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Topic: Phenobarbital

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	Phenobarbital: Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders
		Phenobarbital is a barbiturate, a drug that has sedative and hypnotic effects.
		Phenobarbital is used to control the seizures that occur in epilepsy, and can relieve anxiety.
		Phenobarbital is available in tablet or capsule form, and as a liquid.
	health.enotes.com /neurological-disorders-encyclopedia/phenobarbital (552 words)

	Pb Side Effects, and Drug Interactions - Phenobarbital - RxList Monographs
		If an individual appears to be intoxicated with alcohol to a degree that is radically disproportionate to the amount of alcohol in his or her blood, the use of barbiturates should be suspected.
		Infants physically dependent on phenobarbital may be given a lower dose of phenobarbital at 3 to 10 mg/kg/day.
		Because the effect of phenobarbital on the metabolism of phenytoin is not predictable, phenytoin and phenobarbital blood levels should be monitored more frequently if these drugs are given concurrently.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic3/phenbarb_ad.htm (991 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Update on Bromide and Phenobarbital
		Phenobarbital dose reductions should instead be guided by clinical response, with the goal being to use the lowest dose of phenobarbital that continues to control seizures in combination with bromide.
		In our recent study of epileptic dogs treated with bromide and phenobarbital (Trepanier et al., 1998), the initiation of bromide and subsequent reduction in the dosage of phenobarbital was associated with a reduction in abnormal liver enzyme activities and/or bile acids in all of those dogs for which liver enzyme activities were measured.
		It is safest to wait until mild sedation develops to reduce the dose of phenobarbital (usually within the first four weeks of therapy), or, if sedation does not occur, to wait until bromide concentrations are within the therapeutic range, to begin to taper the dose of phenobarbital.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00194.htm (2146 words)

	Phenobarbital, side effects, drug interactions, overdose, dosage
		Phenobarbital, a barbiturate, is used as a sleep aid and in the treatment of certain types of epilepsy, including generalized or grand mal seizures and partial seizures.
		Phenobarbital should not be used if you suffer from porphyria (an inherited metabolic disorder), liver disease, or a lung disease that causes blockages or breathing difficulties, or if you have ever had an allergic reaction to or are sensitive to phenobarbital or other barbiturates.
		Phenobarbital should be used with extreme caution, or not at all, by people who are depressed, or have a history of drug abuse.
	www.pdrhealth.com /drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/phe1334.shtml (674 words)

	Phenobarbital - VeterinaryPartner.com - a VIN company!
		Phenobarbital is absorbed well into the body when given orally and peak activity occurs 4 to 8 hours after the pill is given.
		Phenobarbital is removed from the body primarily by the liver (75% is removed by the liver, 25% by the kidney).
		If phenobarbital is used with griseofulvin(treatment for ringworm), the griseofulvin may not be absorbed optimally into the body and may not be as effective.
	www.veterinarypartner.com /Content.plx?P=A&A=522&S=0&EVetID=0 (977 words)

	Phenobarbital
		Phenobarbital exerts powerful influence on the active attention, reflex activity to external stimuli.
		Phenobarbital is an inductor of the liver microsomal drugs, including metabolizing enzymes.
		Phenobarbital is a barbiturate derivative possessing a nonselective depressive effect on the CNS.
	www.sopharma.com /phenobarbital.phtml (456 words)

	Phenobarbital - PetPlace.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Phenobarbital is most commonly used to treat seizure disorders including epilepsy in dogs and cats.
		Phenobarbital doses are frequently referenced as “grains” (an old method of measuring) as opposed to milligrams.
		Phenobarbital is available in 1/4 grain, 1/2 grain, 1 grain and 100 mg tablets.
	www.petplace.com /drug-library/phenobarbital/page1.aspx (596 words)

	Canine Epilepsy - Using Phenobarbital to control seizures in dogs
		Phenobarbital (sometimes abbreviated as Pb or Phb) is one of the medications most commonly used to treat seizures in dogs because it is relatively inexpensive, easy to use and effective in 60 to 80% of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.
		Phenobarbital comes in liquid or tablet form and is available both from a veterinarian and from a regular pharmacy by prescription.
		Phenobarbital speeds up liver activity and, when used with other medications that are normally broken down by the liver, may cause them to be metabolized more rapidly, therefore requiring them to be given at a higher dosage.
	www.canine-epilepsy-guardian-angels.com /phenobarbital.htm (1497 words)

