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Topic: Phenacetin

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	AllRefer Health - Analgesic Nephropathy (Nephropathy - Analgesic, Phenacetin Nephritis)
		It is usually a result of prolonged or chronic ingestion of analgesics, especially over-the-counter (OTC) medications that contain phenacetin or acetaminophen and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin or ibuprofen.
		The incidence has decreased significantly since phenacetin is no longer widely available in OTC preparations.
		Risk factors include use of OTC analgesics containing more than one active ingredient, chronic headache, chronic backache or musculoskeletal pain, pain with menstrual periods, emotional and/or behavioral changes, and history of dependent behaviors including smoking, alcoholism, and excessive use of tranquilizers.
	health.allrefer.com /health/analgesic-nephropathy-info.html (609 words)

	Phenacetin and Analgesic Mixtures containing Phenacetin (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Supplement7, 1987)
		Phenacetin given orally induced benign and malignant tumours of the urinary tract in mice [ref: 20] and rats [ref: 1,21] and of the nasal cavity in rats [ref: 1].
		In rats, phenacetin alone or in combination with phenazone slightly increased the incidences of renal-cell and renal-pelvic tumours; rats treated with phenacetin, phenazone and caffeine in combination developed hepatomas [ref: 22].
		Phenacetin was mutagenic to bacteria when tested in the presence of a metabolic system derived from hamster but not mouse or rat liver.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/suppl7/analgesicmx&phenacetin.html (774 words)

	Phenacetin - LoveToKnow 1911
		PHENACETIN, C 2 H S O C 6 H 4 NH000H 3 (para-acetaminophenetol), a drug prepared by acetylating para-phenetidin, or by heating para-acety]aminophenol and potassium ethyl sulphate with alcoholic soda to 150° C. Para-phenetidin is prepared by treating the sodium salt of para-nitrophenol with ethyl iodide, and reducing the nitrophenetol to para-phenetidin or aminophenetol.
		Phenacetin is contained in both the British and United States pharmacopoeia, in the latter under the name of acetphenetidin.
		The physiological action of phenacetin consists in a sedative action on the sensory tracts of the spinal cord, and a depressant action on the heart, where it tends to paralyse the action of the cardiac muscle.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Phenacetin (366 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Phenacetin
		Phenacetin, introduced in 1887, was used principally as an analgesic.
		In one prospective series, phenacetin was associated with an increased risk of death due to urologic or renal diseases, death due to cancers, and death due to cardiovascular diseases.
		Phenacetin is now being widely used as a cutting agent to adulterate illegally supplied cocaine due to the similar physical features of the two drugs.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Phenacetin (399 words)

	Paracetamol Information Centre - History of Paracetamol (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Two alternatives that were developed included acetanilide in 1886 and phenacetin in 1887, both of which had the advantage over quinine of possessing both antipyretic and analgesic properties.
		In 1895, further work on this compound indicated that paracetamol might be present in the urine of patients who had taken phenacetin and in 1889, paracetamol was also shown to be a urinary metabolite of acetanilide.
		Some years later, it was shown that phenacetin had both effects in its own right and that paracetamol formation was not essential for its pharmacological action.
	www.pharmweb.net /pwmirror/pwy/paracetamol/pharmwebpic5.html (392 words)

	NEJM -- An epidemiologic study of abuse of analgesic drugs. Effects of phenacetin and salicylate on mortality and ...
		Phenacetin abuse is known to produce kidney disease; salicylate use is supposed to prevent cardiovascular disease.
		The effects of phenacetin on morbidity and mortality, with adjustment for base-line salicylate excretion, were similar.
		Regular use of analgesic drugs containing phenacetin is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular disease, as well as an increased risk of mortality due to cancer and urologic or renal disease.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/324/3/155 (551 words)

	Phenacetin - Drug information from Medic8.com
		Phenacetin, introduced in 1887, is used principally as an analgesic.
		In one prospective series, phenacetin was associated with an increased risk of death due to urologic or renal diseases, death due to cancers, and death due to cardiovascular diseases.
		Chronic use of phenacetin is known to lead to renal papillary necrosis.
	www.medic8.com /medicines/Phenacetin.html (375 words)

	Chemical structure of phenacetin Phenacetin or N... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Phenacetin, "or" N-(4-ethoxyphenol)acetamide, "or" acetophenetidin "para-acetamino-phenetol" Empiric Formula CH3CONHC6H4OC2H5 Molecular Weight 179.22 "Phenacetin", introduced in 1887, is used principly as a sedative.
		The principle use of phenacetin is as a sedative; however, it is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (subacute type), intercostal neuralgia, and some forms of ataxia.
		In one prospective series, phenacetin was associated with an increased risk of death due to urologic or renal diseases, death due to cancers, and death due to cardiovascular diseases 2.
	www.geodatabase.de /Phenacetin (289 words)

