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Topic: Phases of the Holocaust

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	The Holocaust: A Tragic Legacy - What is the Holocaust?
		The Holocaust is generally regarded as the systematic slaughter of not only 6 million Jews, (two-thirds of the total European Jewish population), the primary victims, but also 5 million others, approximately 11 million individuals wiped off the Earth by the Nazi regime and its collaborators.
		There are actually two main phases to the Holocaust, the period between 1933 and 1939, the Nazi rise, and the period between 1939 and 1945, the period of war, or more specifically, World War II.
		The unfortunate truth is that the Holocaust is a subject whose gravity is obvious, but it is easy to become almost numb to it.
	library.thinkquest.org /12663/summary/what.html (623 words)

	Phases of the Holocaust - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Raul Hilberg, a well-known historian of the Holocaust, identified four distinct Phases of the Holocaust.
		After defining the term Jew in law, the Jews were discriminated by such measures as requiring them to add "Israel" (for Jewish males) or "Sarah" (for Jewish females) to their names, and a large letter "J" was imprinted on their passports, among others.
		After defining who was a Jew, economic discrimination and separation from the rest of society continued the process of the Holocaust.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phases_of_the_Holocaust (720 words)

	The Holocaust - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Early elements of the Holocaust include the Kristallnacht pogrom of the 8th and 9th November 1938 and the T-4 Euthanasia Program, leading to the later use of killing squads and extermination camps in a massive and centrally organized effort to exterminate every possible member of the populations targeted by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis.
		The Holocaust was characterized by the efficient and systematic attempt on an industrial scale to assemble and kill as many people as possible, using all of the resources and technology available to the Nazi state.
		Homosexuals were also targets of the Holocaust, as homosexuality was deemed incompatible with Nazism because of their failure to reproduce the "master race." This was combined with homophobia and the belief among the Nazis that homosexuality could be contagious.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Holocaust (8553 words)

	Holocaust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Holocaust revisionism claims that far fewer than 6 million Jews were killed, and that the killing was not a result of deliberate Nazi policy.
		Although Holocaust revisionists claim to present documentary evidence to support their claims, critics argue that the evidence is flawed, the research is specious, and the conclusions are pre-determined.
		The word holocaust can also be used as a general term for any overwhelmingly massive deliberate loss of life, such as that which would result from nuclear war, hence the phrase "Nuclear Holocaust".
	usapedia.com /h/holocaust.html (2240 words)

	The Holocaust - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Early elements of the Holocaust include the Kristallnacht pogrom of the 8th and 9th November 1938 and the T-4 Euthanasia Program, progressing to the later use of killing squads and extermination camps in a massive and centrally organized effort to exterminate every possible member of the populations targeted by the Nazis.
		The victims of the Holocaust were Jews, Poles, Russians, Communists, homosexuals, Roma (also known as gypsies), the mentally ill and the physically disabled, intelligentsia and political activists, Jehovah's Witnesses, some Catholic and Protestant clergy, trade unionists, psychiatric patients, some Africans, common criminals and people labeled as "enemies of the state".
		Death tolls given at United States Holocaust Museum In Eastern Europe, Roma were deported to the Jewish ghettoes, shot by SS Einsatzgruppen in their villages, and deported and gassed in Auschwitz and Treblinka.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/The_Holocaust (9049 words)

	Gendercide Watch: The Jewish Holocaust
		The holocaust inflicted upon European Jews by the Nazi regime was arguably the most systematic and sadistic campaign of mass extermination ever mounted.
		The gendercidal dimension of the holocaust against the Jews was evident during particular phases of the campaign of extermination.
		As with the Armenian case, the Jewish holocaust was launched with an initial genocidal outburst that targeted overwhelmingly males -- partly as a means of acclimatizing the genocidal agents to their tasks.
	www.gendercide.org /case_jews.html (3940 words)

