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Topic: Phenology

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	Phenology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phenology is the study of the times of recurring natural phenomena.
		There is a USA National Phenology Network[1], in which both Professional scientists and lay recorders participate, a European Phenology Network[2] which has monitoring, research and educational remits, and many other countries such as Canada, China and Australia have phenological programs.
		Will Felker has studied phenology in Ohio, USA since 1983 and now publishes "Poor Will's Almanack", a phenological almanac for farmers (not to be confused with a late 18th century almanac by the same name).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phenology (1309 words)

	OSU Phenology Garden Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Phenology is the study of recurring biological phenomena and their relationship to weather.
		Bird migration, hunting and gathering seasons, blooming of wildflowers and trees, and the seasonal appearance of insects are examples of phenological events that have been recorded for centuries.
		Indeed, the use of plant phenology to predict insect activity is an old practice, with recorded observations dating back at least 300 years.
	phenology.osu.edu (226 words)

	Phenology
		Botanical phenology is the study of the timing of vegetative activities, flowering, and fruiting and their relationship to environmental factors.
		The phenologies of the species of Lecythidaceae reported herein are based on two periods of observation.
		Phenology and floral biology of Gustavia superba (Lecythidaceae) in central Panama.
	www.nybg.org /bsci/french_guiana/phenology.html (5332 words)

	ESC 401 Spring
		Phenology is the seasonal and diurnal changes in plant growth.
		Phenology: the study or description of growth events in time and space (the most obvious events associated with a phenological cycle are
		When we go to Lake Tradition (as well as the two other sites), it is important to think about phenology and the role that macro-, micro-site, species (and associated life history as well as stage of development), and canopy position play in what we see.
	www.cfr.washington.edu /classes.esc.401/Phenology.htm (1250 words)

	Phenology
		The first major study of the phenology of tropical forests is the work of Lieberman on monsoon forest in Ghana.
		Rogers R.W. and Barnes A. (1986) Leaf demography of the rainforest shrub Wilkiea macrophylla and its implications for the ecology of foliicolous lichens.
		Wright S.J. (1991) Seasonal drought and the phenology of understorey shrubs in a tropical moist forest.
	www.jcu.edu.au /school/tbiol/Botany/teaching/bt3280/coursenotes/lec13.htm (1270 words)

	Phenology - Climate-related Cyclical Patterns of Plants & Animals
		Phenology is defined as a branch of science dealing with the relations between climate and periodic biological phenomena.
		Stated another way, phenology is the study of the response of living organisms to seasonal and climatic changes to the environment in which they live.
		Blooming wildflowers, migrating birds, spawning fish, flashing fireflies, thunderstorms, falling leaves, harvest moons, rutting deer, frozen ponds, birth and death are all part of the cycles of life that we experience each year.
	www.sws-wis.com /lifecycles/what.html (379 words)

	Phenology Web Links: (1) Sequence of Bloom, Floral Calendars, What's in Bloom; (2) Birds, Bees, Insects and Weeds
		The phenology records at Missouri Botanic Garden are one of the most extensive and useful botanical garden collections on what's in bloom on a week-by-week basis, with records available from 1995 to the present.
		Phenology is a multi-dimensional study of plant and animal life cycles with many practical and scientific uses, as well as a way for people to simply connect with nature and be aware of the biological world.
		"Phenology, which is derived from the Greek word phaino meaning to show or to appear, is the science of periodic biological events in the animal and plant world as influenced by the environment, especially weather and climate.
	www.attra.org /attra-pub/phenology.html (2715 words)

	PHENOLOGY
		However, available data and current knowledge of plant phenology, including numerous experimental studies (4, 19, 20), indicate that the observed changes are mostly due to the increased temperatures.
		These changes in plant phenology and bird migration show that climate warming may lead to a decoupling of species interactions, for example, between plants and their pollinators or between birds and their plant and insect food supplies (2).
		Changes not only in mean temperatures but also in temperature patterns may affect these interactions even more strongly because they may alter the synchronization between species (28).
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Ecology/phenology.htm (1520 words)

	What is Phenology? The Springwatch survey, the BBC and the Woodland Trust.
		Phenology is the study of the timing of natural, seasonal events, especially in relation to climate.
		The UK Phenology Network, run by the Woodland Trust and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology is the largest of its kind in the world.
		Phenology offers real evidence that climate change is happening now and that it is already having a significant effect on our wildlife.
	recording.phenology.org.uk /springwatch/phenology.aspx (285 words)