	PHENACETIN - Online Information article about PHENACETIN
		Phenacetin is contained in both the See also:
		action of phenacetin consists in a sedative action on the sensory tracts of the See also:
		chief therapeutic use of phenacetin is as an antineuralgic, and it is of service in migraine, See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PER_PIG/PHENACETIN.html (495 words)

	Entrez PubMed
		Phenacetin and chlorzoxazone biotransformation in aging male Fischer 344 rats.
		We evaluated the role of specific isoforms in the biotransformation of phenacetin and chlorzoxazone and examined the effect of age on these reactions using liver microsomes from Fischer 344 rats between 3 and 26 months of age.
		Incubations with liver microsomes prepared from rats of varying ages demonstrated that both phenacetin and chlorzoxazone biotransformation declined with age.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15231049 (192 words)

	Drugs and renal cell cancer citations
		No excess risk was associated with regular use of aspirin, acetaminophen, phenacetin or combinations of these agents, nor did risks rise with increasing cumulative intake of these analgesics.
		Different roles for phenacetin and paracetamol in cancer of the kidney and renal pelvis.
		On this evidence, we postulate that phenacetin/aspirin compounds are weakly carcinogenic in the renal parenchyma through the metabolic conversion of phenacetin to paracetamol, and potently carcinogenic in the renal pelvis by different or additional pathways involving renal papillary necrosis.
	www.whale.to /a/renal.html (1269 words)

	NTP: Abstract for TR-67 - Mixture of Aspirin, Phenacetin, and Caffeine
		APC, an abbreviation often used for mixtures of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine, is a nonprescription analgesic preparation sold for relief of headache, muscular aches and pains, arthritis, and other common afflictions.
		A bioassay of a mixture of aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine (APC) for possible carcinogenicity was conducted using Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F
		APC was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 50 male and 49 or 50 female animals of each species.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=07039573-D7A5-91CA-B2D1FF0D1100CFB8 (567 words)

	Intestinal metabolism of phenacetin in the rat: effect of charcoal-broiled beef and rat chow -- Pantuck et al. 187 ...
		Intestinal metabolism of phenacetin in the rat: effect of charcoal-broiled beef and rat chow -- Pantuck et al.
		The intestinal metabolism of phenacetin in vitro was increased 1100 percent in rats fed charcoal-broiled ground beef in a semisynthetic diet.
		The intestinal metabolism of phenacetin was increased 200 percent in rats fed a chow diet, as compared to rats fed the semisynthetic diet.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/187/4178/744 (291 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Case-control study on analgesics and nephropathy (SAN): protocol
		At that time, phenacetin-containing analgesics were freely available in bulk to all workers in the Swiss watch industry [1], and sachets of phenacetin-containing analgesic powders were even given as a tip for small services to apprentices in the Huskvarna factory in Sweden [2].
		However, although "phenacetin nephropathy" –; thought to develop only after decades of chronic phenacetin overuse – could not be expected to disappear soon, nephrologists suspected that non-phenacetin analgesic combinations, especially those containing paracetamol and aspirin (plus caffeine) might cause ESRD as well and introduced the hypothetical term "analgesic nephropathy".
		The cumulative amount of phenacetin that carries an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (and therefore which patients with phenacetin use in the past are to be excluded) is not clear.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2369/6/9 (7505 words)

	Species-specific Activation of Phenacetin into Bacterial Mutagens by Hamster Liver Enzymes and Identification of ...
		Species-specific Activation of Phenacetin into Bacterial Mutagens by Hamster Liver Enzymes and Identification of N-Hydroxyphenacetin O-Glucuronide as a Promutagen in the Urine -- Camus et al.
		Phenacetin was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in
		Phenacetin was administered to male BDVI rats and Syrian golden
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/42/8/3201 (281 words)

	Paracetamol known as acetaminophen in the United States
		Initially, paracetamol was found in the urine of patients who had taken phenacetin and in 1889 it was demonstrated that paracetamol was a urinary metabolite of acetanilide.
		It was eventually ascertained that phenacetin had its own pharmacological action and was not dependent on paracetamol for its effects.
		Because a high proportion of phenacetin is converted into paracetamol in the liver, however, phenacetin required a large dosage to achieve any direct analgesic effect.
	www.assistpainrelief.com /info/paracetamol (1092 words)

	Metabolic activation of phenacetin and phenetidine by several forms of cytochrome P-450 purified from liver microsomes o
		Metabolic activation of phenacetin and phenetidine by several forms of cytochrome P-450 purified from liver microsomes of rats and hamsters.
		Metabolic activation of phenacetin by liver microsomes proceeds via both phenetidine and N-hydroxyphenacetin to direct-acting mutagens, i.e., N-hydroxyphenetidine and p-nitrosophenetole.
		The mutagenicity of phenacetin and phenetidine toward Salmonella typhimurium TA100 was generated when the reconstituted microsomes containing MC-P-488-H or P-488 ham-II were used as activating enzymes.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/3104258/au:Mizokami+K (293 words)

