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Topic: Phenothiazine

	NTP: (Phenothiazine)
		Phenothiazine is moderately toxic in mammals (oral LD 500 to 5000 mg/kg; 2-20 mmol/kg).
		The incidence of lung tumors was not increased in A/J mice administered phenothiazine i.p.
		Phenothiazine decreased the incidence of intestinal and urinary bladder tumors in rats by about 60% when it was administered in the diet with bracken fern for 1 year.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=6F600AA3-F1F6-975E-7F0F7EDC157568A9 (876 words)

	AllRefer.com - phenothiazine (Pharmacology) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Phenothiazines, along with other antipsychotic, or neuroleptic, drugs are used for such disorders as schizophrenia, paranoia, mania, psychosis resulting from mental deficiency, some forms of senility, hyperactivity in children, and even severe anxiety.
		The most widely used phenothiazine, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), is prescribed for overactive schizophrenics; trifluoperazine (Stelazine) is used for inhibited and withdrawn schizophrenics.
		Because many phenothiazines are potent anti-emetics, i.e., they control vomiting, they may mask symptoms of toxic drug overdosage or of pathological disorders such as brain tumors.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/phenothi.html (317 words)

	PHENOTHIAZINE - (Partially Validated Method #2048)
		Since phenothiazine is a solid at room temperature, collection on a glass fiber filter was tried and found successful.
		Phenothiazine is used as a pesticide, and is used orally to treat pinworm, threadworm, and roundworm infestations.
		Phenothiazine can also be analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector in the sulfur mode, with a detection limit of 0.2 mg/m
	www.osha.gov /dts/sltc/methods/partial/pv2048/2048.html (1226 words)

	Acridine and phenothiazine derivatives as pharmacotherapeutics for prion disease
		Phenothiazines are compounds with a tricyclic scaffold and a side chain extending from the middle ring moiety that have been used to treat psychoses for nearly 50 years (29).
		It is well known that the phenothiazines exhibit large differences in their distribution between plasma and brain (48), arguing that drugs, like the perazines or thioridazine, which could not be reliably examined because of their cytotoxicity to ScN2a cells, might be more potent antiprion drugs than chlorpromazine or even quinacrine.
		Alternatively, very high doses of phenothiazines assuring high concentrations in the brain might be given to produce a state described at the beginning of the chlorpromazine therapy era as "artificial hibernation" (49).
	www.organicconsumers.org /madcow/disease81401.cfm (4203 words)

	PHENOTHIAZINE (DIBENZO-1,4-THIAZINE)
		Phenothiazine, also called dibenzothiazine or thiodiphenylamine is a yellow or green crystalline compound soluble in hot acetic acid, benzene, and ether.
		Phenothiazine and its derivatives are used in as worming agents (anthelmintic) in veterinary medicine effective against a wide range of parasitic insects in animals which provides food for human.
		Phenothiazine is also used as a stabilizer against polymerization of acrylates.
	www.chemicalland21.com /arokorhi/lifescience/phar/PHENOTHIAZINE.htm (414 words)

	Phenothiazine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phenothiazines are the largest of the 5 main classes of antipsychotic drugs.
		There are three groups of phenothiazines, differing by their chemical structure and their pharmacological effects: -
		The phenothiazines are derived from a compound called phenothiazine, an insecticide
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phenothiazine (144 words)

	Phenothiazine and Worms P. 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The anthelmintics bithionol, phenothiazine, albendazole and fenbendazole were oxidized to sulphoxides by enzymes in the cytosol of the proglottids of the cestode Moniezia expansa and the cytosol of the intestinal epithelial cells of the nematode Ascaris suum.
		Efficacity of copper sulfate, phenothiazine and salt mixture in helminthiasis in sheep.
		Pathology of photosensitization caused by experimental phenothiazine intoxication in cattle and sheep.
	www.bphata.com /Phenwor2.htm (3470 words)

