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Topic: Pheromones

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	Pheromones
		Pheromones are chemicals emitted by living organisms to send messages to individuals of the same species.
		Bombykol, the sex pheromone of the silkmoth, was first synthesized in 1959.
		During the past 40 years, pheromones of hundreds of insect species have been chemically elucidated, including the sex pheromone of the codling moth.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /pheronet/pherom.html (582 words)

	PHEROMONES
		The use of pheromones in control is similar to methods used for monitoring but involves mechanisms which either kill the insect directly on contact with the trap, or serve to disseminate a chemical or pathogen which later renders them and, depending on the method others they contact, dead.
		Pheromones are chemicals which when released result in either attracting or dispersing insects of the same species, that is to say they are intraspecific.
		Aggregation pheromones which may or may not be produced by either sex to congregate the species for feeding or reproduction, and alarm pheromones that serve to rapidly disperse a group of insects usually as a response to predation (Nordlund 1981).
	www.roberth.u-net.com /Pheromones.htm (2489 words)

	Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Pheromones in Insects
		Pheromones have long been known to be important to the lives of insects in mating, as witnessed, for example, in some of the larger silkworm family moths, where males are noted to travel nearly 30 miles to a female, following a pheromone trail in the air.
		In Honeybee colonies, the queens secrete a glandular substance (a pheromone) that is passed among worker castes, and this secretion coordinates nearly all activities of the workers.
		The normal effect of a sex pheromone is to attract male mealworm beetles to the female, but it has been found that the first male to mate with the female then covers her with another pheromone, an anti-aphrodisiac, which dissuades other males from mating with her.
	www.si.edu /resource/faq/nmnh/buginfo/pheromones.htm (699 words)

	Pheromones - Crystalinks
		A pheromone is any chemical or set of chemicals produced by a living organism that transmits a message to other members of the same species.
		Insect pheromones of pest species, such as the Japanese beetle and the gypsy moth, can be used to trap them for monitoring purposes or for control by creating confusion, disrupting mating and preventing them from laying eggs.
		Pheromones in humans are postulated to be produced by the apocrine glands.
	www.crystalinks.com /pheromones.html (932 words)

	Insect aggregation pheromones
		Pheromones are chemical signals from one organism that stimulate a response in another organism of the same specie.
		Pheromonal communication is present in insects, pheromones being employed to mediate a wide variety of behaviour.
		In spite of the potential value of aggregation pheromones, in the context of integrated pest management we have to take into account that we are incorporating an approach that requires a sophisticated understanding of the target insect, of the pheromones which demand precise timing and uses small dosages and high cost of synthesis compounds.
	www.msu.edu /user/miller20/carmona.htm (3200 words)

	Human Pheromones
		Pheromones exert their influence whether or not an animal is conscious of pheromone detection; the animal may not be aware that it is responding to an odor.
		Pheromonally induced alterations of LH and of FSH are common in terrestrial mammals.
		Pheromonal influences on GnRHdirected rhythmicity of hypothalamic function are of key importance with respect to humans falling in love (Money and Lewis, 1990), and pheromones remain a factor in properly timed human reproductive sexual behavior (Persky, et al.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/images/human_pheromones.htm (10029 words)

	Pheromones, in context
		This is a field of research where the opinions of experts range from gung-ho boosterism to outright skepticism, where accusations of data fudging and sexism fly, and where the popular press is always watching from the sidelines, ready to trumpet each new claim and counterclaim to the world as soon as it is made.
		There were hints that the pheromones in question were associated with underarm secretions, but it took until 1998 for McClintock and Kathleen Stern, PhD, to show that fluids collected from a donor woman's underarms, when applied to the upper lip of a female recipient, could hasten or delay the recipient's menstrual period.
		The pheromones thought to be responsible for menstrual synchrony are known as "primers"--substances that can influence long-term changes in hormone levels, such as those that take place during the menstrual cycle, the onset of puberty or pregnancy.
	www.apa.org /monitor/oct02/pheromones.html (1861 words)

	Understanding Semiochemicals with Emphasis on Insect Sex Pheromones in Integrated Pest Management Programs
		Pheromones may be further classified on the basis of the interaction mediated, such as alarm, aggregation or sex pheromone.
		The pheromone of the European corn borer was identified as a mixture of Z- and E-isomers of 11 tetradecenyl acetate in the early 1970's.
		Pheromone traps are used to monitor populations with large cone traps catching approximately seven times as many males as wing traps which rely on a limited amount of sticky surface.
	ipmworld.umn.edu /chapters/flint.htm (4276 words)