	Quantitative Comparison of the Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Aspirin, Phenacetin and Acetaminophen in ...
		The mild analgesic activities of aspirin, phenacetin and acetaminophen have been compared in the trypsin, kaolin and carrageenan hyperalgesic assays as well as in the acetic acid writhing test.
		Phenacetin was active in the trypsin and kaolin assays with oral ED50's of 114 +/- 36.2 and 107 +/- 11.5 mg/kg, respectively.
		Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as well as phenacetin and acetaminophen were active in the acetic acid writhing and carrageenan hyperalgesic assays.
	greentea.level1diet.com /research/id/79991 (906 words)

	eMedicine - Papillary Necrosis : Article Excerpt by: Ali Nawaz Khan, MBBS, LRCP, FRCS, FRCP, FRCR
		The diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy is often made in middle-aged and elderly women who describe a history of ingestion of large amounts of analgesics over long periods.
		This disorder is particularly severe in hot and dry climates, suggesting that dehydration may enhance the toxic effects of analgesics.
		Although analgesic nephropathy was initially described with phenacetin use, the analgesic mixtures consumed often contain, in addition, aspirin, caffeine, acetaminophen (a metabolite of phenacetin), and codeine.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/byname/papillary-necrosis.htm (562 words)

	Dr. Koop - Analgesic nephropathy
		It is usually a result of prolonged or chronic ingestion of analgesics, especially over-the-counter (OTC) medications that contain phenacetin or acetaminophen and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin or ibuprofen.
		The rate has decreased significantly since phenacetin is no longer widely available in OTC preparations.
		Risk factors include use of OTC analgesics containing more than one active ingredient, chronic headache, chronic backache or musculoskeletal pain, pain with menstrual periods, emotional and/or behavioral changes, and history of dependent behaviors including smoking, alcoholism, and excessive use of tranquilizers.
	www.drkoop.com /ency/93/000482.html (437 words)

	Legal Fusion Group Phenacetin
		, phenacetin was removed from the market because of its link to analgesic-induced nephropathy.
		Phenacetin, and products containing phenacetin have been shown in an
		An epidemiologic study of abuse of analgesic drugs: effects of phenacetin and salicylate on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity (1968 to 1987) N Engl J Med 1991 Jan 17; 324:155-160 (Medline abstract)
	www.legalfusiongroup.com /articles/p/h/e/phenacetin/phenacetin.html (207 words)

	To Save Money on Phenacetin Click Here for Phenacetin Discount Sources. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		PHENACETIN, C2H5O-C6H4'NHCOCH3 (para-acetamino-phenetol), a drug prepared by acetylating para-phenetidin, or by heating para-acetylaminophenol and potassium ethyl sulphate with alcoholic soda to...
		Phenacetin is contained in both the British and United States pharmacopoeia, in...
		Phenacetin as a Marker in Evaluation of CYP1A2 Induction in Human HepatocytesGenfu Chen, Aruna Koganti, Neil S. Jensen, Darwin L. Cheney, and Paul M. Silber.
	www.institute-dc.org /res/81/Phenacetin.html (330 words)

	Conversion of Acetaminophen into Phenacetin
		In 1887 phenacetin was found to have analgesic properties, but in 1949 phenacetin's metabolite, acetaminophen, was found to be the true pain reliever.
		Although phenacetin still remains on the market in many mixed formulations, Tylenol and Datril contain only acetaminophen in various amounts.
		If the beaker is still hot all the vapors will leave so that only crystals of phenacetin will remain at the bottom of the beaker.
	wwwchem.csustan.edu /archive/Phenacetin.htm (482 words)

	NEJM -- Heavy phenacetin use and bladder cancer in women aged 20 to 49 years
		We investigated the use of analgesics containing phenacetin or acetaminophen in 173 young women with urinary bladder cancer and 173 matched controls.
		The cases, who were 20 to 49 years old at the time of diagnosis of cancer, were 6.5 times more likely to report regular use of analgesics containing phenacetin at least one year before diagnosis than were their matched controls (odds ratio, 6.5; 95 per cent confidence interval, 1.5 to 59.2).
		Among the 15 women (13 cases and 2 controls) reporting regular use of phenacetin-containing drugs, 8 of the cases and 1 of the controls reported daily use for over one year (P = 0.04).
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/313/5/292 (355 words)

	Decreased Concentration of Phenacetin in Plasma of Cigarette Smokers -- Pantuck et al. 175 (4027): 1248 -- Science
		Decreased Concentration of Phenacetin in Plasma of Cigarette Smokers -- Pantuck et al.
		The amount of phenacetin in plasma was determined in nine control
		Intestinal metabolism of phenacetin in the rat: effect of charcoal-broiled beef and rat chow.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/175/4027/1248 (421 words)

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