	[No title]
		The ecological magnification (EM) index and biodegradability index (BI) for phenothiazine in algae (Oedogonium cardiacum), daphnia (Daphnia magna), mosquitoes (Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus), snails (Physa sp.), and fish (Gambusia affinis) were 261, 201, 85, 37, and 356 (EM); and 9.4, 1.4, 3.3, 9.5, and 0.6 (BI), respectively (Coats et al., 1976).
		The interim tolerance for phenothiazine in meat, fat, and meat by-products of cattle is 2 ppm (40 CFR 180, Subpart C).
		Trichlorfon, phenothiazine, and piperazine dihydrochloride powder is to be used for horses for removal of various parasites.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /ntpweb/printFriendly.cfm?objectid=6F600729-F1F6-975E-786E26F1781C48C5 (823 words)

	Phenothiazine derivatives, their preparation and therapeutic use - Patent 4183926 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A phenothiazine derivative of the formula: ##STR5## wherein m is an integer from 1 to 3 included, B a therapeutically acceptable acid and A stands for an alkylene chain C.sub.n H.sub.2n in which n is an integer from 1 to 5 included.
		The new derivatives according to this invention are acid addition salts having the general formula: ##STR1## wherein m is an integer from 1 to 3 included, B a therapeutically acceptable acid and A stands for an alkylene chain C.sub.n H.sub.2n in which n is an integer from 1 to 5 included.
		The compounds according to this invention may be prepared by the reaction of the appropriate N-substituted phenothiazine of the formula: ##STR2## on O,O'-isopropylidenyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-5-(N-piperazinylme thyl)-pyridine of the formula: ##STR3## in a solvent such as toluene, in the presence of potassium carbonate and copper, the reaction being performed at the boil for some hours.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4183926.html (1135 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Phenothiazine drugs –; fluphenazine, chlorpromazine, methotrimeprazine and trifluoperazine –; were evaluated as modulating agents against Brazilian chloroquine-resistant fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum.
		The susceptibility of the isolates to chloroquine, phenothiazine drugs and their combinations can be seen in the descriptive analysis lines (Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 show the lines calculated for Isolate 1).
		Inhibition of falcipain and/or a stronger interaction of the phenothiazine drugs with heme moiety compared to that of chloroquine could be responsible for the predominant antiplasmodial effects of these compounds over chloroquine.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc02230 (2677 words)

	Psychotropic 2-trifluoromethyl-10-[3-(3-hydroxy-pyrrolidino)-propyl]-phenothiazine compounds - Patent 4139632 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		New phenothiazine derivatives having the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R represents hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, and A represents a lower alkylene group, and process for the production thereof.
		The phenothiazine derivatives have remarkable activities against the central nervous system, and are useful as psychotropic drugs.
		The phenothiazine derivatives of the present invention represented by the general formula (I) may be produced by several synthetic routes, by taking the chemical structure of the derivatives (I) into consideration.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4139632.html (1700 words)

	Toxicologic Review of Selected Chemicals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		of phenothiazine was associated with skin sensitization but not with other acute systemic effects.
		Phenothiazine has been reported to cause photosensitization of the skin, and intense irritation and itching of the skin have been associated with inhalation of phenothiazine spray (ACGIH 1986/Ex.
		OSHA concludes that the uncontrolled occupational exposures to phenothiazine that were possible in the absence of an OSHA limit pose a significant risk of sensitization, which is a material impairment of health.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/pel88/92-84.html (274 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Antihistamines, Phenothiazine-derivative (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Phenothiazine (FEE-noe-THYE-a-zeen) -derivative antihistamines are used to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever and other types of allergy.
		They work by preventing the effects of a substance called histamine, which is produced by the body.
		However, other phenothiazine medicines caused jaundice and muscle tremors in a few newborn babies whose mothers received these medicines during pregnancy.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202063.html (3234 words)