	SecretGarden ... Phenology in Gardening
		Bird migrations, blooming plants and flowers, the appearance of certain insects, autumn frosts, and the budding or falling of leaves are all a part of our year, from season to season.
		Phenology is the science concerned with these 'periodic biological phenomena'.
		By studying the timing of natural events from year-to-year and from place-to-place, along with their relationship to the weather and climate, so much knowledge has been gained about everything from farming and crops, insect populations, bird migrations, and, of course...
	www.shelsgarden.com /phenology.html (618 words)

	Life Cycles Phenology Record Keeping Information and Software
		Phenology, in its simplest terms, is the study of cyclic events of nature - usually the life cycles of plants and animals - in response to seasonal and climatic changes to the environment.
		Recording and comparing the dates of various natural events such as bird migration, plant budding, flowering or fruiting, insect activities, stages of birth and death are all annual events of interest to phenologists.
		On this web site you'll find information describing phenology and why it's important; who is studying phenology and how you can learn to keep your own phenology records.
	sws-wis.com /lifecycles (303 words)

	"Phenology: The Study of Change" 27 Apr 1986 (Piedmont Naturalist) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Even casual observers may sense a relationship between temperature and degree of activity at bird feeders, or between time of year and the appearance of the first wild dogwood blooms, but it takes a deliberate observer to be able to actually predict when some of these happenings will occur.
		The word "phenology" comes from the same Greek root that gives us "phenomenon," an appearance or occurence, and "-ology" means "the study of" something.
		Some other phenomena worth writing in a phenology might include first dates of chorus frogs calling from ponds or puddles, snowfall and hailstorm occurrences, early redbud tree blossoms, the first edible wild flberry, and so forth.
	www.hiltonpond.org /PNPhenology860427.html (828 words)

	GDD and Plant Phenology - Landscape Nursery and Urban Forestry - UMass Extension
		The calendar, calculation of growing degree days (GDD), and correlation of pest deveopment with plant phenology are the three most commonly used methods for insects and mites.
		As landscapers and nursery workers can easily observe bloom and other plant events as they perform their normal routines, this is an attractive method for basing monitoring and management.
		Plant phenology and GDD information relative to Massachusetts' plants and insects has been researched and are incorporated into fact sheets and newsletters.
	www.umassgreeninfo.org /fact_sheets/ipmtools/gdd_phrenology.html (742 words)

	phenology Info Page
		Phenology is the study of the annual cycles of plants and animals and how they respond to seasonal changes in their environment.
		In botany phenology refers to the timing of flower emergence, sequence of bloom, fruiting, and leaf drop in autumn.
		Henry David Thoreau and Aldo Leopold were well known observers and writers on phenology, but there are many other naturalists and writers that inspire this topic.
	lists.ibiblio.org /mailman/listinfo/phenology (385 words)

	AMC: Mountain Watch - Plant Phenology
		Phenology is the study of the response of living organisms to seasonal and climatic changes to the environment in which they live.
		Blooming wildflowers, migrating birds, spawning fish, flashing fireflies, thunderstorms, falling leaves, snow fall amounts, and frozen ponds are all part of the cycles of life that we experience each year.
		Keeping track of cyclical events like these from year to year and how they relate to the weather patterns is what the study of phenology is all about.
	www.outdoors.org /conservation/mountainwatch/plantphen.cfm (178 words)

	RBGE: Phenology
		10, 1999) defines 'phenology n the study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena, especially in relation to climate and plant and animal life'.
		So, for example, phenology concerns the dates of seasonal phenomena, such as the opening of flowers or the arrival of migrants, and why these alter.
		Phenology web sites Further information about phenology in the United Kingdom and the rest of the world can be found by following these links:
	www.rbge.org.uk /rbge/web/hort/SatFeb22134713GMT00002003.jsp (1167 words)

	Wolf Ridge Spring and Fall Happenings Phenology Defined
		When the leaves are "the size of squirrel ears", the soil is also warm enough to keep corn seeds from rotting in the ground, and the remaining growing season is long enough to ensure a plentiful fall harvest.
		One easy way to define phenology is "Tracking nature through the seasons." Phenologists record and watch for trends in natural events like the first returning robin and the peak colors of fall.
		Phenology is NOT about watching for everyday happenings (when we eat, go to school, practice an instrument.) Phenology IS about watching for changes in animals and plants because of changes in the season and climate (things like birds migrating south, people wearing jackets, shoveling snow.)
	www.wolf-ridge.org /phenology/phenology_basics.html (430 words)