	What are Pheromones?
		Pheromones are naturally occurring substances the fertile body excretes externally, conveying an airborne message to trigger a response from the opposite sex of the same species.
		Pheromones were first defined in 1959 as chemical substances excreted by animals to trigger REPRODUCTIVE behavioral response from a recipient of the same species.
		Athena Pheromone fragrance additives have been the subject of three double-blind, placebo-controlled published studies (two of them by independent researchers) demonstrating their efficacy in increasing sexual attractiveness.
	www.athenainstitute.com /pherodef.html (306 words)

	Communicating through pheromones
		Pheromones are best known for their ability to attract members of the opposite sex—something that’s been proven in insects and rodents.
		Pheromones themselves seem to be critical to sexual behavior in some mammals, including hamsters, rats and pigs.
		Her research finds that, at least in rats, two pheromones are at work: one shortens the female reproductive cycle, the other lengthens the cycle.
	www.apa.org /monitor/jan98/phero.html (1565 words)

	The Human Pheromone Discovery
		Animal pheromones were so well understood, by the late 70's, that manufacturers were marketing them as pest controls; pheromones were used to lure and divert animals and bugs to traps to prevent crop and flower damage.
		We provided the proof that women and men emitted pheromones into the atmosphere and we showed that extracted pheromones could be collected, frozen for over a year, thawed and then applied on the upper lip of recipients to mimic some of the pheromonal effects found in nature.
		Although claims of discovering a human pheromone are not new, the older claims have not been based on controlled experiments and most scientists have not found the arguments persuasive.
	www.athenainstitute.com /discovery.html (1590 words)

	Pheromones - The Power of Sexual Response
		Pheromones are naturally occurring chemicals that send out signals to the opposite sex (or the same sex) that trigger power sexual response.
		Pheromones are odorless, airborne chemical signals that are released by an individual into the environment.
		The secretion of pheromones by humans is believed to dramatically increase both desirability and sexual attractiveness in both men and women.
	www.coolnurse.com /pheromones.htm (579 words)

	[No title]
		The term pheromone - from the Greek roots of pherin, to transfer, and hormone, to excite - describes a class of chemicals that are communicated between animals of the same species and that elicit stereotyped behavioural or neuroendocrine responses.
		When pheromones were first discovered in the late 1950s they were defined as “..substances which are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species, in which they release a specific reaction, for example, a definite behaviour or a developmental process” (Karlson and Luscher, 1959).
		Pheromones are well established in many species but the their existence in humans is still controversial.
	www.cf.ac.uk /biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/pherom.html (3080 words)

	Androstenol, Androsterone, and Androstenone Human Pheromones Information
		Ants use pheromones to help find their way back home after seeking out food, and similarly have the capability to detect a foreign ant by its separate pheromone identity.
		Their pheromone secretion alerts other members of the hive to danger and in a military type fashion, calls for reinforcements.
		As the media became exposed to products containing true pheromone isolation and its effectiveness for the use of attraction, networks began to perform their own experiments and researching studies often finding the same result.
	bdcconcepts.com /pheromones (607 words)

	♥♥Pheromones - Pheromone Oil Products To Attract Sex.♥♥
		Even human pheromones' greatest supporters admit that humans are not as greatly led around by their VNO as pigs and cows, but on the other hand 100% uselessness of the organ is also hard to believe.
		Even if the natural pheromone perfume/cologne trait is detrimental to survival, the benefit in additional human sex brought by attracting females with pheromones can more than compensate for the natural decrease in research.The pheromone cologne test seems best applicable to sex age humans, because it helps resolve a nagging flaw in average-review studies.
		With respect to human pheromone cologne research with additive genetic variance, homozygous individuals are over-represented at the extreme tails of the perfume and pheromone cologne distributions.
	www.pheromoneoil.com (4073 words)

	Using Pheromones for Insect Management in New Mexico
		Insect pheromones, particularly the sex pheromones of moths, are among the most biologically active compounds known.
		Pheromone traps are more convenient to use than other kinds of traps, such as fllights, which are non-specific, cumbersome, and require batteries or access to electricity.
		Potentially, pheromones may be used to trap out certain New Mexico pests and to attract insects to insecticide or chemosterilant baits, reduce the number of insecticide applications, or to confuse insects and disrupt mating.
	www.cahe.nmsu.edu /pubs/_h/h-152.html (1706 words)

	CNN - Study finds proof that humans react to pheromones - March 11, 1998
		Though any number of animals and insects use pheromones to communicate with each other about important things such as food, territory and sex, the idea that humans might be similarly influenced has been controversial among scientists.
		Because pheromones influence the release of eggs, researchers say they may provide a more natural way of preventing pregnancy or treating infertility.
		The answer, some researchers believe, is that pheromones are detected by the same nerve cells in the nose used to detect odor or perhaps by another structure in the nose called the vomeronasal organ.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/9803/11/pheromones/index.html (322 words)