	The World Market for Heterocyclic Compounds with a Phenothiazine Ring-System but Not Further Fused: A 2005 Global Trade ...
		I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for heterocyclic compounds with a phenothiazine ring-system but not further fused for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports.
		The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for each region, is based on a model which aggregates across over 150 key country markets and projects these to the current year.
		Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of heterocyclic compounds with a phenothiazine ring-system but not further fused to and from all major countries in the world.
	www.marketresearch.com /researchindex/1029562.html (886 words)

	Class Definition for Class 544 - ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- PART OF THE CLASS 532-570 SERIES
		Processes wherein the phenothiazine containing compound is separated from impurities or from the reaction mixture.
		Compounds wherein divalent chalcogen (i.e., oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium) is double bonded directly to the carbon which is bonded directly to the ring nitrogen of the phenothiazine ring system.
		Compounds wherein a nitrogen containing substituent is bonded directly to the ring nitrogen of the phenothiazine ring system.
	www.uspto.gov /go/classification/uspc544/defs544.htm (2984 words)

	DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln \| Experimental investigation of mode anharmonicity in the phenothiazine ...
		Polarized Brillouin spectra of crystals of phenothiazine were measured for thirty-six independent acoustic phonons at eleven separate temperatures in the range 295-225K.
		The UPRS spectra, above and below T$\sb{\rm c}$, are consistent with two possible mechanisms for the SPT in phenothiazine: (1) As the temperature is raised an increase in coupling between two unstable lattice modes, both initially Raman active below T$\sb{\rm c}$, occurs.
		The UPRS spectra are also consistent with a lattice assignment to a Raman band previously assigned as a butterfly wag of the phenothiazine molecule.
	digitalcommons.unl.edu /dissertations/AAI9200151 (355 words)

	DG DISPATCH - ICC: Phenothiazine - The Answer To Multidrug Resistance? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The phenothiazines are closely related to methylene blue and a number of groups have shown how they are able to act in a synergistic fashion with antibiotics to reverse the resistance of the latter.
		In particular, a variety of neuroleptics, antihistamines, as well as some anti-ulcer drugs, have been shown to reverse methicillin- and penicillin-resistance in S. aureus, penicillin resistance in streptococci, and the resistance of Helicobacter pylorii to quinolones and metronidazole.
		"I recommend that a mild phenothiazine, such as thioridazine, is used as an adjuvant to treat suspect antibiotic-resistant intracellular infections, especially when it takes a long time to determine the antibiotic resistance," he said.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/10eba6.htm (366 words)

	TOXILIT - Mitchell, S. C. : The toxicity of phenothiazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Phenothiazine, the parent compound of a multitude of present-day drugs, has been employed on an extensive scale for its insecticidal, fungicidal, antibacterial and anthelmintic properties.
		Almost a catholicon, its widespread use in animals and man has led to the uncovering of many adverse reactions encompassing effects on blood elements, neuromuscular problems and photosensitization.
		The high lipophilicity of phenothiazine and the formation of two redox systems amongst its many metabolites can facilitate the occurrence of generalised macromolecular disruption.
	www.mib.ch /toxi/lit/p41860.html (148 words)

	IngentaConnect Fate of the anthelmintic, phenothiazine, in man (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		From urinary data, it was shown that metabolism occurred via ring carbon oxidation to form phenothiazone and thionol and via ring sulphur oxidation to form phenothiazine sulphoxide.
		The majority of urinary material (92%) was present in the form of conjugates of phenothiazine and phenothiazone.
		Phenothiazine sulphoxide was reduced to phenothiazine during incubation with faecal homogenates.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/tandf/txen/2002/00000032/00000009/art00005 (208 words)

	Phenothiazine binding by a homolog of calpactin, the pp60src tyrosine kinase substrate -- Carraway et al. 1 (1): 46 -- ...
		Phenothiazine binding by a homolog of calpactin, the pp60src tyrosine kinase substrate -- Carraway et al.
		Phenothiazine binding by a homolog of calpactin, the pp60src tyrosine kinase substrate
		AMV-p35 also binds phenothiazine in the absence of calcium.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/abstract/1/1/46 (184 words)

