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Topic: Phenytoin

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	Phenytoin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Phenytoin sodium (marketed as Dilantin ® by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1953 as an anti-convulsant.
		Phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) was first synthesized by a German physician named Heinrich Biltz in 1908.
		Jack Dreyfus, founder of the Dreyfus Fund, became a major proponent of phenytoin as a means to control nervousness and depression when he received a prescription for Dilantin in 1966.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Phenytoin.html (414 words)

	Phenytoin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phenytoin sodium (marketed as Dilantin® in the USA and as Epanutin® in the UK, by Parke-Davis, now part of Pfizer) is a commonly used antiepileptic.
		Phenytoin acts to damp the unwanted, runaway brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain cells.
		Phenytoin may accumulate in the cerebral cortex over long periods of time, as well as causing atrophy of the cerebellum when administered at chronically high levels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phenytoin (661 words)

	Pregnancy and phenytoin () : Epilepsy.com
		The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists phenytoin in Pregnancy Category D. This indicates that there is clear evidence of risk to the human fetus, but the benefits may outweigh the risk for pregnant women who have a serious condition that cannot be treated effectively with a safer drug.
		Phenytoin does not clearly differ from other seizure medicines in the type of defects that may occur.
		Since 90% of phenytoin is bound to plasma proteins in the mother's blood, the level in breast milk is about 10% of the level in the mother's blood.
	www.epilepsy.com /medications/a_phenytoin_pregnancy.html (436 words)

	Parkinsn's List Drug DataBase phenytoin / Dilantin
		Phenytoin exerts its anticonvulsant effect mainly by limiting the spread of seizure activity and reducing seizure propagation, unlike phenobarbital and carbamazepine, which elevate the seizure threshold.
		Phenytoin interacts with the oral anticoagulants dicoumarol and warfarin, although warfarin does not appear to be affected to the same degree as dicoumarol.
		Phenytoin is a mild, albeit significant, inducer of hepatic microsomal enzymes.
	www.parkinsons-information-exchange-network-online.com /drugdb/103.html (3612 words)

	phenytoin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Phenytoin (a hydantoin derivative chemically similar to phenobarbital) is a drug of choice in controlling grand mal and focal motor seizure activity.
		Phenytoin appears to inhibit the spread of seizure activity by inhibiting sodium influx into neurons, thereby stabilizing the neuron’s threshold against excitability caused by excess stimulation.
		Phenytoin has also been used to treat digitalis-induced atrial and ventricular dysrhythmias by stabilizing the sodium influx in Purkinje fibers of the heart, decreasing abnormal ventricular automaticity, and decreasing the refractory period.
	www.templejc.edu /dept/ems/drugs/phenytoin.html (230 words)

	Phenytoin, Phenytoin Sodium, Dilantin Pharmacology - HealthyPlace.com
		Phenytoin reduces the maximal activity of brain stem centers responsible for the tonic phase of tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures.
		Phenytoin Sodium Capsules is indicated for the control of generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) and complex partial (psychomotor, temporal lobe) seizures and prevention and treatment of seizures occurring during or following neurosurgery.
		Periodic measurement of serum phenytoin levels is particularly valuable in the management of a pregnant epileptic patient as a guide to an appropriate adjustment of dosage.
	www.healthyplace.com /medications/phenytoin.htm (2424 words)

	ASAM Clinical Practice Guideline, Phenytoin and Withdrawal, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Since phenytoin is not without potential adverse effects, this guideline was developed to clarify the role of phenytoin in managing patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
		Recommendations for the role of phenytoin in the management of alcohol withdrawal for different classifications of patients were formulated based upon available research evidence and/or the consensus of expert clinicians.
		Phenytoin: Recurrent seizures in 6 of 28 patients (21%).
	www.asam.org /publ/dilantin.htm (4022 words)

	phenytoin (Dilantin) - drug class, medical uses, medication side effects, and drug interactions by MedicineNet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Phenytoin was originally approved by the FDA in 1939.
		Phenytoin can interact with these drugs not only when it is added to therapy but also when it is discontinued.
		Phenytoin can cause the platelet or white blood cell counts to drop, increasing the risk of bleeding or infection, respectively.
	www.medicinenet.com /phenytoin/article.htm (783 words)