	Natural Lands > St. Olaf College Phenology > St. Olaf College Phenology
		Phenology is the branch of science dealing with the relations between climate and periodic biological phenomena (or events).
		It is the study and recording of cyclic events in nature in response to seasonal and climatic changes in the environment.
		In addition to this web site, a large phenology chart is posted on the Student Naturalist bulletin board by the ecology lab in the Science Center (SC 248) every spring semester.
	www.stolaf.edu /academics/naturallands/st._olaf_college_phenology/index.html (455 words)

	More About Phenology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		These events are all examples of phenology (say it, “fee-now-ledge-ee”), the study of the response of living organisms to seasonal and climatic changes.
		In years past, farmers applied knowledge of phenology to their decision-making.
		This is a Canadian organization engaging students and the general public in the study of spring flowering times of 8 plant species.
	www.naturenet.com /earthalive/phenology.asp (406 words)

	Cold Climate Gardening » ‘Tis the season for phenology
		According to the UK Phenology Network, “phenology is the study of the times of recurring natural phenomena especially in relation to climate.” It’s something gardeners tend to practice at this time of the year, as we’re all anxiously awaiting the arrival of spring.
		Phenology is even more practical when it is used as a guide to correctly timing the gardener’s work sequence: when you see this happen in the natural world, it’s time to do that.
		Meresy of edge effect provided a list that I believe she compiled from several sources, and asked others to share their own phenology.
	www.coldclimategardening.com /2006/03/25/tis-the-season-for-phenology (1014 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Developmental Sequences for Simulating Crop Phenology for Water-Limiting Conditions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The objective of this paper is to present the complete developmental sequence of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) shoot apices and correlate these developmental sequences with growth stages for both well-watered and water-limiting conditions.
		The fact that plants tend to develop in an orderly and predictable pattern allows for a general foundation to synthesize the complete developmental sequence of the shoot apex and correlate this with phenological growth stages for all crops when water is not limiting.
		Clearly the genotype by environment interaction affects the accuracy of simulating phenology, however, the fact that plants tend to develop in an orderly and predictable pattern allows for a general foundation to synthesize the complete developmental sequence of the shoot apex and correlate this with phenological growth stages when water is not limiting.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=172720 (586 words)

	Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Conservation and Wildlife
		Kew provides a unique setting in which to study the phenology of flowering plants since it’s weather has been recorded for over two centuries and it’s collections of exotic and native plants are among the most diverse in the world.
		In 2000 a new initiative called Kew 100 began with the aim of recording annually the first-flowering and mid-flowering dates of 100 plants in the Gardens in perpetuity.
		These three years of results give a fascinating insight into the ways in which flowering is influenced by the weather but it will take much longer to distinguish the trends caused by climate change.
	www.rbgkew.org.uk /wild/phenology (306 words)

	Breeding Phenology Program - Burke Museum
		This is probably because later-fledged young are less competitive, thus forcing parents that raise late broods to invest more in each fledgling to increase its chances of competing successfully with those hatched earlier in the breeding season.
		In an area as large and with as many diverse landscapes as Washington, the timing of breeding may be affected by geography and elevation, and at particular localities by yearly variation in weather and other environmental conditions.
		The Breeding Phenology Project got its start in 1983, when UW undergraduate Peter Wimberger began computerizing information from the Burke Museum nest record cards and from various egg collections and field notes.
	www.washington.edu /burkemuseum/collections/ornithology/phenology/intro.php (461 words)

	New Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Phenology is the study of the timing of recurrent biological processes such as flowering, budburst, insect hatching, bird nesting, fruit ripening, and leaf fall (so called phenophases).
		In the context of climate change, phenology also provides indicators for ecosystem responses and has clearly shown that plants and animals are already responding to observed increases in global mean temperature.
		To develop a combined observational program configured to be sensitive to modifications in plant/animal phenology and biodiversity changes which is able to form an effective system for early detection and warning of impending global-scale changes in ecosystems;
	www.fsd.nl /isb (276 words)

	PHENOLOGY
		Phenology Plus is a new feature produced at KAXE that combines John Latimer's phenology report with additional observations by people in your neighborhood...
		Painted turtles need to replenish their energy levels as quickly as possible after the long immersion demanded by winter.
		Curiosity and a desire to share his excitement has led him to KAXE and the Phenology show.
	www.kaxe.org /phenology/index.html (160 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Phenology is the study of the annual recurrence of plant and animal phenomena as brought about by seasonal changes.
		Keeping a phenology notebook is an easy way for children and others to start developing naturalist skills and learning more about the natural world around them.
		Wildflowers come in seasonal cycles, they're often colorful and pretty, and they are relatively easy to locate because they don't move around or run away—like birds or other wildlife.
	www.cablemuseum.org /pages/phenology/phenology.html (139 words)

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