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Topic: Phenazine

In the News (Thu 24 Dec 09)

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	Phenazine - LoveToKnow 1911
		The more complex phenazines, such as the naphthophenazines, naphthazines and naphthotolazines, may be prepared by condensing ortho-diamines with ortho-quinones (0.
		Phenazone is an isomer of phenazine, to which it bears the same relation that phenanthrene bears to anthracene.
		It is formed by reducing diortho-dinitrodiphenyl with sodium amalgam and methyl alcohol, or by heating diphenylene-ortho-dihydrazine with hydrochloric acid to 150° C. It crystallizes in needles which melt at 156° C. Potassium permanganate oxidizes it to pyridazine tetracarboxylic acid.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Phenazine (446 words)

	Repression of Phenazine Antibiotic Production in Pseudomonas aureofaciens Strain 30-84 by RpeA -- Whistler and Pierson ...
		Overexpression of the phenazine biosynthetic operon in strains
		Contribution of phenazine antibiotic biosynthesis to the ecological competence of fluorescent pseudomonads in soil habitats.
		Phenazine antibiotic biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 is regulated by PhzR in response to cell density.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/185/13/3718 (4685 words)

	"Contribution of phenazine antibiotic biosynthesis to the ecological competence of fluorescent Pseudomonads in soil ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Phenazine antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 and Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84, previously shown to be the principal factors enabling these bacteria to suppress take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var.
		Strains 2-79 and 30-84, their Tn5 mutants defective in phenazine production (Phz-), or the mutant strains genetically restored for phenazine production (Phz+) were introduced into Thatuna silt loam (TSL) or TSL amended with G.
		The results indicate that production of phenazine antibiotics by strains 2-79 and 30-84 can contribute to the ecological competence of these strains and that the reduced survival of the Phz- strains is due to a diminished ability to compete with the resident microflora.
	www.biotech-info.net /phenazine_biosynthesis.html (280 words)

	phzO, a Gene for Biosynthesis of 2-Hydroxylated Phenazine Compounds in Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 -- Delaney et al. ...
		of nitrogen in the heterocyclic nucleus of phenazine compounds
		Phenazine compounds were extracted according to the method of Bonsall et al.
		Cloning and heterologous expression of the phenazine biosynthetic locus from Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/183/1/318 (4864 words)

	The molecular regulation of phenazine antibiotic biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aureofaciens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The molecular regulation of phenazine antibiotic biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aureofaciens
		This research has shown that phenazine production is regulated by a complex interconnected sensory system including N -acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated quorum sensing involving PhzR and PhzI.
		Phenazine production is also regulated at the post-transcriptional level.
	ag.arizona.edu /plp/projects/plant6.html (107 words)

	The Esmeraldin Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Phenazine derivatives are common products of a number of bacteria, especially various Pseudomonas species.
		The phenazine ring system is derived from the shikimate pathway, but the exact nature of the shikimate metabolite which dimerizes to the tricyclic phenazine ring system is unknown.
		Identification of this precursor, presumably a compound identical with or related to anthranilic acid, is a major goal of our work, as is the understanding of the dimerization mechanism by which two molecules of a saphenic acid derivative gives rise to the esmeraldin skeleton.
	faculty.washington.edu /hgf/esmeraldin/index.html (132 words)

	Thomashow lab homepage: personnel
		Thesis: Structural and Functional Study of Genes for Biosynthesis of Phenazine Antibiotics in Rhizosphere Pseudomonads.
		Phenazine Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas fluorescens: Branchpoint from the Primary Shikimate Biosynthetic Pathway and Role of Phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylic Acid.
		phzO, a gene for biosynthesis of 2-hydroxylated phenazine compounds in Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84.
	www.wsu.edu /~mavrodi/personnel.htm (906 words)

	Structure and function of the phenazine biosynthetic protein PhzF from Pseudomonas fluorescens -- Blankenfeldt et al. ...
		Structure and function of the phenazine biosynthetic protein PhzF from Pseudomonas fluorescens -- Blankenfeldt et al.
		significance, the biosynthesis of phenazines is not fully understood.
		with ketone 2 or the symmetrical phenazine precursor 3.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/47/16431 (3958 words)