	Holocaust resource page - the holocaust
		The Holocaust is the name applied to the systematic state-sponsored persecution and genocide of various ethnic, religious and political groups during World War II by Nazi Germany and collaborators.
		The Holocaust was justified by claiming that the victims were Untermenschen, i.e., 'underlings' or 'subhumans', who were seen as both biologically inferior and (in the case of Jews) a potential challenge to the superiority of the 'Aryans'.
		The Holocaust was characterized by the efficient and systematic attempt on an industrial scale to assemble and murder as many victims as possible, using all of the resources and technology available to the Nazi state.
	www.bizhisto.com /Holocaust.php (9849 words)

	The Holocaust: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Holocaust was later used to refer to a sacrifice Jews were required to make by the Torah (Torah: The first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit).
		The Holocaust was characterized by the efficient and systematic attempt on an industrial scale to assemble and murder as many victims as possible, using all of the resources and technology available to the Nazi Germany state.
		Holocaust deniers maintain that they apply proper revisionist principles to Holocaust history, and therefore the term Holocaust revisionism is appropriate for their point of view.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/the_holocaust (7586 words)

	Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945
		Considering the nature and scope of the Holocaust – every country in Europe and many of their colonial holdings were affected in some fashion by what the Nazis were doing – the number of publicly available records seemed meager.
		Topics of enormous importance to understanding the Holocaust, such as the depredations of the police and SS units in Russia, the operations of the death camps, and the roundup of the Hungarian Jews, barely were mentioned in the extant material.
		During the final phases of the planning for the invasion of the Soviet Union, the SS and the German General Staff approved plans for killing Jews as part of the policy to liquidate all “undesirables,” which included Soviet political, military, and security officials.
	www.nsa.gov /publications/publi00044.cfm (18136 words)

	The Holocaust in the Baltics
		One of the significant aspects of the Holocaust in the Baltics is the fact that the Germans were able to solicit executioners from the local population.
		The first phase was between July and October 1941, where the rural population was liquidated.
		The second phase was the extermination of the Jews in the cities from November to December 1941.
	depts.washington.edu /baltic/papers/holocaust.html (3461 words)

	Holocaust Timeline: The Camps
		In January 1942, SS official Reinhard Heydrich held a meeting of Nazi government officials to present the Final Solution.
		This table gives the name, location, type, years of operation, closure, and present status of the major concentration camps.
		This article traces the phases of the Final Solution, from early resettlement plans, through ghettoization, to the death camps.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /holocaust/timeline/camps.htm (1176 words)

	Irving's War - Introduction
		In the sense that a historical event like the Holocaust can be put "on trial," the Holocaust has been in that position since the IMT trial at Nuremberg and it has withstood all challenges.
		It is important because of the penchant of Irving and his followers to twist and distort not only the history of the Holocaust but of their battles against it.
		The overwhelming evidence that proves that the Holocaust occurred beyond a shadow of a doubt can best be found in the large body of historical work that has been researched and written about that horrific period of history.
	www.holocaust-history.org /irvings-war (848 words)

	Disconnecting the Threads: Rwanda and the Holocaust Reconsidered - by René Lemarchand
		Whereas the Holocaust is the classic example of an ideological genocide, rooted in the most stridently racist ideology, the Rwanda genocide is better seen as the byproduct of the mortal threats posed to the revolutionary Hutu-dominated state by the RPF.
		This is where the Rwanda genocide deviates substantially from the Holocaust: if by “pragmatic considerations” is meant a conscious attempt to counter the clear and present danger of a Tutsi takeover, these loomed considerably larger than ideological ones.
		During the first phase, stretching from October 1990 to the opening of Arusha talks in August 1992, hundreds if not thousands of Tutsi civilians in the north and west of the country were massacred by youth groups (the infamous “reseau zero”) acting under the supervision of communal authorities.
	www.ideajournal.com /articles.php?sup=11 (9174 words)