	Bromide Therapy
		It is safest to wait until sedation develops to reduce the dose of phenobarbital (usually within the first 4 weeks of therapy), or, if sedation does not occur, to wait until bromide concentrations are within the therapeutic range to begin to taper the dose of phenobarbital.
		The range of phenobarbital concentrations associated with seizure control in dogs on bromide as well as phenobarbital is wider (4-56 ug/mL) than the established therapeutic range.
		Therefore, the established therapeutic range for serum phenobarbital concentrations should not be strictly applied to dogs that are also being treated with bromide, and "subtherapeutic" phenobarbital concentrations should not be used to justify increases in the dose of phenobarbital in these patients.
	www.vspn.org /VSPNSearch/VINLibrary/lv980606.htm (1909 words)

	Phenobarbital (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 79, 2001)
		Phenobarbital and its sodium salt have been very widely used as a mild sedative or hypnotic in the treatment of neuroses and in pre- or post-operative sedation, and as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of epilepsy.
		Phenobarbital exerts a selective and sustained mitogenic effect in cells of altered foci that progress to adenomas that are no longer dependent on the mitogenic effects of phenobarbital.
		Phenobarbital did not increase the frequency of sperm-head abnormalities in mice, but spermatogonial germ-cell chromosomal aberrations were reported in male mice in one laboratory.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol79/79-06.html (1267 words)

	Drug Shortage Bulletin: Phenobarbital Injection—RESOLVED
		Phenobarbital sodium injection (Luminal) 60 mg/mL, 65 mg/mL, 130 mg/mL, tubexes, ampules, and carpujects, Wyeth-Ayerst and Abbott.
		Phenobarbital had been on nationwide back order due to difficulties in obtaining raw materials for production, but the product is now available.
		Intravenous phenobarbital is labeled for use as a sedative, to control acute convulsions (status epilepticus, tetanus, eclampsia), as an anticonvulsant.
	www.ashp.org /shortage/phenobarbital.cfm (541 words)

	Phenobarbital
		Phenobarbital sodium occurs as bitter-tasting, white, odorless, flaky crystals or crystalline granules or powder.
		Phenobarbital is slowly absorbed from the GI tract.
		Phenobarbital is widely distributed throughout the body, but because of its lower lipid solubility it does not distribute as rapidly as most other barbiturates into the CNS.
	www.elephantcare.org /Drugs/phenobar.htm (1385 words)

	Phenobarbital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Phenobarbital is occasionally used as a sedative before surgery, as a hypnotic (sleeping pill) to treat insomnia, and as an
		Two infants born to women taking high doses of phenytoin and phenobarbital while pregnant developed jitteriness and tetany (a syndrome characterized by muscle twitches), cramps, and spasms that can be caused by calcium deficiency during the first two weeks of life.
		Long-term treatment with phenobarbital results in dramatic reductions in folic acid blood levels, though the clinical significance of this effect is unclear.
	www.kroger.com /hn/Drug/Phenobarbital.htm (1963 words)

	Introduction to Phenobarbital (Professional) : Epilepsy.com
		Phenobarbital is a barbiturate, a class of medicines used to bring on sedation or sleepiness.
		Phenobarbital can be taken either with food or without food, but patients should be consistent each day in whether they take it with food or not.
		Phenobarbital should be stored at room temperature, away from heat, direct light, and dampness.
	www.epilepsy.com /medications/p_phenobarbital_intro.html (445 words)

	Phenobarbital for epilepsy - [Medication]
		Phenobarbital is a barbiturate, which acts as a sedative or depressant.
		Phenobarbital is the antiepileptic drug of choice for newborns who have epilepsy.
		Phenobarbital only has to be taken once a day, making it a good choice if you have a busy schedule or have trouble remembering to take your drugs.
	www.bchealthguide.org /kbase/topic/detail/drug/hw110027/detail.htm (413 words)

	Phenobarbital
		Phenobarbital and related drugs are known to create a high degree of risk for birth defects in and of themselves.
		A number of anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine) are enzyme-inducing agents and thereby increase the clearance of the oral contraceptive steroids.
		Phenobarbital may cause hyperactivity, behavioral problems, sedation, and even dementia; these effects are dose related to some extent.
	home.caregroup.org /clinical/altmed/interactions/Drugs/Phenobarbital.htm (6913 words)

	Introduction to phenobarbital (Basic) : Epilepsy.com
		It's OK to take phenobarbital either with food or without food, but it's best to be consistent from day to day.
		If the doctor changes the amount of phenobarbital to be taken, you may be given a different form.
		Be particularly careful to keep phenobarbital out of the reach of children, since overdose is especially dangerous for children.
	www.epilepsy.com /medications/b_phenobarbital_intro.html (670 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Phenobarbital
		Phenobarbital, a barbiturate, is used to control epilepsy (seizures) and as a sedative to relieve anxiety.
		If you are taking phenobarbital to control seizures and have an increase in their frequency or severity, call your doctor.
		If you use phenobarbital for seizures, carry identification (Medic Alert) stating that you have epilepsy and that you are taking phenobarbital.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682007.html (780 words)