	Pheromones Scientifically Tested Aphrodisiacs Get Guaranteed Results
		Pheromones (particularly optimized pheromones) appear to have the ability of dramatically increasing sexual attraction between men and women.
		When pheromones are optimized, they also release neurotransmitters that directly modify the behavior of the opposite sex, such as triggering sexual excitement.
		Pheromone vendors that carry optimized pheromones for men and optimized pheromones for women are rare.
	www.luvessentials.com (2101 words)

	Society for Neuroscience \| Pheromones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		While the potency may not compare to the insect system, investigators are beginning to find evidence that many mammals ranging from pigs to elephants can have a pheromone-type response to a sniff of secretions.
		Scientists have not yet found proof that pheromones are responsible for human beard growth.
		Their identification could confirm the pheromone's existence in humans and lead to the development of new ways to help couples conceive or block a pregnancy through cycle manipulation.
	www.sfn.org /index.cfm?pagename=brainBriefings_pheromones (774 words)

	Pheromones and Mammals
		Probably pheromones, a kind of chemical signal originally studied in insects.
		The first pheromone ever identified (in 1956) was a powerful sex attractant for silkworm moths.
		Many other substances have powerful effects on lower mammals, but the pheromones involved have not been precisely identified and it is not clear whether they activate the VNO or the main olfactory system, or both.
	www.hhmi.org /senses/d230.html (897 words)

	Pheromones
		We are entering one of the most exciting periods in the study of chemical communication since the first pheromones were identified some 40 years ago.
		Wyatt adopts a broad definition of pheromone, thus encompassing chemical cues that may not elicit specific responses or physiological changes in receivers but that none the less communicate information that influences their behaviour.
		The elements that relate to pheromonal communication are selected from a vast literature and are well-integrated.
	www.online.ox.ac.uk /pheromones (2381 words)

	eBay - Pheromones
		Pheromones are invisible chemical substances emitted by individuals when they perspire.
		Pheromones can also be induced in individuals to enhance their sexual performances, which in due course of time increases fertility.
		Pheromone users are said to have experienced an increase in sexual activities such as hugging, kissing and intercourse.
	popular.ebay.com /ns/Health-Beauty/Pheromones.html (376 words)

	Pheromones
		Most pheromones consist of two or more chemicals which need to be blended at precise proportions to be biologically active.
		This is first tested in a wind tunnel; a rubber septum with a pheromone blend is put in the end of the wind tunnel.
		hen used in combination with traps, sex pheromones can be used to determine what insect pests are present in a crop and what plant protection measures or further investigations might be in order to assure that there is no really bad damage to the crop.
	www.pheromone.ekol.lu.se /pheromones.html (733 words)

	Pherlure Pheromone Cologne - Scent of Seduction
		In tests of pheromone effectiveness, it has been found that 74% of subjects testing a pheromone product experienced an "increase in hugging, kissing, and sexual intercourse." Also interesting, foods that have been known for centuries to have aphrodisiac qualities, such as truffles and oysters, have recently been found to chemically correspond to human pheromones.
		The pheromone blend Di-Dehydroepiandrosterone (patented under the name Pherlure) is particularly the one that has shown to have the greatest significance in studies to date.
		Among mammals, sex Pheromones that advertise sexual readiness to potential mates are often, although not necessarily exclusively, detected by the VNO.
	www.pherlure.com /i/i.php?id=2123 (3718 words)

	►►Human Pheromones Store
		The male human pheromone scent, when detected by women, is quite possibly the most powerful attractant that a man can present in his quest to attract or seduce a woman.
		Human pheromones are a type of subliminal seduction because the process takes place without the other person really knowing that it is happening.
		Human pheromones have been scientifically proven to be the chemical trigger to sexual attraction between two people.
	www.humanpheromonestore.com (454 words)

	CNN - Pheromones: Potential participants in your sex life - June 25, 1999
		Sea urchins, for example, release pheromones into the surrounding water, sending a chemical message that triggers other urchins in the colony to eject their sex cells simultaneously.
		Despite the gap in our knowledge, these remarkable studies about pheromones and menstrual cycles have brought to light the idea that pheromones could be used as fertility treatments for couples who want to conceive, or as contraceptives for those who don't.
		And the most far-reaching hypothesis so far is that pheromone treatment could control prostate activity in men to reduce the risk of cancer.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/women/9906/25/sexuality.scent/index.html (676 words)

	Pheromones
		Since 1959 the term pheromone has been widely used to represent chemicals that are used for this type of communication (Wilson 1963).
		These chemicals may be used to attract a member of the opposite sex, cause aggregation of individuals, announce danger, and mark trails, to name a few examples.
		locusts - aggregation pheromone accelerates growth of young locusts and changes behavior from solitary to group
	www.uwrf.edu /~cg04/333/pheromones.html (415 words)

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