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Topic: Phenomenological

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Ethnomethodology

Harold Garfinkel

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	Phenomenology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phenomenological thought influenced the development of existential phenomenology and existentialism in France, as is clear from the work of Jean-Paul Sartre, and Munich phenomenology (Johannes Daubert, Adolf Reinach) in Germany.
		For Husserl the phenomenological reduction is the method of leading phenomenological vision from the natural attitude of the human being whose life is involved in the world of things and persons back to the transcendental life of consciousness and its noetic-noematic experiences, in which objects are constituted as correlates of consciousness.
		For us phenomenological reduction means leading phenomenological vision back from the apprehension of a being, whatever may be the character of that apprehension, to the understanding of the being of this being (projecting upon the way it is unconcealed).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phenomenology (1225 words)

	Death & Dying from an Observational, Phenomenological, & Hermeneutic Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Phenomenological research involves the researcher reviewing the subjective experiences of an individual or self, identifying stable aspects of the experience, and mapping the experience in how it is associated with the other parts of life.
		Phenomenological research of the dying human can be useful in helping individual's to be conscious of, and understand dying process.
		Phenomenological research should be designed to provide an accurate description of the event and then an analysis of the event in order to examine the phenomena of the various structures and modes of consciousness that have been synthesized as part of the human event (Polkinghorne, 1982).
	www.lutz-sanfilippo.com /library/counseling/lsfd&dperspectives.html (2564 words)

	Phenomenological Research Method
		A naturalistic, ethnographic, phenomenological study of adaptation to wheelchair use was conducted with one key informant, a 30-year-old white man with acquired paraplegia who was undergoing acute rehabilitation.
		A phenomenological approach was used to examine perceptions of five individuals who were interviewed twice to collect their impressions of home health occupational therapy.
		The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain an understanding of the effect of disability, specifically a Colles' fracture, and the role of occupational therapy in the recovery of function.
	www.aotf.org /html/rn_phenomen.html (7428 words)

	Phenomenological research methodology: Stan Lester (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Phenomenological methods are particularly effective at bringing to the fore the experiences and perceptions of individuals from their own perspectives, and therefore at challenging structural or normative assumptions.
		In this respect it is important to distinguish between statistical and qualitative validity: phenomenological research can be robust in indicating the presence of factors and their effects in individual cases, but must be tentative in suggesting their extent in relation to the population from which the participants or cases were drawn.
		Phenomenological studies make detailed comments about individual situations which do not lend themselves to direct generalisation in the same way which is sometimes claimed for survey research.
	www.devmts.demon.co.uk /resmethy.htm (1676 words)

	Phenomenological Approaches to Self-Consciousness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One advantage of the phenomenological view is that it is capable of accounting for psychological self-identity, that is, the experience of self-identity through time, without actually having to posit the self as a separate entity over and above the stream of consciousness (see the discussion of time-consciousness in section 3 below).
		And although the phenomenological view might superficially resemble the view of the higher-order theories, we are ultimately confronted with two radically divergent accounts.
		Phenomenological analyses show these processes to be more than purely mental or cognitive events since they integrally involve embodiment and intersubjective dimensions.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/self-consciousness-phenomenological (7402 words)

	The Many-Layered Structure: Levels of Phenomenological Reduction
		Phenomenological reduction is like tearing a complex problem into its basic elements by narrowing the attention to the essential aspects and disregarding or ignoring the surplus and accidental.
		Further analysis of these connections discloses a third level phenomenological awareness, that the environmental perception is a synthesis of the body abilities and results in phenomenon such as object perception which is like an invisible net of awareness which reaches out and senses the thing there.
		A hierarchy of lifeworlds is apparent and phenomenological investigation of this hierarchy and its many-layered structure must be expected to lay bare many 'obvious' and 'taken-for-granted' phenomena and their implicit meanings.
	www.jsu.edu /depart/geography/mhill/papers/AAG84p.html (1858 words)