	WhatMeds.com - Phenobarbital
		Phenobarbital is usually used in combination with other medicines to control epilepsy.
		Patients may develop tolerance to phenobarbital and dosage may need to be increased occsionally to compensate, as determined by a physician.
		Phenobarbital passes into breast milk and may cause drowsiness, poor feeding, or a rash in the baby.
	www.whatmeds.com /meds/phenobarbital.html (374 words)

	NIH Press Release - Study Finds Phenobarbital Fails to Prevent Brain Bleeding in Premature Infants - 08/13/1997
		Phenobarbital--once thought to be a promising treatment for preventing bleeding in the brains of premature infants when given to pregnant women at risk of premature delivery--appears to be ineffective, according to the largest, most comprehensive clinical trial of its kind to date.
		A few early clinical trials and a recent meta-analysis suggested that phenobarbital would be effective in reducing the frequency and severity of brain hemorrhaging in newborns.
		In all, 23 percent of the phenobarbital group (70 infants) and 23 percent of the control group (64 infants) had a brain hemorrhage.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/aug97/nichd-13.htm (503 words)

	Phenobarbital - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
		Phenobarbital has sedative and hypnotic properties, which will help make you relaxed and sleepy before surgery or help you to sleep.
		Federal law prohibits the transfer of phenobarbital to any person other than the patient for whom it was prescribed.
		In general phenobarbital should not be taken for longer than 1 or 2 weeks as a sleep aid.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,537\|Phenobarbital,00.html (898 words)

	Medicines for Epilepsy: Phenobarbital
		Phenobarbital is prescribed as capsules, tablets, and in syrup.
		Phenobarbital may produce drowsiness, difficulty thinking, loss of balance and, in children, hyperactivity.
		If phenobarbital is to be discontinued, it should be done slowly to prevent rebound seizures or other problems.
	www.epilepsyfoundation.org /answerplace/Medical/treatment/medications/typesmedicine/phenobarbital.cfm (257 words)

	Phenobarbital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Phenobarbital is a barbiturate with anticonvulsant effects used to treat and prevent seizures except for absence (petit mal).
		Dose related - These side effects might be experienced when phenobarbital is first initiated or when doses are changed, but may be reduced as you continue to take this medication.
		Using phenobarbital with certain other medications may alter the activity of either drug which can lead to ineffective seizure control or side effects.
	www.uic.edu /pharmacy/epilepsy/phenobar.htm (369 words)

	Induction of CYP1A2 by Phenobarbital in the Livers of Aryl Hydrocarbon-Responsive and -Nonresponsive Mice -- Sakuma et ...
		Induction of CYP1A2 by Phenobarbital in the Livers of Aryl Hydrocarbon-Responsive and -Nonresponsive Mice
		by phenobarbital and the induction of CYP1A1 by polycyclic aryl
		The regulation mechanism of phenobarbital induction in mammals is mostly unknown.
	dmd.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/27/3/379 (4318 words)

	phenobarbital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Phenobarbital is enhances the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and at high doses can act as a GABA analog.
		Phenobarbital may be substituted for other barbiturates as a method of decreasing the incidence of withdrawal symptoms while weaning patients off barbiturates.
		Hypoglycemic seizures should be treated with glucose, not phenobarbital, which will not resolve the hypoglycemic state or prevent CNS injury.
	www.templejc.edu /dept/ems/drugs/phenobarbital.html (201 words)

	Phenobarbital - Medicine Guide
		Phenobarbital is a medicine which is used in epilepsy.
		Phenobarbital is not known to be affected by any food, but it can affect the Vitamin D level in your body.
		Phenobarbital is not known to be affected by any food.
	medguides.medicines.org.uk /displaypage.aspx?t=medicine&i=31 (3655 words)

	Extent and Character of Phenobarbital-Mediated Changes in Gene Expression in the Liver -- Frueh et al. 51 (3): 363 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Phenobarbital elicits pleiotropic effects in the liver, including induction of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism.
		Phenobarbital (5 mg per egg) was dissolved in 0.2 ml of 0.9% saline.
		Phenobarbital induction and tissue-specific expression of the rat CYP2B2 gene in transgenic mice.
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/51/3/363 (3804 words)

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