryo's pharyngeal stuctures being related to those of fish that produce gills, just read the article "The Origin of the Parathyroid Gland", by Masataka Okabe and Anthony Graham.
	www.4forums.com /political/showthread.php?t=975&page=4 (462 words)

	Retinoic acid signaling acts via Hox1 to establish the posterior limit of the pharynx in the chordate amphioxus -- ...
		of pharyngeal markers in the posterior foregut/midgut endoderm.
		of Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 in the pharyngeal endoderm of vertebrates
		The position of the pigment spot in the nerve cord at the level of somite 5 is not affected by levels of RA signaling.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/132/1/61 (7763 words)

	CB704: Gill slits
		The pharyngeal pouches that appear in embryos technically are not gill slits, but that is irrelevant.
		The reason they are evidence for evolution is that the same structure, whatever you call it, appears in all vertebrate embryos.
		That pharyngeal pouches in humans are similar to pharyngeal pouches (or whatever you call them) in fish is one piece of evidence that humans and fish share a common ancestor.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CB/CB704.html (208 words)

	Chordates :: Zoology : Gourt
		Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
		They are united by having, at some time in their life, a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a muscular tail extending past the anus.
		Some scientists argue, however, that the true qualifier should be pharyngeal pouches rather than slits.
	science.gourt.com /Biology/Zoology/Chordates.html (324 words)

	Efficiency of Feeding on Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) by Common Bream (Abramis brama), White Bream (Blicca ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		X-ray movies showed that in roach the dimensions of the oral gape, pharyngeal slit, and chewing cavity all matched, and thus limited, maximal prey size.
		In common bream and white bream prey size is limited by pharyngeal crushing power.
		The ability of roach to process larger mussels is based on the larger static crushing forces that can be exerted by its stout pharyngeal jaws; this could contribute to a strong position in competing for mollusks, most probably at the expense of its filter-feeding capacity.
	www.sgnis.org /publicat/10nagel.htm (330 words)

	Lancelets: A New Look at Some Old Beasts, The American Zoologist - Find Articles
		Sometimes it was given the generic name Amphioxus ("pointed at both ends"), indicating that this animal is devoid of a head end.
		It is now known as Branchiostoma, even if it has no gills, just pharyngeal slits.
		An intricate mucus trapping device uses secretions from the endostyle and club-shaped gland to capture particles between the mouth and the first pharyngeal slit and carry them backwards into the intestinal canal.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3746/is_199709/ai_n8779961 (762 words)

	Gill Slits in Human Fetuses?
		The idea that human fetuses have gill slits is a part of what was known as the Biogenetic Law.
		Nonetheless, the propaganda value of "gill slits" is strong, and it lives on.
		"The pharyngeal arches and clefts are frequently referred to as branchial arches and branchial clefts in anology with the lower vertebrates, [but] since the human embryo never has gills called 'branchia', the term pharyngeal arches and clefts has been adopted for this book." (13)
	www.rae.org /gillslit.html (1307 words)

	Project 1 Report from Vigo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Second is the Dorsal hollow nerve chord.This is located just above the notochord and in most chordates develops into a brain.Nerves travel this chord to connect to the animal’s internal organs, muscles and sense organs.
		The last characteristic a chordate must have is a pharyngeal (throat) slit.
		That at first with minimal genes fish had to eat microscopic plants then with the extra genes they developed jaws which allowed them to eat larger fish and become carnivores which lead to an increase in body size.
	scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu /rv/103/proj1/submissions/Vigo.ncl (237 words)

	Introduction CVA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Occasionally, these slits do not close and some people may have a persistent pharyngeal slit; this is known as a cervical fistula.
		In vertebrates, gills differ from the typical invertebrate gills (crustaceans and molluscs) in being an internal development, connected with the digestive tube--not feather projections from the body surface.
		Respiratory system--gills on pharyngeal arches or lungs derived from pharyngeal floor.
	www.uta.edu /biology/restricted/3452intro.htm (1786 words)

	Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body - The Internal Carotid Artery - Yahoo! Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Higher up, it is separated from the external carotid by the Styloglossus and Stylopharyngeus, the tip of the styloid process and the stylohyoid ligament, the glossopharyngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus.
		It is in relation, behind, with the Longus capitis, the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, and the superior laryngeal nerve; laterally, with the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve, the nerve lying on a plane posterior to the artery; medially, with the pharynx, superior laryngeal nerve, and ascending pharyngeal artery.
		At the base of the skull the glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves lie between the artery and the internal jugular vein.
	messenger.yahooligans.com /reference/gray/subjects/subject?id=146 (2545 words)

	Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy - Lecture Notes 1
		region of alimentary canal exhibiting pharyngeal pouches in embryo; pouches may open to the exterior as slits:
		1 - 1st pharyngeal slit modified as a spiracle
		gill slits have a fleshy operculum and the spiracle is closed
	people.eku.edu /ritchisong/342notes1.htm (2081 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		GILLS - respiratory surface in most aquatic animals - bathed in H2 O (internal/external) - ventilation is unidirectional LUNGS - ventilation is bi-directional (tidal) GILLS - for water breathing - can be INTERNAL or external - FIG 11.3 -essentially, dense capillary beds across which water flows in 1 direction i.e.
		FIG 11.6 Kardong Most aquatic amphibians also have gills with associated pharyngeal slits.
		Most other amphibians have lungs for breathing air - lung wall is partitioned into compartments -faveoli - which open into central chamber - air enters chamber via trachea and then diffuses out into surrounding faveoli i.e.
	www-biol.paisley.ac.uk /courses/vert_physiol/cv-L1.doc (2828 words)

	SECT. 2. AGNATHA, THE JAWLESS VERTEBRATES
		CRANIATES DERIVED TRAITS OF CRANIATES PHARYNGEAL SLITS LINED WITH GILL FILAMENTS FOR RESPIRATION.
		DIRECT CONNECTION OF PHARYNGEAL SLITS TO OUTSIDE (NO ATRIUM).
		WATER CURRENT IS PRODUCED THAT FLOWS IN THE MOUTH AND OUT THE PHARYNGEAL SLITS.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~dunbrack/2210agnatha.html (464 words)

	A molecular analysis of ascidian metamorphosis reveals activation of an innate immune response -- Davidson and Swalla ...
		The three cell lineages within the trunk mesenchyme form distinct mesodermal structures, as in B. (B) An adult ascidian showing the chordate endostyle and pharyngeal slits.
		The trunk lateral cells form structures (colored in red) including the blood cells, parts of the body wall musculature and the pharyngeal gill slit endothelia.
		slits then differentiate over a period ranging from days to
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/129/20/4739 (6806 words)

	[No title]
		As the air passes out, the observer hears what is in effect a reverse snore.
		The tongue and other pharyngeal tissues flap as the air is expelled.
		The fluid dynamics of this are the same as an inflated balloon released to fly around the room, but at lower frequency."
	www.tektonics.org /uz/vector02.html (10192 words)

	Classes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Many pharyngeal slits, new slits are produced throughout life (BS 235).
		Class Pterobranchia: Sedentary tube dwelling animals; asexual budding is widespread (BCO 190).
		With at most one pharyngeal slit (BS 235).
	nausicaa.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp /MDS/anima97/node281.html (156 words)

	[No title]
		Also refer to fig 1-4 & diagram below) - Be able to identify the position and function of the following structures: Proboscis Collar Trunk External gill slits Phylum Chordata Subphylum Tunicata Refer to encased and wet specimens of Molgula and Corella.
		1-5, p.6) - Be able to identify the position and function of the following structures: Nerve cord Notochord Gill slits Attachment disks Incurrent opening Excurrent opening Atrium Pharynx Subphylum Cephalochordata Refer to the whole mount specimen, encased and wet specimens of Amphioxus.
		8,9 and cartoon below - Be able to identify the following structures: Notochord Nerve cord Pharynx Phyaryngeal bar Pharyngeal slit Oral cirri Dorsal fin Myomere Myoseptum Caudal Fin Atriopore Anus Cross section of Amphioxus (level of pharynx).
	facstaff.bloomu.edu /ccorbin/CVALab01.doc (1117 words)

	index
		Chordata: are a group of animals that includes both vertibrattes and invertibrates.
		"They are united by having,at some point, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slit, an endostyle, and a muscular tail extending past the anus."
		Class: The Avs class is made up of birds
	www.arlington.k12.va.us /schools/williamsburg/staff/thendric/animals_shenandoah/3rd_06/Alex_Brad/index.html (259 words)

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