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		In using this descriptive phrase, I attempt to encapsulize the heart of phenomenological method by indicating a way of study whereby the researcher seeks to be open to the phenomenon and to allow it to show itself in its fullness and complexity through her own direct involvement and understanding.
		Unintentionally, this phenomenological assumption that people and world are intimately part and parcel gives environment-behavior research a central place in the human and environmental sciences, since the recognition is that the crucial unit of study is the lived fabric of inescapable connectedness between people and world.
		From a phenomenological perspective, Churchill's experiment is artificial in the sense that two of the researchers interpreting the lived description did not actually gather it from the respondent, thus they had no sense of the lived context out of which the description arose.
	aalto.arch.ksu.edu /seamon/Seamon_reviewEAP.htm (10434 words)

	A Way of Seeing People and Place: Phenomenology in Enviornment-Behavior Research
		In phenomenological intuiting, therefore, the researcher's personal efforts, experiences, and insights are the central means for examining the phenomenon under study and arriving at moments of disclosure whereby the phenomenon reveals something about itself in a new or fuller way.
		One of the most sensitive and exhaustive uses of first-person phenomenological research is the work of Toombs (1992a, 1992b, 1995a, 1995b), who lives with multiple sclerosis, an incurable illness that affects her ability to see, to hear, to sit, and to stand.
		In this sense, whether one is doing or reading phenomenological research, it is important to allow ourselves the time and space to be with and follow the other's presentation, whether of the person being interviewed, the art work being interpreted, or the final phenomenological report.
	aalto.arch.ksu.edu /seamon/articles/2000_phenomenology_review.htm (8277 words)

	Psychology - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, mainstream psychology has a bias towards the scientific method, which is reflected in the dominance of cognitivism as the guiding theoretical framework used by most psychologists to understand thought and behaviour.
		It stresses a phenomenological view of human experience and seeks to understand human beings and their behaviour by conducting qualitative research.
		The humanistic approach has its roots in existentialist and phenomenological philosophy and many humanist psychologists completely reject a scientific approach, arguing that trying to turn human experience into measurements strips it of all meaning and relevance to lived existence.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Psychology (2649 words)

	Religious Education: Ideology, the phenomenological approach, and hermeneutics: A response to professor Lovat
		Philosophical attempts to justify the nature and content of education on a strictly objective (or internal) basis, in terms of the inherent character of knowledge itself, as for example in the work of Paul Hirst (1973), have shown themselves to be inadequate and unconvincing (O'Hear 1981, 92-102).
		In addition I argued that phenomenological religious education, while explicitly refusing to address the issue of religious truth, implicitly advances the view that the different religions are culturally conditioned expressions of (genuine) religious experience.
		It is one thing to identify the ways in which the debate on phenomenological religious education has been conducted along ideological lines as rival groups battle for power and influence over the curriculum; it is another to determine whether phenomenology can justify itself as an educationally appropriate methodology for religious education.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3783/is_200110/ai_n8983572 (1273 words)

	Phenomenological Approaches to Ethics and Information Technology
		One might claim that all of these phenomenological studies share at least the underlying view that technology and society co-constitute each other by being each other's reciprocal and ongoing condition or possibility for being what they are.
		With this phenomenological account of skill development in hand it is easy to see the problem for the development of AI programmes.
		From the phenomenological analysis presented it follows that one of the most important aspects of community is the presumed density of its mutually referring concerns and involvements (irrespective of mediation).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/ethics-it-phenomenology (7895 words)

	AORN Journal: Understanding life experiences through a phenomenological approach to research
		Phenomenology is one of many types of qualitative research that examines the lived experiences of humans.(1) Phenomenological researchers hope to gain understanding of the essential "truths" (ie, essences) of the lived experience.
		Examples of phenomenological research include exploring the lived experiences of women undergoing breast biopsy or the lived experiences of family members waiting for a loved one undergoing major surgery.
		One example of phenomenological research in perioperative nursing is examining the lived experiences of women who have undergone a breast biopsy.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0FSL/is_4_73/ai_73308177 (970 words)