	U.S. Pregrant 20020102310 - Phenothiazine in prill form and method for making the same (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Phenothiazine and its derivatives products are provided with a minimal level of fines or dust as a result of forming such products in prill form.
		Also provided is a method for reducing the level of powder in phenothiazine product which includes forming the phenothiazine product in prill form such that the prills have a generally spherical shape.
		The prill product achieves improved handling, flowability and dissolution times, while minimizing the generation of phenothiazine fines and dust, and the problems associated with worker exposure, irritation and sensitization to such fines and dust.
	cxp.paterra.com /uspregrant20020102310.html (226 words)

	Determination of fluphenazine, related phenothiazine drugs and metabolites by combined high-performance liquid ...
		Determination of fluphenazine, related phenothiazine drugs and metabolites by combined high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay -- Goldstein and Van Vunakis 217 (1): 36 -- Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics
		Articles by Goldstein, S. Articles by Van Vunakis, H. Determination of fluphenazine, related phenothiazine drugs and metabolites by combined high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay
		a phenothiazine drug and its serologically reactive metabolites.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/217/1/36 (292 words)

	The Influence of Phenothiazine and Some of its Derivatives on the Determination of 5-Hydroxyincioleacetic Acid in Urine ...
		The Influence of Phenothiazine and Some of its Derivatives on the Determination of 5-Hydroxyincioleacetic Acid in Urine -- Ross et al.
		The Influence of Phenothiazine and Some of its Derivatives on the Determination of 5-Hydroxyincioleacetic Acid in Urine
		of phenothiazine interfere with the chemical determination of
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/abstract/4/1/66 (222 words)

	Regioselective synthesis of N-acyl- and N-alkyldioxolo[4,5-b]phenothiazines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The phenothiazines, exemplified by chlorpromazine, are the largest and most widely investigated class of neuroleptic agents.
		The important feature of these compounds is that the amino group is separated from the nitrogen atom of the phenothiazine ring by a carbon chain.
		Currently, further studies are in progress to explore the scope of this approach for the synthesis of other heterocycles.
	www.arkat-usa.org /ark/journal/2000/I04_General/0-075F/0058.asp (2942 words)

	Phenothiazine - toxicity, ecologicial toxicity and regulatory information
		Phenothiazine - toxicity, ecologicial toxicity and regulatory information
		Phenothiazine - Identification, toxicity, use, water pollution potential, ecological toxicity and regulatory information
		There may be other diseases and chemicals that have similar symptoms.
	www.pesticideinfo.org /Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC34061 (749 words)

	The World Market for Heterocyclic Compounds with a Phenothiazine Ring-System but Not Further Fused: A 2004 Global Trade ...
		Excerpt: On the demand side, exporters and strategic planners approaching the world market face a number of questions.
		The total level of imports and exports on a worldwide basis, and those for each region, is based on a model which aggregates across country markets and projects these to the current year.
		Of the countries considered, if a country is not reported here it is therefore estimated to have only a negligible level of trade in heterocyclic compounds with a phenothiazine ring-system but not further fused (i.e.
	www.marketresearch.com /researchindex/917637.html (725 words)

	phenothiazine on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Acute pulmonary edema induced by overdosage of phenothiazines.
		AVECIA LTD.(to increase price of PTZ phenothiazine high-performance stabilizers)(Brief Article)
		RUGBY UNION: Beaten Romanians suspect players' breakfast had been spiked.(Sport)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p1/phenothi.asp (411 words)

	IngentaConnect Inhibition of Butyrylcholinesterase by Phenothiazine Derivatives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The inhibition of horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) by 10 phenothiazine or thioxanthene derivatives was studied with a purified enzyme.
		Most compounds were mixed inhibitors, but for some of them an apparent competitive inhibition was observed.
		This quantitative model suggested hydrophobic and charge-transfer interactions of the phenothiazine ring with a tryptophan residue at the "anionic" site of the enzyme, and a hydrophobic interaction of the lateral chain with non-polar amino acids.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/tandf/genz/2002/00000017/00000003/art00007 (235 words)

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