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Topic: Phenotypic plasticity

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	Plasticity and Norms
		Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of individuals to alter its physiology, morphology and/or behavior in response to a change in the environmental conditions.
		In the context of evolution, phenotypic plasticity demonstrates the two meanings of adaptation: the plastic response is itself an example of a physiological adaptation and it is widely held that the ability to be plastic is adaptive in the sense of increasing fitness.
		Another variant form of the plasticity issue is that some organisms may exhibit threshold effects where there is not a clear gradual transition between forms, but a stepwise change of phenotype in response to a gradual environmental change.
	biomed.brown.edu /Courses/BIO48/32.Plasticity&Norms.HTML (818 words)

	Podolsky - phenotypic plasticity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Phenotypic plasticity allows many organisms to adaptively match trait expression to particular environments.
		We have found that the expression of developmental plasticity in these ophiuroids is similar in timing, persistence, and magnitude to results previously published for echinoids.
		Our demonstration of plasticity in larval skeletal growth is one of first examples where plasticity for a convergently-evolved trait appears itself to be convergent.
	www.unc.edu /~podolsky/plasticity.htm (310 words)

	Sneak Preview
		Phenotypic Plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture is the first work to synthesize the burgeoning area of plasticity studies, providing a conceptual overview as well as a technical treatment of its major components.
		Plasticity research asks foundational questions about how living organisms are capable of variation in their genetic makeup and in their responses to environmental factors.
		Phenotypic Plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture thoroughly reviews more than two decades of research, and thus will be of interest to both students and professionals in evolutionary biology, ecology, and genetics.
	botany1.bio.utk.edu /evo-eco/preview.htm (319 words)

	Plant phenotypic plasticity and non
		It is logical and consistent with zoological terminology to describe such phenotypic plasticity expressed within an individual during its lifetime as `behaviour', although ignorance of the wide repertoire of responses found in plants sometimes elicits derision of the term `plant behaviour' from the incognoscenti.
		Phenotypic plasticity of a behavioural kind is by no means confined to morphological responses, but also includes physiological responses, such as acclimation (Box A) to light (Carlos Ballaré, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina).
		Phenotypic plasticity: The response by an organism to an environmental stimulus.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Ecology/plant_phenotypic_plasticity_and_.htm (1668 words)

	Phenotypic plasticity and evolution by genetic assimilation -- Pigliucci et al. 209 (12): 2362 -- Journal of ...
		not all phenotypic plasticity is adaptive (in the evolutionary
		of phenotypic plasticity (PP) as an adaptive trait.
		plasticity is a mechanism in the sense of a proximate cause
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/209/12/2362 (3588 words)

	Research Projects
		Plasticity of morphological characters is an inherently developmental phenomenon.
		The particular phenotypic expression of a flower (and by extension, any plant part) depends jointly on two factors: the developmental history (which will reflect the history of both the external and internal environment) of the individual that bears it, and the position of that plant part within the architectural ground plan of the plant.
		In any analysis of phenotypic plasticity in metameric organisms, it is critical to separate these two factors; only developmental history incorporates plastic responses to the environment.
	spot.colorado.edu /~diggle/Research.html (1445 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Phenotypic plasticity of fine root growth increases plant productivity in pine seedlings
		Phenotypic plasticity is the potential of an organism to alter its phenotype in changing environments [15-19].
		Phenotypic plasticity may play an important role in plant adaptation and evolution by combining a physiological buffering to poor environmental conditions with an improved response to favorable conditions [20].
		However, the degree of plasticity, defined as the absolute difference between the two treatments [16], was strikingly greater for the fine-root proportion than foliage proportion, especially for the "xeric" ecotype.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6785/4/14 (3354 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Phenotypic plasticity from a pr
		This is one of the first known examples of reciprocal phenotypic plasticity in a predator-prey system.
		Nevertheless, I discuss the hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity in both species is a result of (diffuse) coevolution.
		Second, the maintenance of phenotypic plasticity requires that both the defense and the offense are sufficiently strong.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2003/22/publZIM30.html (429 words)

	Phenotypic plasticity of rice seedlings: case of p deficiency
		This phenotypic plasticity was studied in young rice plants using P deficiency as “deforming” factor, in order to understand the genetic and physiological control of morphogenesis.
		The objective of this study is to identify morphogenetic processes that show strong phenotypic plasticity in rice at the root and shoot levels, and to describe them in terms of the underlying organogenesis and sink dynamics.
		This study aimed at analyzing the phenotypic plasticity of rice seedlings exhibited under variable P resources, a factor that is known to change plant morphology.
	www.cropscience.org.au /icsc2004/poster/2/5/4/791_luquetd.htm (1875 words)

	Phenotypic plasticity in foraging behavior of sawfly larvae Ecology - Find Articles
		Phenotypic plasticity in foraging behavior of sawfly larvae
		Phenotypic plasticity, an ability of a genotype to express different phenotypes in response to different environments, may be adaptive or purely environmentally constrained.
		Adaptive plasticity should be of particular importance to organisms with restricted movement or a sessile life-style, because they must necessarily cope with variation in local environmental conditions.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_4_80/ai_54994054?... (848 words)