	Automorphisms in the phenomenological domains (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A phenomenological category is a collection of phenomenological objects where every object is a phenomenological sense or a set of phenomenological senses [1] [3].
		One might consider that such an orthosense is an element of a phenomenological set with only one element, but the 'free' orthosense in orthoexistence (deep existence) disappears from itself if it is not maintained, for instance, by its coupling with orthoenergy [3].
		As it was shown in [3] the philosophical background of the fundamental phenomenological set of existence, of its three elements and of their dynamics (by automorphisms and autofunctors), the notions of orthosense, informatter, orthoenergy, free and coupled orthosenses a.o.
	www.racai.ro /~dragam/AUTO/AUTOMO_1.HTM (1410 words)

	Phenomenology Online: Phenomenological Inquiry
		Phenomenological inquiry may be explored and studied in terms of the following topical domains: orientations, sources of meaning, methodology, methods, writing, and practice.
		Phenomenological inquiry can be understood in terms of the philosophical or methodological attitudes associated with the reductio and the vocatio;
		Phenomenological inquiry can be studied in terms of its practical consequences for human living.
	www.phenomenologyonline.com /inquiry/1.html (221 words)

	The Center for Applied Phenomenological Research
		Gordon, D. "The road not taken": A phenomenological investigation of the experience of regret.
		Jacobs, N. Boundaries of the self: A phenomenological inquiry into the experience of losing a sense of self.
		A phenomenological study of the lived experience of nurse managers.
	phenomenology.utk.edu /dissertations.html (444 words)

	Husserl, Phenomenology, Wesenschau > Discussions > Methodology > Phenomenological > What is Phenomenology
		Phenomenological reduction, in the understanding of Husserl, is a LOGICAL procedure.
		Nevertheless, for the sake of schoolmen, it has been conceded that the reduction is devided into (1) psychological reduction, and (2) transcendental, or eidetic reduction.
		Gradually, they have turned into phenomenological icons, while there is also the Direct Path of the Psychologist, the reduction to the proto-predicative Wesenheiten of the Lebenswelt, etc., etc. - each with its own formal-ontological and transcendental-constitutive horizons.
	www.husserl.info /fortopic6.html (397 words)

	Human Science Research Studies
		This research is based on verbal or descriptive data (e.g., descriptions, interviews, and observations), and involves qualitative analysis or reflections on the data, analysis which aims to be faithful to the experiences or phenomena under investigation.
		Wertz, F.J. Approaches to perception in phenomenological psychology: The alienation and recovery of perception in modern culture.
		Phenomenological inquiry in psychology: Existential and transpersonal dimensions.
	www.artfulsoftware.com /humanscienceresearch.html (2516 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - phenomenological critique of representationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although the phenomenological critique of representationalism has its roots in the writings of the Continental philosophers Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, its importation into contemporary philosophy of mind has been accomplished largely by Hubert Dreyfus.
		The critique's basic position involves a rejection of the proposition that the fundamental relation of a person to the world consists in the relation of the content of an individual mind to the world of objects, events, and states of affairs as represented by that content.
		The evidence on which the phenomenological critique is built derives largely from the first-person experiences associated with nondeliberate action.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/phenomcritique.html (1232 words)

	THE WORLD PHENOMENOLOGY INSTITUTE World Institute for Advanced Phenomenological Research
		From within the phenomenological perspective there emerged the need to appreciate the multifarious contributions made from different angles, orientations and areas of inquiry by various thinkers within the field.
		In the course of carrying out a presuppositionless appreciation of their results, experiences, and respective evidences in the light of the phenomenological universality, these evidences may be brought into a philosophically clarified common reservoir of knowledge.
		The phenomenological probing into the virtuality of the human condition crosses not only into the human sciences but also into man's self-interpretation in existence in the creative effort proper, especially in literature, as well as in its theoretical interpretation.
	www.phenomenology.org /article.html (2776 words)