	Odessa massacre - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Odessa massacre was the extermination of Jews in Odessa and surrounding towns in Transnistria during the autumn of 1941 and the winter of 1942 in a series of massacres and killings during the Holocaust, primarily by Romanian forces.
		Although these facts are not doubted by historians, some accounts differ (often greatly) in the numbers, partially due to different definitions of what constituted the Odessa massacres, as opposed to other acts of genocide in Transnistria carried out by the Germans, Romanians, and their allies.
		The official report on the Romanian role in the Holocaust states that in the city of Odessa from October 18, 1941 until mid-March 1942, the Romanian military, aided by local authorities, murdered up to 25,000 Jews and deported over 35,000, most of whom were later killed.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Odessa_Massacre (928 words)

	Destruction of European Jewry Explanatory Timeline
		In this phase all the regulatory processes that had been applied to Jews in the Third Reich over a period of six and a half years, as well as important additional ones, were applied to the Jewish population of Poland more or less immediately after the consolidation of the German conquest.
		During this phase control over Jewish policy was firmly in the hands of the SS, but with immediate control exercised to some degree from units operating and dictating policy from the frontiers at the periphery.
		The final phase, lasting from December 1941 to May 1945, was the bureaucratic phase, firmly controlled by the SS central administrative machinery, coordinating policy across the European continent.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/destrtim.htm (5370 words)

	Wikinfo \| Holocaust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The worst holocausts (those in which the death tolls were highest) occurred under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, under the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, and under the Peoples Republic of China.
		The three are known collectively as the “Wholecaust,” a term referring to the worst loss of human life in history, according to Dr. Rex Curry.
		Although the general public is unaware, scholars agree that the death toll under Holocaust of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party was exceeded twice, under the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and under the Peoples’ Republic of China.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Holocaust (2303 words)

	36 Questions About the Holocaust - Simon Wiesenthal Center Multimedia Learning Center
		Answer: The "Holocaust" refers to the period from January 30, 1933, when Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, to May 8, 1945 (V-E Day), the end of the war in Europe.
		Among the groups which the Nazis and their collaborators murdered and persecuted were: Gypsies, Serbs, Polish intelligentsia, resistance fighters from all the nations, German opponents of Nazism, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, habitual criminals, and the "anti-social," e.g.
		Other groups attempted to help in various phases of refugee work: selection of candidates for emigration, transportation of refugees, aid in immigrant absorption, etc. Some groups attempted to facilitate increased emigration by enlisting the aid of governments and international organizations in seeking refugee havens.
	motlc.wiesenthal.com /site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=394663 (6927 words)

	Newsletter
		The Samueli Holocaust Library was made possible by a generous gift from Susan and Henry Samueli, in memory of Henry’s parents both of whom were Holocaust Survivors.
		Inside the Library is an exhibit area depicting the various phases of the Holocaust, along with artifacts from that time period.
		Holocaust education course for teachers at CSUN (sponsored by the Club) from Professors Sam and Carol Edelman.
	www.1939club.com /NewsletterSeptember05.htm (1844 words)

	Fresh Wounds: Early Narratives of Holocaust Survival, Edited by Donald L. Niewyk. Introduction.
		Blurred remembrance is rather "the predictable result of many years of conscious and unconscious refashioning of the past little by little, including assimilating the roles of other actors who have since died."[6] Nor should this be interpreted as an attack on memoirs and interviews recently set down.
		Survival strategies were put to stringent tests during the last days of the Holocaust as the Germans moved their prisoners into the contracting Reich, hoping to prolong their employment as slave workers or else use them as bargaining chips in negotiations.
		The British, who interpreted the westward migration of Holocaust survivors after 1945 as part of a well-orchestrated Zionist plot to undermine British rule in Palestine, were not particularly welcoming of Jews in their zones of occupation.
	www.ibiblio.org /uncpress/chapters/niewyk_fresh.html (10201 words)