	12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The production of phenazine antibiotics is known to be under the control of a quorum-sensing system (Chin-A-Woeng et al., 2003), but there is no evidence as yet that DAPG production is regulated in a similar way.
		The effects of different population levels of a diacetyl-phloroglucinol producing pseudomonad on disease level (or shoot height) of wheat seedlings grown in take-all infested soil.
		Structure of N-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, a quorum-sensing molecule that regulates the synthesis of phenazine antibiotics by fluorescent pseudomonads.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/FungalBiology/chap12.htm (542 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GENES FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF PYOCYANIN AND PHENAZINE-1-CARBOXAMIDE FROM ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		One such class of compounds, the phenazines, includes over 50 members with the same core structure but with different chemical modifications that largely determine their physical properties and biological activity.
		In P. aeruginosa, the most widely-studied phenazine-producing pseudomonad, phenazines contribute not only to biological control activity but also to the activity of the bacteria as opportunistic pathogens of animals, insects, nematodes, and plants.
		Although the physiological effects of phenazines produced by P. aeruginosa on host organisms are well known, the biochemistry and genetics of phenazine synthesis in P. aeruginosa have remained unclear.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=146329&pf=1 (514 words)

	Sample Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The four chemical classes used were azo, triphenylmethane, phenazotionium, and phenazine dyes.
		The study required the use of tightly sealed anaerobe culture vessels and an anaerobic gassing apparatus used to evacuate oxygen and fill the culture vessels with nitrogen gas.
		The class of dyes favored for degradation by the intestinal microbes seemed to be triphenylmethane group.
	www.bridgewater.edu /~emitchel/convo/abstract.htm (202 words)

	Pyocyanin and Its Precursor Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid Increase IL-8 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression ...
		Proinflammatory effects of phenazines in the murine airway.
		Effect of phenazines on cytokine-dependent increases in IL-8 and ICAM-1.
		Measurement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazine pigments in sputum and assessment of their contribution to sputum sol toxicity for respiratory epithelium.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/175/6/4017 (4194 words)

	Signaling by eNOS through a superoxide-dependent p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway -- Wang et al. 281 ...
		effect of phenazine methosulfate on the activation of MAPK pathways.
		Across these experiments, phenazine methosulfate (2 µM) produced a 3.1 ± 0.2-fold increase in phosphorylated p42/44 MAPK (P = 0.01) as determined by densitometry.
		Phenazine methosulfate produced a small, 0.9 ± 0.02-fold decrease in phosphorylated p38 MAPK (P = 0.15) as determined by densitometry.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/2/C544 (5386 words)

	Dr. Pierson's page
		Work on many systems resulted in the long-standing hypothesis that antibiotics are primarily a competitive mechanism and studies on antibiotics have contributed greatly to our understanding of their mechanisms of action and the regulation of secondary metabolites.
		Our research has shown that phenazine production is regulated by a complex interconnected sensory system and that phenazine production is influenced directly by other members of the rhizosphere community-- results not consistent with competition as their primary role.
		Mutants of strain 30-84 defective in phenazine production were defective in cell adhesion/biofilm formation and the addition of different semi-purified phenazines had different effects on restoration of adhesion.
	ag.arizona.edu /PLP/faculty/pages/piersonl.html (744 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE PHENAZINE BIOSYNTHETIC PROTEIN PHZF FROM PSEUDOMONAS ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		This paper reports the structure of PhzF, a key enzyme in the phenazine biosynthetic pathway, and describes the probable catalytic mechanism by which the core skeleton of the phenazine molecule is synthesized.
		The antibiotic properties of pyocyanin, produced by P. aeruginosa, were recognized in the 1890s, although this blue phenazine is now known to be a virulence factor in human disease.
		Despite their biological significance, the biosynthesis of phenazines is not fully understood.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=174486 (482 words)