	Re: What is phenotypic plasticity, and how might it complicate taxonomy?
		Phenotypic plasticity is when an organism activates different phenotypes in response to its environment.
		It is believed that phenotypic plasticity evolved to allow organisms a greater chance of survival in their ever-changing surroundings.
		An organism that has used phenotypic plasticity to adapt to a unique environment may not be genetically different than its cousin in the next pond over, BUT it has the potential to evolve into a different species.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/feb2002/1013011013.Ev.r.html (386 words)

	Phenotypic plasticity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Such plasticity in some cases expresses as several highly morphologically distinct results; in other cases, a continuous norm of reaction describes the functional interrelationship of a range of environments to a range of phenotypes.
		A highly illustrative example of phenotypic plasticity is found in the social insects, colonies of which depend on the division of their members into distinct castes, such as workers and guards.
		In epidemiology, a popular theory is that rising incidences of coronary heart disease and Type II diabetes in human populations undergoing industrialization is due to a mismatch between a metabolic phenotype determined in development and the nutritional environment an individual is subsequently exposed to.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity (353 words)

	The Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity Through the Baldwin Effect
		Given that genotype (one's genetic code) is fixed at the time of conception, plasticity of phenotype (phenotype being the actualisation of genetic potential through interaction with the environment-the individual organism taken as such) also represents a broad measure of an individual organism's fitness (a measure of the organism's success in reproduction).
		This is because plasticity arising from high cognitive capacity is universally advantageous, tending to contribute to any organism's fit-ness regardless of the specific circumstances of its life.
		In contrast, phenotypic plasticity affords the organism the ability to adapt to its environment, typically through the use of intelligence.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /pcu/noesis/issue_vi/noesis_vi_4.html (4515 words)

	Phenotypic Plasticity of Native Soft-Shell Clams in Response to Chemical and Physical Stimuli from Invasive Green Crab ...
		Phenotypic Plasticity of Native Soft-Shell Clams in Response to Chemical and Physical Stimuli from Invasive Green Crab Predation, University of Michigan.
		Examining plasticity of natives in response to introduced predators may indicate the potential of native populations to survive invasion (Leonard, 1999).
		Therefore, in this study we compared the phenotypic plasticity of adult clam responses to chemical and physical stimuli released during crab foraging and predation in the field.
	sgnis.org /publicat/whitlowl.htm (1089 words)

	Pamela K. Diggle - research interests
		Research in my lab is focused on several overlapping aspects of plant morphological evolution: the role of development in the evolution and expression of phenotypic plasticity, architectural (positional) variation among plant metamers, and the evolutionary diversification of plant sexual systems.
		This research has two primary foci: 1) identification of developmental constraints on the potential for expression of phenotypic plasticity, and 2) construction of developmental models to distinguish between true phenotypic plasticity and architectural effects on phenotypic expression in metameric organisms.
		As a consequence, much intra-individual phenotypic variation among metamers is interpreted as plastic responses to temporal changes in the internal or external environment.
	www.colorado.edu /eeb/MORPH/labs/interests/diggle_ri.html (339 words)

	Evolution of Human Phenotypic Plasticity: Age and Nutritional Status at Maturity, The Human Biology - Find Articles
		Given the historical difficulties of associating specific genes with phenotypic traits, human biologists have concentrated their attention on human plasticity, with the assumption that plastic traits are not under genetic control.
		All that is required for the evolution of human plastic responses is genotype by environmental interaction at appropriate loci (Stearns 1992; Scheiner 1993).
		In this case there is strong interaction since the norm of reactions (phenotypic plasticity) of the two homozygous genotypes cross.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200308/ai_n9248963 (873 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to alter its phenotype in response to the environment.
		The study of phenotypic plasticity is therefore the study of how genetics and ecology interact to determine phenotypic expression and to alter evolutionary and ecological processes.
		The last portion of the course will be devoted to discussing evolutionary and ecological consequences of plasticity, including niche-breadth evolution, life-history and demographic variation, and the consequences of plasticity as habitat selection.
	www.oeb.harvard.edu /faculty/donohue/Plasticity.html (185 words)

	A quantitative genetic analysis of phenotypic plasticity of diapause induction in the cricket Allonemobius socius
		Such phenotypic plasticity results in a mapping between phenotype and environment that is known as the reaction norm (for a review of the concept see Schlichting and Pigliucci, 1998).
		All phenotypic and genetic correlations between the proportion of diapausing eggs produced at different ages were significantly different from zero (mean - 2 SE > 0 in all cases; note that because of sample size this test is equivalent to a test based on the estimated t-value, Table 3).
		The phenotypic correlation was approximately 0.60 and was significantly less than 1 (mean + 2 SE <1 in all cases), whereas the genetic correlation was generally very close to 1 and in no case was it significantly different from 1 (mean + 2 SE > 1 in all cases).
	www.nature.com /hdy/journal/v84/n2/full/6886500a.html (4507 words)