	Goldhagen in Germany
		The third phase consisted of a gradual integration of Goldhagen into the landscape of the German media and culminated in the spring of '97 when he received a prize from the Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik.
		The first phase in the development of attitudes towards the crimes committed during WWII was one in which the victors levelled unequivocal charges against a morally apathetic and vanquished Germany which, understandably, responded by denial.
		From this perspective, the Holocaust was a result of a type of civil servant society and its concomitant mentality where the perpetrators were efficient and obedient rather than vicious and evil.
	www.bu.edu /mzank/Michael_Zank/gold.html (10192 words)

	The Nazi Genocide of the Jews, 1933-1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Nazi Genocide of the Jews, 1933-45: A Brief Introduction to the Holocaust
		This was called the Convention on Genocide of 1948, which was influenced and informed by the Nazi Genocide of the Jews.
		Yehuda Bauer, The Holocaust in Historical Perspective (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978), pp.
	www3.iath.virginia.edu /holocaust/basichist.html (363 words)

	KtB - Revising Night: Elie Wiesel and the Hazards of Holocaust Theology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Elie Wiesel and the Hazards of Holocaust Theology
		The first he names the direct theological response: it is the attempt "to salvage a theodicy from the rubble left by the eruption of evil as an apparently autonomous force." On the one hand this may mean religious Zionism: the phoenix Israel born of Diaspora's ashes.
		It is a unique Holocaust theology, a theology of questions without answers; one that equates knowledge of the depths of man's depravity with knowledge of the heights of man's wisdom.
	www.killingthebuddha.com /dogma/hazards_holocaust.htm (4470 words)

	Hundred's of Links's to Jewish Holocaust with thousands of links to Jewish everything worldwide...
		Holocaust Listserv - Hosted by the Holocaust Teacher Resource Center, this email list is to give Holocaust educators the opportunity to share questions/answers and problems/solutions for their educational programs and presentations.
		Lodz Ghetto - Overview - From the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, a short overview of the Lodz Ghetto, including sections on the early stage of occupation, establishment of the ghetto, conditions in the ghetto, deportations, Rumkowski, and liquidation.
		Holocaust Timeline - Created and maintained by The History Place, this timeline summarizes the major events of the Holocaust and is an effort to be a complete chronicle of Nazi persecution of the Jews with over 150 photos and text.
	www.jewishlink.net /holocaust.html (3793 words)

	[No title]
		The orange beak and the comically cocked eye make it seem just a children's toy that was caught up in the 20th century's most horrific war.
		And Marcus, now a 79-year-old grandmother living in retirement in Israel, was a warrior who rode bicycles and trains around France under the nose of the Gestapo, collecting blank residency forms, municipal stamps, and lists of names that could be forged successfully.
		Through hundreds of testimonies and thousands of authentic artifacts, this remake of the world's oldest and largest Holocaust documentation center lights up the oblivion to which the Nazis consigned their victims.
	www.ushmm.org /newsfeed/anti/viewstory.php?storyid=3004 (1204 words)

	WKU News Releases
		WKU’s Department of Philosophy and Religion, the Tennessee Holocaust Commission and the Capitol Arts Alliance are bringing a group of educators who have specialized in Holocaust Education to Bowling Green for a free workshop for area educators of grades 6-12.
		March 2: “Three Phases of the Holocaust” by WKU history professor Jack Thacker.
		March 7: “Joseph Gavi, Kentucky Holocaust Survivor and Leader of the Minsk Ghetto Uprising” by WKU history professor emeritus Carlton Jackson.
	www.wku.edu /news/releases06/january/holocaust.html (1167 words)

	Edwin Black > Biography
		Edwin Black is probably best known for IBM and the Holocaust, an international bestseller, published in 2001, documenting the previously unknown twelve-year strategic relationship between IBM and Hitler's Third Reich.
		IBM developed custom-made data processing programs, using punch cards, to organize and accelerate all six phases of the Holocaust, from identification, expulsion and confiscation to ghettoization, deportation and extermination.
		IBM and the Holocaust was simultaneously released in 40 countries in nine languages on February 11, 2001 to international acclaim and worldwide headlines.
	www.edwinblack.com /edwinbio.php (2778 words)

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