	Baylor Health Care System: Phenytoin vs fosphenytoin
		Fosphenytoin, the long-awaited phosphate ester pro-drug of phenytoin, was developed to overcome many of the complications associated with parenteral phenytoin administration and was intended to replace Dilantin (2, 3).
		Phenytoin displacement is highest after intravenous administration of a large loading dose of fosphenytoin (~15 mg/kg) infused at a rapid rate (50 to 150 mg PE/min).
		Follow-up phenytoin concentrations are recommended at least 5 to 7 half-lives after treatment initiation, dose change, or drug change (i.e., when any drug known to interact with phenytoin is added or deleted from the patient's regimen).
	www.baylorhealth.edu /proceedings/12_3/12_3_gurkturner.html (2886 words)

	eMJA: Phenytoin for the prevention of motion sickness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Phenytoin was found to be four times as effective as any other single agent in increasing tolerance to motion stress.
		Phenytoin was given in loading doses in the 24 hours before the trials and then maintained at anticonvulsant levels through regular serum testing and titrated doses.
		Phenytoin did not cause degradation in function, although at higher serum levels (beyond those required for efficacy) participants did report a number of subjective side effects (eg, lightheadedness).
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/178_11_020603/alb10850_fm.html (960 words)

	National MS Society \| Dilantin (Phenytoin)
		Phenytoin is one of a group of hydantoin anticonvulsants that are used most commonly in the management of seizures in epilepsy.
		It is used in MS to manage painful dysesthesias (most commonly trigeminal neuralgia) caused by abnormalities in the sensory pathways in the brain and spinal cord.
		Be sure to tell your physician if you are pregnant or considering becoming pregnant.· Phenytoin passes into breast milk in small amounts.
	www.nationalmssociety.org /Meds-Phenytoin.asp (499 words)

	TREATMENTS FOR EPILEPSY
		Phenytoin is most often used in the treatment of epilepsy, to help control fits or flouts.
		Phenytoin is also occasionally used to relieve the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia (a painful condition of the face) and some other conditions.
		Phenytoin tablets and capsules should be swallowed whole with plenty of water (about a half a glass) whilst sitting or standing, so that they reach the stomach and do not stick in the throat.
	www.nmhct.nhs.uk /pharmacy/epi4.htm (2429 words)

	Phenytoin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Phenytoin sodium (marketed as "Dilantin" by Parke-Davis[?], now part of Pfizer) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1953 as an anti-convulsant[?].
		In 1938, outside doctors discovered phenytoin's usefulness for controlling seizures, without the sedation effects associated with phenobarbital[?].
		Jack Dreyfus[?], founder of the Dreyfus Fund[?], became a major proponent of phenytoin as an a means to control nervousness and depression when he received a prescription for Dilantin in 1966.
	www.findword.org /ph/phenytoin.html (541 words)

	Phenytoin in cutaneous medicine: Its uses, mechanisms and side effects
		Phenytoin seems promising in enhancing the healing of decubitus ulcers.[28] In a comparison involving 47 patients with stage II decubitus ulcers, treatment with phenytoin, DuoDerm® dressings or triple antibiotic ointment applications all resulted in reduction of the ulcers.
		Phenytoin can also cause hirsutism.[61] It occurs in about 12 percent of children receiving phenytoin, usually within 3 months of initiating therapy.[62] It occurs on the extensor surfaces of the extremities and on the trunk and face.
		Phenytoin causes a hypersensitivity syndrome that manifests with fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy.[100] Its incidence is one in 1,000-10,000 exposures.
	dermatology.cdlib.org /93/reviews/dilantin/scheinfeld.html (4756 words)

	Pharmacology
		You begin her on phenytoin therapy for a newly diagnosed seizure disorder.
		A 26-Year-old female suffering from complex partial seizures is receiving treatment with phenytoin 400 mg (blood level 11 mg/L), and carbamazepine 600 mg/day (blood level 5.3 mg/L).
		She is currently taking medication for hypertension and phenobarbital and phenytoin for seizures.
	research.med.umkc.edu /pharm/tests/Anticon.html (1712 words)

	Phenytoin Information from Drugs.com
		If you are a diabetic and are taking phenytoin, watch for changes in blood sugar levels that may be caused by this medication.
		Phenytoin is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is not known whether phenytoin will be harmful to an unborn baby.
		Phenytoin passes into breast milk and may affect a nursing infant.
	www.drugs.com /phenytoin.html (1443 words)

	Phenytoin for epilepsy
		Phenytoin should not be used to treat absence seizures or myoclonic seizures.
		Phenytoin is very effective for preventing generalized tonic-clonic seizures (although it does not prevent other types of generalized seizures).
		Phenytoin has been shown to increase the risk of birth defects, especially heart defects, cleft lip and cleft palate, and milder defects affecting the face, skull, and fingers and toes.
	my.webmd.com /hw/epilepsy/hw109864.asp (407 words)