	Amazon.com: Phenotypic Plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture (Syntheses in Ecology and Evolution): Books: Massimo ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Phenotypic Plasticity examines the way elements outside the organism influence the effects of the collection of genes that constitute an organism (genotype) to form it (phenotype).
		First, he carefully explicates the concept of phenotypic plasticity, the often misunderstood idea of "heritability," and the way plasticity is studied by biologists.
		Phenotypic Plasticity is a sweeping review of the literature that is forging a new paradigm in biology, closing the loop in the misleading dichotomy between nature and nurture.
	www.amazon.com /Phenotypic-Plasticity-Nurture-Syntheses-Evolution/dp/0801867886 (1724 words)

	Phenotypic Plasticity in the Reproduction of Galapagos Lizards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Phenotypic Plasticity in the Reproduction of Galapagos Lizards
		Assuming that egg size determines neonate size, theory predicts that the cause of such plasticity is an increase in the strength of natural selection on neonate size late in the reproductive season.
		Jordan, M.A. and Snell, H.L. Phenotypic plasticity in the reproduction of Galapagos lava lizards.
	www.darwinfoundation.org /articles/calif22069915.html (436 words)

	UZH - Institute of Zoology - Phenotypic plasticity project
		Our empirical focus is on amphibian larvae because they are experimentally tractable, the connection between phenotypic variation and performance can be estimated, and they appear to show both ecological specialization and generalization.
		The extent to which individuals move among ponds is also important, and we are screening populations at microsatellite loci to obtain indirect estimates of dispersal.
		The goal of all these efforts is to reach a general understanding of how different scales of environmental variation give rise to population structure, including demography and dynamics, and adaptive and neutral genetic variation.
	www.zool.unizh.ch /Research/Ecology/Researchgroups/PhenotypicPlasticity_en.html (296 words)

	References for Phenotypic Plasticity Module
		Denver, R.J. Proximate mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity in amphibian metamorphosis.
		Scheiner, S.M. Genetics and evolution of phenotypic plasticity.
		Stearns, S.C. The evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity.
	www.zoo.ufl.edu /ip/2000-01/plasticityreferences.html (272 words)

	The evolutionary consequences of ecological interactions mediated through phenotypic plasticity -- Fordyce 209 (12): ...
		Phenotypic plasticity describes the capacity of a genotype to
		to exhibit a carnivorous phenotype, a plastic response to the
		(B) A plastic response of the plants shifts the distribution of phenotypes in the population.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/209/12/2377 (4383 words)

	Johns Hopkins University Press \| Books \| Phenotypic Plasticity
		A brief epilogue looks at how plasticity studies shed light on the nature/nurture debate in the popular media.
		It provides both a solid basis for understanding the subject and an inspiring synthesis of the current state of the discipline, and so can be equally recommended for students starting their research, for experts in the field and for all scientists generally interested in phenotypic plasticity.
		Massimo Pigliucci is an associate professor in the Departments of Botany and of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
	www.press.jhu.edu /books/title_pages/2131.html (656 words)

	Consequences of phenotypic plasticity vs. interspecific differences in leaf and root traits for acquisition of ...
		Phenotypic plasticity in response to photon flux density
		Adaptive constraints for phenotypic plasticity and for interspecific
		Schlichting, C. 1986 The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/87/3/402 (5395 words)

	RE: Evolution of phenotypic plasticity
		Because phenotypic plasticity is a name for a response to environmental conditions, its expression is under environmental control.
		Your suggestion at the end of your question, that phenotypic plasticity might serve as a buffer, preventing the action of selection on genes by providing the "desired" morphology without genetic change, is obviously true.
		Indeed, here is the benefit of phenotypic plasticity: it gives the organism the opportunity to adapt to environmental conditions during its ontogeny (and without dying), rather than through the much longer process of differention survival and reproduction over numerous generations.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/dec96/830481132.Ev.r.html (336 words)

	Physiology Underlying Phenotypic Plasticity and Polyphenisms: Introduction to the Symposium -- Hatle 43 (5): 605 -- ...
		The regulation of phenotypic plasticity of eyespots in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana.
		Denver, R. Environmental stress as a developmental cue: Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a proximate mediator of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in amphibian metamorphosis.
		Plasticity of insect reproduction: Testing models of flexible and fixed development in response to different growth rates.
	icb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/43/5/605 (1002 words)

	Phenotypic Evolution: A Reaction Norm Perspective - Sinauer Associates, Inc.
		Understanding the process of adaptive evolution of phenotypes is a fundamental problem in evolutionary biology.
		In the last decade, there has been an explosion of research on phenotypic plasticity (the environmentally induced production of different phenotypes by a single genotype) as well as on the molecular details of development, reflecting the increased recognition of their importance in shaping phenotypic evolution.
		Phenotypic Evolution: A Reaction Norm Perspective can serve as a text for graduate-level courses and seminars on phenotypic evolution or evolutionary developmental biology, and as a supplemental text for evolutionary biology.
	www.sinauer.com /detail.php?id=7994 (354 words)

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