	This is the Phenomenology Page. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Because the mind can be directed toward nonexistent as well as real objects, Husserl noted that phenomenological reflection does not presuppose that anything exists, but rather amounts to a “bracketing of existence,” that is, setting aside the question of the real existence of the contemplated object.
		Because, for Heidegger, one is what one does in the world, a phenomenological reduction to one's own private experience is impossible; and because human action consists of a direct grasp of objects, it is not necessary to posit a special mental entity called a meaning to account for intentionality.
		Phenomenological versions of theology, sociology, psychology, psychiatry, and literary criticism have been developed, and phenomenology remains one of the most important schools of contemporary philosophy.
	www.connect.net /ron/phenom.html (672 words)

	Bibliography of Sources for Doing Phenomenological Research (Jeffrey Compton) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Davidson, L. Husserl's Refutation of Psychologism and the Possibility of a Phenomenological Psychology.
		Wertz, F. Common methodological fundaments of the analytic procedures in phenomenological and psychoanalytic research.
		It is a fundamental way of being in the world and is manifest in the infant's wonder and exploration of her environment, her fully sensing the immediate (un-mediated) moment.
	home.earthlink.net /~rationalmystic/epresbib.htm (1180 words)

	Introduction to Phenomenological Perspectives on Personality
		Historically, the phenomenological perspective can be traced to Wilhelm Wundt who is often considered as having conducted the first formal psychological research in the 1870's.
		There is no single person or even really any single theory that unites these perspectives, but they can all be considered phenomenological because they value and focus on the nature of individual's subjective experience.
		The phenomenological perspective, and particularly the humanistic perspectives, sees humankind as being intrinsically good and self-perfecting.
	www.wilderdom.com /personality/L10-0PhenomenologicalPerspectivesPersonality.html (395 words)

	Phenomenological phenomenography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Phenomenographers as a group have more or less actively striven to identify the phenomenological quality of their intellectual labour since the time the term phenomenography was adopted, however, it is first more recently in the 1980:ies and 90:ies that more explicit reference to phenomenological theorizing has been made.
		Theman's study is phenomenological or hermeneutic in the way he approaches the task of finding conceptions.
		The investigators themselves were most interested in describing 'the outcome of learning', but the surroundings may have been more interesting in the sense of the ways in which learning was directed - toward the meaning of the text as such or toward the fundamental idea the text tried to express.
	www.ped.gu.se /biorn/wild/phenomeno.html (347 words)

	Phenomenological and experimental research on embodied experience
		We need to appeal to empirical verifications and clarifications that will confirm phenomenological insight, and then use that insight to interpret the empirical data -- a hermeneutical circle, to be sure, but not a methodologically vicious one.
		Phenomenological reflection tells us that there is a difference between taking an intentional attitude towards one’s own body (having a perception of, or belief about, or emotional attitude towards one's body) AND having a capacity to move or to exist in the action of one’s own body.
		Not only does the phenomenological distinction between body image and body schema receive verification and clarification by appealing to the empirical evidence, but the distinction itself goes some distance towards clarification of a variety of confusions in the empirical literature.
	pegasus.cc.ucf.edu /%7Egallaghr/paris2000.html (13369 words)

	Junkmedia: The Phenomenological Boys : Melody, Melody, Melody & More Melody (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The press release accompanying the record predictably gushes that it is "another triumph," and then vaguely expends another 250 words explaining how excitable, smart and popular the act is. About the only solid piece of information the release offers is that the band is from Somerville, Mass.
		The Phenomenological Boys' music is crookedly complex and has a magical gloss.
		The songs are like the loopy, pleasant dreams you have after the wildest nights of drinking and/or smoking dope: Almost all of them are gorgeous, but you can't really put your finger on any of them after they are over.
	www.junkmedia.org /?i=504 (633 words)

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