	[No title]
		"Molecular dimensions of phenazine," Herbstein, F. H.; Schmidt, G.
		"Low-temperature refinement of the crystal structure of a-phenazine," Hirshfeld, F. L.; Schmidt, G. Acta Cryst.
		The analysis of the crystal structure of a-phenazine," Herbstein, F. H.; Schmidt, G. Acta Cryst.
	people.brandeis.edu /~foxman1/research/database/schmidt.htm (1191 words)

	Plant Physiology
		Certain beneficial strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas bacterial species colonize the roots of plants and provide biological control of soilborne plant pathogens through the production in situ of small organic molecules with antibiotic activity.
		One focus of our research is to understand the genetics, biochemistry, and regulation of synthesis of two classes of these metabolites, phenazine and phloroglucinol compounds, with the goal of improving the level and consistency of performance of the biocontrol agents that produce them.
		Because these bacteria must deliver the antibiotics to sites on roots impacted by fungal pathogens, we also are working to understand the genetic and physiological basis for a particularly aggressive root colonization phenotype exhibited by some of our strains.
	plantphys.wsu.edu /research/thomashow/index.htm (320 words)

	Abstract for CellTiter 96(R) AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay Technical Bulletin, TB245
		One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay is a colorimetric method for determining the number of viable cells in proliferation or cytotoxicity assays.
		PES has enhanced chemical stability, which allows it to be combined with MTS to form a stable solution.
		Assay, where phenazine methosulfate (PMS) is used as the electron coupling reagent, and PMS Solution and MTS Solution are supplied separately.
	www.promega.com /tbs/tb245/Tb245.html (121 words)

	W. Malcolm Byrnes
		Specifically, I have been engaged in examining the kinetic and allosteric behavior of phosphofructokinases from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Escherichia coli, and the anthranilate synthases from Salmonella typhimurium and Archaeoglobus fulgidus.
		Since coming to Howard University, my research has taken a somewhat different direction, and I am now concerned with studying prokaryotic enzymes involved in antibiotic (phenazine) biosynthesis and antibiotic (streptomycin) resistance.
		The gene for the phenazine biosynthetic enzyme PhzE is found within a seven-gene locus for the synthesis of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) in both Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a clinically important oppotunistic pathogen that infects cystic fibrosis patients, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, an agricultural biocontrol species.
	www.med.howard.edu /biochemistry/wbyrnes/Research.htm (577 words)

	[No title]
		Two mutants deficient in phenazine production were obtained following transposon mutagenesis of PNA1, one with an insertion in the phnA gene coding for a second anthranilate synthase involved in phenazine biosynthesis, the other one in trpC gene coding for indole glycerol phosphate synthase involved in tryptophan biosynthesis.
		Consequently, the last mutant could not grow on minimal medium in the absence of tryptophan, and additions of high concentrations of the amino acid restored its capacity to produce PCA and OCP.
		Anthranilite, an intermediate in the phenazine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways, was confirmed to be a potent anti-Pythium molecule and evidence is shown that it can be used to control Pythium-induced damping-off in horticultural crops.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~insects/postabs.htm (1455 words)

	Pyocyanin Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induces Neutrophil Apoptosis and Impairs Neutrophil-Mediated Host ...
		studies with a phenazine-deficient mutant confirmed the phenazine
		to produce the specific phenazine pyocyanin (36, 37) that we
		apoptosis by phenazines, with mice infected with wild-type P.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/174/6/3643 (4560 words)

	Class Schedule for Class 8 BLEACHING AND DYEING; FLUID TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF TEXTILES AND FIBERS
		Basic dye, including diphenylmethane, triphenylmethane, xanthene, fluorene, methine, acridine, oxazine, phenazine, flavylium, naphthoperinone, quinophthalone, quaternary ammonium group, etc., containing
		Basic dye, including diphenylmethane, triphenylmethane, xanthene, fluorene, methine, acridine, oxazine, phenazine, flavylium, napthoperinone, quinophthalone, quaternary ammonium group, etc., containing
		Vat dye or sulfur dye, e.g., quinonic or indigoid reducible, or sulfur organic compound reaction product dye, etc.
	www.uspto.gov /go/classification/uspc008/sched008.htm (784 words)

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