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Topic: Phenetics

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	Phenetics - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In biology, phenetics, also known as numerical taxonomy, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relation.
		However, some biologists continue to use certain phenetic methods, such as neighbor-joining, as a reasonable approximation of phylogeny when cladistic methods are too computationally expensive.
		Phenetics must not be confused with phonetics, the study of speech sounds, despite the similarity in pronunciation.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Phenetics (92 words)

	Palaeos Sysytematics: Phenetics
		Also called numerical taxonomy, Phenetics is a school of taxonomy that classifies organisms on the basis of overall morphological or genetic similarity.
		A critique of Phenetics, from Glossary of Phylogenetic Systematics by
		The false goal of Phenetics was a totally theory neutral and allegedly objective procedure for the generation of biological classifications.
	www.palaeos.com /Systematics/Phenetics/phenetics.htm (250 words)

	Methods of Classification
		Phenetics seeks to express natural relationships among organisms by analyzing large numbers of equally weighted, noncorrelated characters.
		Phenetics attempts to use only noncorrelated characters selected after initially studying the organisms.
		Phenetic classification makes no assumptions about phylogeny, no implications on ancestry, no statements on evolution of the group.
	www.science.siu.edu /plant-biology/PLB304/Phenetics.cladistics.html (1325 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Phenetics
		Phenetics provides numerical tools for examining overall patterns of variation, allowing researchers to identify discrete groups that can be classified as species.
		Phenetics doesn't provide any information about the evolutionary relationships among species, but there is no reason that species identified using phenetics cannot subsequently be subjected to cladistic analysis.
		Phenetics should not be confused with phonetics, the study of speech sounds, despite the similarity in pronunciation.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Phenetics (458 words)

	Taxonomy and Phylogeny - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Although its history dates back centuries to the French botanist Michel Adanson, phenetics underwent something of a renaissance in the 60's, 70's and early 80's in response to a growing dissatisfaction with what its practitioners viewed as the arbitrary and nonquantative approaches that rose to prominence in the 1950's.
		It is important to draw a distinction between phenetics as an approach to taxonomy, and phenetics as a tool for deciphering the evolutionary relationships of organisms.
		Although phenetic clustering can and has been used to generate phylogenetic trees, to the phenetic taxonomist, any convergence of his phenogram on a phylogentic tree is purely coincidental.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Taxonomy_and_Phylogeny (1484 words)

	Phenetics versus Cladistics
		Phenetics versus Cladistics and the pro's and con's of the various phylogeny inference methods
		Phenetics is the study of relationships among a group of organisms on the basis of the degree of similarity between them, be that similarity molecular, phenotypic, or anatomical.
		While a phenogram may serve as an indicator of cladistic relationships, it is not necessarily identical to the cladogram.
	www.icp.ucl.ac.be /~opperd/private/phenetics.html (677 words)

	Lab II - Phylogenetics (1)
		Phenetics failed to create truly evolutionary groups because organisms can be similar because they live in similar environments or because they make their living in similar ways, not just because they are descended from a common ancestor.
		Phenetics broke the log-jam of systematic methodology, opening biologists to the idea of considering characters in an objective and reproducible way.
		Despite the failure of phenetics to reconstruct evolutionary relationships, the numerical methods themselves have applications to a variety of other problems, such as delimiting variation within and between populations of individuals.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /IB181/VPL/Phylo/Phylo1.html (992 words)

	Evolution - A-Z - Numerical phenetics
		Numerical phenetics is a taxonomic school based upon the phenetic principle.
		The simplest kind of numerical phenetic classification is defined by only one or two characters.
		Classifying with a small number of phenetic characters, there is no way to decide which of the many classifications is the best.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/a-z/Numerical_phenetics.asp (177 words)