	Phenytoin in traumatic brain injury -- Hunt 86 (1): 62 -- Archives of Disease in Childhood
		Phenytoin in traumatic brain injury -- Hunt 86 (1): 62 -- Archives of Disease in Childhood
		A randomized, double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures.
		Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine in patients recovering from brain trauma: a comparative study.
	adc.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/86/1/62 (640 words)

	Can phenytoin be taken with other medicines? () : Epilepsy.com
		For instance, one or two drinks of alcohol will seldom affect the level of phenytoin in any important way, but if a person who does not often consume alcohol has several drinks within a short time, the level of phenytoin in the blood may be significantly increased, causing problems with side effects.
		Phenytoin makes birth control pills less effective, so the chances of becoming pregnant are greater.
		Phenytoin may increase the blood level of a few other medicines, possibly including warfarin (Coumadin)—the effect on warfarin varies from person to person.
	www.epilepsy.com /medications/i_phenytoin_othermeds.html (635 words)

	Side Effects of Phenytoin
		The half-life of this conversion is 8-15 min and is independent of the plasma concentrations of either fosphenytoin or phenytoin.
		Phenytoin is weakly acidic and poorly soluble at neutral pH, sodium hydroxide is added to raise the pH of the solution.
		Incidence and clinical consequence of the purple glove syndrome in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin.
	www.neuroland.com /sz/anticon/se_dph.htm (313 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Phenytoin : Article by Charlene A Miller, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Phenytoin's inhibitory effect is dependent on the voltage and frequency of neural cell firing by selectively blocking the neurons that are firing at high frequency.
		Free phenytoin levels range from 1-2 mcg/mL and correlate well with clinical evidence of toxicity (ie, individuals with decreased protein binding may have signs and symptoms of toxicity despite a normal total phenytoin level; however, their free phenytoin level is elevated).
		Phenytoin decreases serum levels of amiodarone, carbamazepine, contraceptives, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, disopyramide, doxycycline, furosemide, levodopa, methadone, mexiletine, quinidine, theophylline, and valproic acid.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic421.htm (2653 words)

	Generic Phenytoin for Depression - Drug Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Generic Phenytoin is also sometimes used to treat certain types of pain, illness accompanied by anxiety, agitation, restlessness, disturbances of sleep, masked depression, dysphoria, depression in alcoholics and childhood bed wetting.
		Depression is believed to be caused by imbalance of a chemical in brain called serotonin.Phenytoin prevents the re-absorption of noradrenaline and serotonin back into nerve cells and helps to prolong the mood-lightening effect of any released noradrenaline and serotonin, thereby improving the symptoms of depression.
		Phenytoin product name, whether or not appearing in large print or with the trademark symbol, are trademarks of Aventis Pharmaceuticals.
	www.buygenericphenytoin.com (406 words)

	phenytoin (Dilantin) dosing calculator by D.McAuley
		Estimating phenytoin concentrations by the Sheiner-Tozer method in adults with pronounced hypoalbuminemia.
		Mabuchi H, Nakahashi H. A major inhibitor of phenytoin binding to serum protein in uremia.
		Predicting unbound phenytoin concentrations in the critically ill neurosurgical patient.
	www.globalrph.com /phenytoin.htm (330 words)

	Epilepsy Medications: phenytoin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Phenytoin is used to control generalized tonic clonic (grand mal) and complex partial (temporal lobe) seizures and for the prevention and treatment of seizures occurring during or following neurosurgery.
		If seizure control is well established, phenytoin may be taken once a day.
		Drug Interactions: Phenytoin binds with plasma protein and can be displaced by other drugs that bind in the same way.
	www.neuro.jhmi.edu /Epilepsy/meds/dilantin.html (345 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Anticonvulsants, Hydantoin (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Phenytoin also may be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.
		Because fosphenytoin is converted to phenytoin in your body, it has the same effects as those listed for phenytoin in the following sections.
		The usual dose is 5 mg of phenytoin per kilogram (kg) (2.3 mg per pound) of body weight to start.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202052.html (2774 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Phenytoin Oral
		Phenytoin is used to treat various types of convulsions and seizures.
		Phenytoin is also used to control arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat) and to treat migraine headaches and facial nerve pain.
		Phenytoin affects the action of other medications, and many medications can affect the action of phenytoin.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682022.html (790 words)

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