	Revision of the endemic Asian genus Peracarpa (Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae) via numerical phenetics
		This study utilized the methods of numerical phenetics (cluster analysis and principal components analysis) to assess taxonomic structure within the genus.
		Given the broad geographic and elevational range of the genus, we especially sought to determine if there were morphologically distinguishable clusters of populations that were geographically coherent.
		Questions of this sort are best addressed using the methods of numerical phenetics (Duncan and Baum, 1981; Romesburg, 1984; Abbott et al., 1985).
	ejournal.sinica.edu.tw /bbas/content/1997/1/bot381-08.html (3946 words)

	The Evolutionary Use of the Terms, Primitive, Intermediate & Lineage
		Cladistics and phenetics are two styles of studying systematics (the classification of living things).
		Phenetics studies the overall similarity between whole bodies.
		When palaeontologists say that they have "Discovered the ancestor of an organism", or that a particular organism is "An intermediate between two others", or that they "Now know the lineage of humans", the public interpret these statements as meaning that scientists have proved these as facts of evolution.
	unmaskingevolution.com /10-intermediates.htm (1840 words)

	Answer to Study Question #2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Synapomorphies are hierarchical, and permit patterns of evolutionary branching to be determined-- they are the core of cladistic methods of phylogeny.
		In phenetics, the overall similarity between taxa is tabulated, and this is used to determine relationships (the most similar taxa are deemed to be the most closely related).
		The benefits of phenetics are that it is easier not to have to determine what the derived character states are, but it usually leads to a tree with more steps and more homoplasies.
	www.life.umd.edu /classroom/bsci370/studya2.html (819 words)

	Taxonomic Classification and Phylogenetic Trees
		Phenetic classification methods were invented by systematists who thought that this type of classification scheme was too subjective.
		However, the lack of evolutionary significance in phenetics has meant that this system has had little impact on animal classification, and as a consequence interest in and use of phenetics has been declining in recent years.
		Phenetics has been criticized because phenograms resulting from such analyses do not necessarily correspond to evolutionary histories (degree of relatedness) between organisms.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/pae/zoology/cladogram/index.mhtml (2162 words)

	Phylogenetic Reconstruction
		Phenetics; cladistics; practical reconstruction; homology; parallel evolution; morphology versus biochemistry.
		Phenetics fails to distinguish these two types of change.
		We have seen that phenetics groups organisms on the basis of similarities.
	homepage.mac.com /wis/Personal/lectures/human-evol/2.html (2109 words)

	Amazon.com: "numerical phenetics": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Numerical Phenetics Just when the evolutionary systematics of the New Synthesis was becoming well established, an increasing number of voices were...
		phenetics was no longer synonymous with numerical taxonomy.
		The latter came to have two areas of investigation: numerical phenetics and numerical evolutionary (cladistic) methods.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/numerical-phenetics (478 words)

	Noninvasive Study of Mammalian Populations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Population Phenetics as a Basis for Noninvasive Study of Mammals - II.1.
		Discuss the phenetic’ study (the frequencies of qualitative detectable variations, — phenes, — which reflect the genetic characteristics of population) as the powerful new methodology of noninvasive study of the natural populations.
		Alexey V. Yablokov is the Councilor to the Russian Academy of Science, as well as President of the Center for Russian Environmental Policy in Moscow.
	www.pensoft.net /notes/11247.stm (476 words)

	Learn more about Phenetics in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Learn more about Phenetics in the online encyclopedia.
		Enter a phrase or search word in the box below.
		Hint: Play with putting spaces before and after your words to see the different results you get.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /p/ph/phenetics.html (147 words)

	Systematics
		The method that uses overall similarity is phenetics, or numerical taxonomy.
		It has been asserted that grouping by overall similarity (phenetics) will best achieve such a classification.
		Grouping by synapomorphy (shared derived character states) rather than raw similarity (phenetics) will always give a more informative classification because it uses the principle of parsimony and does not average together the information.
	www.gwu.edu /~darwin/BiSc151/Systematics/Systematics.html (2709 words)

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